Synchronous bursts of action potentials in ganglion cells of the developing mammalian retina

The development of orderly connections in the mammalian visual system depends on action potentials in the optic nerve fibers, even before the retina receives visual input. In particular, it has been suggested that correlated firing of retinal ganglion cells in the same eye directs the segregation of their synaptic terminals into eye-specific layers within the lateral geniculate nucleus. Such correlations in electrical activity were found by simultaneous recording of the extracellular action potentials of up to 100 ganglion cells in the isolated retina of the newborn ferret and the fetal cat. These neurons fired spikes in nearly synchronous bursts lasting a few seconds and separated by 1 to 2 minutes of silence. Individual bursts consisted of a wave of excitation, several hundred micrometers wide, sweeping across the retina at about 100 micrometers per second. These concerted firing patterns have the appropriate spatial and temporal properties to guide the refinement of connections between the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus.     

Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception

Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties.     

Opponent color cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus

A microelectrode survey of the cat lateral geniculate has uncovered an infrequent new type of lateral geniculate cell in layer B with "on" center responses to short wavelengths and "off" center responses to long wavelengths. The short wavelength responses are mediated by cones with peak sensitivity at about 450 nanometers, and the long wavelength responses by cones with peak sensitivity at 556 nanometers. Two of double opponent color cells also had double opponent features.     

Eye-specific retinogeniculate segregation independent of normal neuronal activity

The segregation of initially intermingled left and right eye inputs to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLGN) during development is thought to be in response to precise spatial and temporal patterns of spontaneous ganglion cell activity. To test this hypothesis, we disrupted the correlated activity of neighboring ganglion cells in the developing ferret retina through immunotoxin depletion of starburst amacrine cells. Despite the absence of this type of correlated activity, left and right eye inputs segregated normally in the DLGN. By contrast, when all spontaneous activity was blocked, the projections from the two eyes remained intermingled. Thus, certain features of normal neural activity patterns are not required for the formation of eye-specific projections to the DLGN.     

Effect of interruption of the visual pathway on the response to geniculate stimulation

Optic nerve section or destruction of the lateral geniculate nucleus increased the amplitude and elevated the recovery cycle of the cortical response to lateral geniculate radiation stimulation in cats. The lesions may have acted by eliminating tonic inhibitory or occlusive volleys originating in the retina, or both.     

基于区域亮度自适应校正算法的脐橙表面缺陷检测

【目的】针对类球型水果表面亮度分布不均现象,传统算法难以有效直接分割水果表面缺陷区域问题,提出一种基于区域亮度自适应校正的脐橙表面缺陷检测算法。【方法】选择区域经济价值较高的纽荷尔脐橙为研究对象,对其采集原始可见光RGB图像。试验中发现R-B融合分量图像灰度呈明显双峰分布,故根据直方图信息利用单阈值法（分割阈值T₁=60）去除图像背景,获得R-B目标图像;基于本文提出的一种区域亮度自适应校正算法对脐橙表面缺陷进行检测,首先设定目标图像邻域窗口大小为w×w（邻域窗口大小w=13）,通过对其窗口大小内较亮像素点的集合提取脐橙表面亮度信息,然后基于此表面亮度信息对去除背景的R-B目标图像进行均一化校正,经亮度校正后的图像发现其表面缺陷区域与正常组织区域灰度对比度大,宜采用单阈值法（分割阈值T=194）直接对亮度校正后的脐橙图像进行表面缺陷分割提取;最后对表面缺陷分割后的二值化图像进行面积滤波以去除杂散点及噪声。【结果】采用双峰法可在有效去除图像背景的同时完好保留目标脐橙表面信息;基于区域亮度自适应校正算法对溃疡病果、蓟马虫果、介壳虫果、虫伤果、黑星病果、风伤果、炭疽病果、裂伤果等8种常见脐橙表面缺陷果,共计356幅样本图像进行亮度校正,采用单阈值法对亮度校正后的图像进行表面缺陷分割,其分割率高,整体缺陷准确识别率达到了95.8%,平均处理每幅图像耗时0.29 s。与直方图均衡化算法、基于Retinex理论算法以及基于照度-反射理论算法得到的亮度校正图像相比,本文算法亮度校正效果最优且算法简单、缺陷识别率高、计算速度快,其运算速度分别减少了0.27、0.14和1.45 s,缺陷识别率提高了2.6%—8.2%。【结论】基于区域亮度自适应校正的脐橙表面缺陷检测算法有效解决了脐橙类水果表面亮度分布不均导致的表面缺陷难分割问题,为脐橙在线精确分级提供了技术支持,也为其他类球型水果表面缺陷快速检测提供了一种新方法。     

