潴育型水稻土的机械组成与10种元素的关系

耕作层的Mn、Ti含量与pH有关,与1～0.25mm砂粒有关的元素,耕作层和犁底层有Cd;与0.25～0.05mm砂粒有关的元素,耕作层有Ti、Pb、Ni;与0.05～0.01mm粉粒有关的元素,在全剖面有Zn,耕作层、潴育层和底层有Cu,犁底层以下有Pb等;与0.01～0.005mm粉粒有关的元素,耕作层有As,下面3层有Pb;与0.005～0.001mm粘粒有关的元素,犁底层以下有Pb等;与<0.001mm粘粒有关的元素,在全剖面有Cu,Zn、Ni、Cr,耕作层有Mn、Ti.     

Soil Aggregation and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon of Purple Soils in the Sichuan Basin, China

The interaction of soil aggregate dynamics with soil organic carbon is complex with varied spatio-temporal processes in macro-and micro-aggregates. This paper is to determine the aggregation of soil aggregates in purple soils （Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy） for four types of land use, cropland [corn （Zea mays L.）], orchard （citrus）, forestland （bamboo or cypress）, and barren land （wild grass）, and to explore their relationship with soil organic carbon in the Sichuan basin of southwestern China. Procedures and methods, including manual dry sieving procedure, Yoder＇s wet sieving procedure, pyrophosphates solution method, and Kachisky method, are used to acquire dry, wet, and chemically stable aggregates, and microaggregates. Light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon were separated using 2.0 g·mL^-1 HgI2-KI mixed solution. The loosely, stably, and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction were separated by extraction with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH-0.1M Na4P2O7 mixed solution （pH 13）. The results show that the contents of dry and wet macroaggregates 〉0.25 mm in diameter were 974.1 and 900.0 g·kg^-1 highest in red brown purple soils under forestland, while 889.6 and 350.6 g·kg^-1 lowest in dark purple soil and lowest in grey brown purple soils under cropland, respectively. The chemical stability of macroaggregates was lowest in grey brown purple soil with 8.47% under cropland, and highest in red brown purple soil with 69.34% under barren land. The content of microaggregates in dark purple soils was 587g·kg^-1 higher than brown purple soils, while 655g·kg^-1 in red brown purple soils was similar to grey brown purple soils （651g·kg^-1）. Cropland conditions, only 38.4% of organic carbon was of the combined form, and 61.6% of that existed in light fraction. Forestland conditions, 90.7% of organic carbon in red brown purple soil was complexed with minerals as a form of humic substances. The contents and stability of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm, con     

Aggregate-associated changes in nutrient properties,microbial community and functions in a greenhouse vegetable field based on an eight-year fertilization experiment of China

Soil aggregation, microbial community, and functions(i.e., extracellular enzyme activities; EEAs) are critical factors affecting soil C dynamics and nutrient cycling. We assessed soil aggregate distribution, stability, nutrients, and microbial characteristics within 2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and 0.053 mm aggregates, based on an eight-year field experiment in a greenhouse vegetable field in China. The field experiment includes four treatments: 100% N fertilizer(CF), 50% substitution of N fertilizer with manure(M), straw(S), and manure plus straw(MS). The amounts of nutrient(N, P_2O_5, and K_2O) input were equal in each treatment. Results showed higher values of mean weight diameter in organic-amended soils(M, MS, and S, 2.43–2.97) vs. CF-amended soils(1.99). Relative to CF treatment, organic amendments had positive effects on nutrient(i.e., available N, P, and soil organic C(SOC)) conditions, microbial(e.g., bacterial and fungal) growth, and EEAs in the 0.053 mm aggregates, but not in the 0.053 mm aggregates. The 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates exhibited better nutrient conditions and hydrolytic activity, while the 0.053 mm aggregates had poor nutrient conditions and higher oxidative activity among aggregates, per SOC, available N, available P, and a series of enzyme activities. These results indicated that the 0.25–0.053 mm(0.053 mm) aggregates provide suitable microhabitats for hydrolytic(oxidative) activity. Interestingly, we found that hydrolytic and oxidative activities were mainly impacted by fertilization(58.5%, P0.01) and aggregate fractions(50.5%, P0.01), respectively. The hydrolytic and oxidative activities were significantly(P0.01) associated with nutrients(SOC and available N) and pH, electrical conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, SOC, available N, and available P closely(P0.05) affected microbial communities within 0.25, 0.25–0.053, and 0.053 mm aggregates, respectively. These findings provide several insights into microbial characteristics within aggregates under different fertilization modes in the greenhouse vegetable production system in China.     