烤烟烟叶短期储存颜色变化分析

为研究湖北主栽烤烟品种烟叶颜色差异及其在150天短期储存过程中颜色变化情况,测定‘云烟87’、‘K326’、‘金神农1号’C3F等级烟叶的颜色值亮度L^*、红度a^*、黄度b^*、饱和度C^*。结果表明,3个品种烟叶颜色差异达极显著水平,其中‘云烟87’烟叶颜色亮度、黄度和饱和度高;‘金神农1号’烟叶颜色红度、黄度和饱和度较高;‘K326’烟叶颜色亮度、红度居中,黄度和饱和度较低。‘云烟87’、‘K326’、‘金神农1号’烟叶颜色均匀度依次降低。在150天短期存放过程中,3个品种烟叶的颜色亮度、黄度和饱和度逐渐增高,但红度逐渐降低。随储存时间延长,3个品种烟叶色差相对于烤后初期逐渐增大,色差最大的‘金神农1号’烟叶,其次是‘云烟87’,而‘K326’色差最小。说明短期储存中烟叶颜色最稳定的品种是‘K326’,其次为‘云烟87’,‘金神农1号’易随贮藏时间发生颜色变化。     

基于掩模及亮度校正算法的脐橙表面缺陷分割

【目的】 本研究旨在有效解决果皮有缺陷的水果图像在去除背景时部分缺陷被误分割为背景,以及水果表面缺陷难以有效分割提取的问题。【方法】 以I分量图来构建掩模模板,根据其灰度直方图信息,通过双峰法选择单一阈值（T=75）分以纽荷尔脐橙为研究对象,提出基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景割背景并填充孔洞得到掩模模板I_mask,然后掩模模板I_mask与I分量图通过点乘运算得到去除背景的I分量图;提出基于多尺度高斯函数图像亮度校正算法对去除背景后的I分量图像进行亮度校正,通过构建多尺度高斯函数滤波器,将去除背景后的I分量图与构建的多尺度高斯函数进行卷积运算即得到去除背景后的I分量图像表面光照分量图,最后将去除背景后的I分量图与得到的光照分量图进行点除运算即得到去除背景后的I分量图像亮度校正图;然后采用单一全局阈值法对脐橙表面缺陷进行提取。【结果】 基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景,可在有效去除背景的同时完好保留脐橙的表面信息,有利于后续操作;基于多尺度高斯函数的图像亮度校正算法分别对6种常见脐橙缺陷进行图像亮度校正后采用单阈值法提取缺陷,使不同灰度等级的脐橙表面缺陷一次性分割成功,其中分割率最高为100%,最低为88.5%,整体达92.7%。通过试验分析后发现造成部分误分割或漏分割的原因主要在于部分缺陷果缺陷处颜色较轻,与正常区域灰度差较小,从而造成漏分割;还有部分缺陷果由于缺陷面积小,在图像形态学处理过程被误认为是噪声而被去除;同时发现正常果的误判率也达到了10.8%,经分析发现误判的正常果表皮组织区域的褶皱位于图像的边缘区域,从而被误认为是边缘区域的缺陷,导致误判。【结论】 基于HSI颜色空间模型法去除背景及基于多尺度高斯函数的图像亮度不均校正算法对纽荷尔脐橙图像背景分割和去除背景后的I分量图像表面亮度校正均取得了较好的效果,能有效识别脐橙缺陷区域,为脐橙精确分级提供了技术支持,也为其他果品表面缺陷快速检测提供了一种新思路。     

普通小麦籽粒LOX、PPO活性和类胡萝卜素含量 变异及对全麦粉色泽的影响

【目的】研究新鲜全麦粉及储存3个月后全麦粉中脂肪氧化酶（LOX）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性及类胡萝卜素含量的变化情况,分析其色泽性状与LOX、PPO活性和类胡萝卜素含量之间的关系,了解储存时间对全麦粉色泽的影响及其品种间的差异,为全麦粉或面粉色泽的改良和相关的育种工作提供参考依据。【方法】选用63个普通小麦品种（系）为试验材料,用分光光度计法测定其LOX、PPO活性和类胡萝卜素含量,用色差计法测定全麦粉色泽性状。【结果】品种间LOX、PPO活性、类胡萝卜素含量及其它色泽性状差异显著或极显著;新鲜全麦粉和存储3个月的全麦粉的LOX、PPO活性变化较大,储存期间LOX、PPO活性丧失较快,类胡萝卜素含量相对稳定;储存3个月后的白度和亮度等色泽性状存在一定程度的变化,但变化不大。新鲜全麦粉的白度和亮度均与PPO活性呈极显著负相关,黄度与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关,LOX活性与类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著负相关,而LOX活性与白度、亮度和黄度间相关均不显著;储存3个月的全麦粉的白度和亮度仅与PPO活性呈极显著负相关。【结论】全麦粉色泽改良中,PPO活性和类胡萝卜素的遗传控制是关键;通过储存全麦粉或面粉的方式并不能大幅度的提高其亮度、白度和降低黄度。所以,遗传育种方法是改良小麦粉白度性状和类胡萝卜素含量等品质性状的重要途径。     

The spatial periodicity of grid cells is not sustained during reduced theta oscillations

Grid cells in parahippocampal cortices fire at vertices of a periodic triangular grid that spans the entire recording environment. Such precise neural computations in space have been proposed to emerge from equally precise temporal oscillations within cells or within the local neural circuitry. We found that grid-like firing patterns in the entorhinal cortex vanished when theta oscillations were reduced after intraseptal lidocaine infusions in rats. Other spatially modulated cells in the same cortical region and place cells in the hippocampus retained their spatial firing patterns to a larger extent during these periods without well-organized oscillatory neuronal activity. Precisely timed neural activity within single cells or local networks is thus required for periodic spatial firing but not for single place fields.     

Intracellular study of recurrent facilitation

Recurrent facilitation in the cat's spinal cord has been studied in deep peroneal and quadriceps motoneurons with the use of intracellular recording. The presence of facilitation was indicated by several criteria, among them increased firing index of the cells or decreased latency of firing. In many, but not all, facilitated cells the conditioning volley caused a small visible depolarization. Subthreshold synaptic potentials were frequently increased in magnitude by the conditioning volley, which also increased the effectiveness of a stimulus applied through the microelectrode. Facilitation was found in a large percentage of the motoneurons investigated and was clearly able to bring about pronounced changes in the excitability and firing behavior of these cells.     

Operant conditioning of single-unit response patterns in visual cortex

Unit responses to photic stimuli were studied in cat visual cortex. After the baseline response pattern of a cell was determined, conditioning trials were given during which reinforcement was contingent upon increased firing during a selected segment of the poststimulus interval. Density of reinforcement increased substantially in about half the cells studied; significant increases in firing occurred within, but not outside, the criterion segment.     

Perceptual grouping produced by changes in orientation and shape

The relative effectiveness of changes in orientation and shape in producing perceptual grouping has been stuidied using a method based on threshold judgments. Statistical analyses of the threshold vallues show that rotating some of the figures in afield from a vertical position to a slant of 45 degrees facilitates segregating the field into separate perceptual groups. In contrast, changes in the shape or orientation of these figures, which leave their component lines vertical and hlorizontal, do not reliably aid grouipinig. The results also suggest that the simli-larity of the figures comtposing the field is not a good predictor of the degree to which the figures will cohere to form distinct perceptual groups.     

棉粕替代豆粕对斑点叉尾鮰生长、血清生化、体色、肉色以及肠道菌群的影响

为了探究饲料中添加不同棉粕水平对斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）生长、体色、肉色、血清生化指标以及肠道菌群结构的影响。挑选750尾初始体质量为（49.95±0.05）g的斑点叉尾鮰，随机分为3组，每组5个网箱，每个网箱50尾鱼。以无棉粕替代的基础饲料为对照组，以7%（M1组）和14%（M2组）棉粕分别替代基础饲料中25.8%和51.7%的豆粕，配制3种等氮等脂试验饲料，养殖周期为60天。实验结果表明：1）与对照组相比，棉粕替代豆粕对斑点叉尾鮰的增重率、饵料系数和形体指标无显著影响（P>0.05）；2）棉粕替代豆粕对血清中补体3、补体4、总胆固醇及甘油三酯含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）；3）与对照组相比，棉粕替代豆粕对斑点叉尾鮰侧面皮肤的亮度、红度、黄度值以及腹部皮肤红度、黄度值均无显著影响（P>0.05）， 但高棉粕组（M2）使其腹部皮肤亮度值显著升高（P<0.05）；棉粕饲料能够显著提高斑点叉尾鮰背部肌肉的红度值（P<0.05），但各处理组间亮度与黄度值无显著变化（P>0.05）。4）与对照组相比，低棉粕饲料（M1）显著降低肠道梭杆菌门相对丰度（P<0.05），显著提高厚壁菌门相对丰度（P<0.05）。综上，当饲料中的棉粕替代低于51.7%豆粕时，不影响斑点叉尾鮰的生长性能，但会影响鱼体体色和肌肉颜色。     

工夫红茶色泽与品质关系的研究

分析了七套工夫红茶色素物质、色泽指标等与品质的关系,借助费歇尔判别分析,建立了判别函数,并对工夫红茶等级色泽指标的量化及通过色泽鉴别品质的可行性问题进行了探讨。     

若干高白度小麦的色泽优势及形成因素分析

 【目的】以进口的高白度品种澳白麦和山东省现在主要推广的济麦21作对照,研究山东省最新育成的几个高自然白度的小麦品种优麦3号、山农12、山农8355及品系62008的色泽优势,对影响面粉及面制品色泽形成的各种因素进行研究,分析其色泽优势形成的主要影响因素,为面粉及其制品色泽性状的改良和高自然白度优质专用小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】运用智能白度仪和色彩色差计对面粉、面片和馒头的色泽进行评价。【结果】中国的高白度品种（系）具有很大的色泽优势,在面制品色泽上,和对照澳白麦相比,L*值差异不显著,但b*值极显著降低,特别是62008和山农12加工成馒头后L*值比澳白麦高,b*值比对照澳白麦低。加入增白剂后,中国的高白度品种（系）色泽变化的幅度比澳白麦小。对面粉色泽形成影响因素的研究结果表明,蛋白质含量高的品种,其色泽优势形成的主要原因是PPO活性和黄色素含量低;蛋白质含量低的品种,淀粉含量高是其形成高亮度的主要原因;PPO活性和黄色素含量越高,面粉及面制品黄度越大。【结论】在不用增白剂的情况下,通过选育高白度品种,可以满足人们对面制食品高白度的要求。对蛋白质含量高的材料,不过分追求面粉的白度和亮度,但可通过对低PPO活性和低黄色素含量的选择,培育食品色泽优良的高蛋白小麦新品种。对淀粉含量高的材料,既要重视面粉的白度和亮度,又要重视对低PPO活性和低黄色素含量的选择,培育用于加工中国传统食品的高白度小麦新品种。考虑到面食品的多样化,也可以选择蛋白质含量高、PPO活性低、黄色素含量高的特殊材料,培育加工亮黄色食品的品种,丰富中国的小麦品种类型。     

Perceptual deficits and the activity of the color-opponent and broad-band pathways at isoluminance

The deficits in texture, motion, and depth perception incurred in monkeys at isoluminance were compared with the responses of neurons of the color-opponent and broad-band systems in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Texture perception, assumed to be carried by the color-opponent system, and motion and depth perception, ascribed to the broad-band pathway, were all found to be compromised but not abolished at isoluminance. Correspondingly, both the color-opponent and the broad-band systems were affected at isoluminance, but the activity of the neurons in neither system was abolished. These results suggest that impairment of visual capacities at isoluminance cannot be uniquely attributed to either of these systems and that isoluminant stimuli are inappropriate for the psychophysical isolation of these pathways.     

YHS变换及其在遥感图像识别中的应用研究

对彩色遥感图像进行判读，主要是根据地物在图像上的亮度、对比度、颜色和纹理等特征来识别．为了将人工识别的经验定量地引入计算机图像识别中来，提出了一种基于遥感信息模式分类的YHS变换方法，并讨论了变换的物理意义和实际应用结果．     

Total luminous flux: a possible response determinant for the normal monkey

Thirteen normal monkeys (Macaca mulatta) trained to discriminate between transilluminated figures of equal area and different luminance, and consequently different luminous flux, made similar numbers of errors during training on a new problem with the same luminance values but with targets equated for luminous flux. These findings together with results of "critical trials" suggest that the significant cue in the original problem was luminous flux. This behavior is strikingly similar to what has been reported for the monkey following exclusion of the geniculostriate system.     

Incorporation of photoluminescent polarizers into liquid crystal displays

Liquid crystal displays, the dominant flat panel display technology, are limited in brightness and energy efficiency because of the use of absorbing polarizers and color filters. Liquid crystal-based photoluminescent display devices have been fabricated that use thin, polarized photoluminescent layers that have highly anisotropic absorption or emission. These layers both polarize light and generate bright color. This approach can simplify device design and substantially increase device brightness, contrast, efficiency, and (in specific configurations) viewing angle.