塑料污染对农田土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

为探究塑料污染对农田土壤团聚体的影响，本研究在全国范围内，针对被塑料污染的土壤和未被塑料污染的土壤进行配对采样，经干筛法和湿筛法测定团聚体组成，利用土壤团聚体稳定性指标[团聚体破坏率（Percentage of aggregate destruction，PAD）、平均重量直径（Mean weight diameter，MWD）、几何平均直径（Geometric mean diameter，GMD）和标准化平均重量直径（Normalized mean weight diameter，NMWD）]体系的差异，研究了塑料污染对农田土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明：从团聚体组成来看，农田土壤塑料输入增加了>5 mm机械稳定性大团聚体比例，降低了<0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体比例；塑料输入降低了>2 mm水稳性大团聚体比例，增加了<0.053 mm土壤颗粒的比例。农田土壤塑料污染显著增加了机械稳定性团聚体的MWD和GMD，但对水稳性团聚体直径无影响。农田土壤塑料污染显著增加了团聚体的PAD，降低了土壤结构的稳定性。研究表明，农田土壤塑料污染会明显增加土壤大团聚体的机械稳定性，略降低团聚体的水稳定性。     

生物炭与秸秆添加对砂姜黑土团聚体组成和有机碳分布的影响

【目的】研究生物炭与秸秆添加对砂姜黑土团聚体组成、稳定性以及不同粒级团聚体有机碳分布的影响,为砂姜黑土黏板障碍因子改良和合理培肥制度建立提供科学依据。【方法】在光照培养室内用砂姜黑土进行的培养试验,试验设置4个处理：对照（不施有机物料,CK）、单施生物炭（5%生物炭,B）、单施秸秆（1.5%玉米秸秆,S）和生物炭与秸秆配施（5%生物炭+1.5%的玉米秸秆,BS）。培养6个月后采集土壤样品,利用湿筛法得到不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量。【结果】不同有机物料处理对＞2 mm团聚体含量影响较大,其中施用秸秆显著提高了该粒级团聚体含量。单施生物炭有利于0.053-0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量的增加;施用秸秆有利于0.5-2 mm团聚体含量的增加,较对照显著增加14%-68%。单施生物炭对平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）和大于0.25 mm团聚体含量（R_0.25）无显著影响,单施秸秆和生物炭与秸秆配施则显著提高了MWD、GMD和R_0.25。同时,各有机物料施用都显著降低了团聚体分形维数（D）。与对照相比,各有机物料处理土壤有机碳含量都显著提高,其中生物炭与秸秆配施处理含量最高,较对照提高了160%。各有机物料处理不同粒级团聚体中有机碳含量也显著提高,与对照相比,各粒级有机碳含量提高了54%-353%。随土壤粒径的增大,添加生物炭处理不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量分布呈现“V”型趋势,单施秸秆处理呈逐渐增加趋势。大团聚体有机碳的贡献率为S处理＞BS处理＞CK处理＞B处理,微团聚体则表现出相反的规律。0.5-1 mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳的贡献率最大,为6%-33%。【结论】单施生物炭对土壤水稳性大团聚体含量和团聚体稳定性的影响不显著,而生物炭与秸秆配施不仅能提高土壤大团聚体含量,增加土壤团聚体的稳定性,而且提高土壤及不同粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,改善了土壤性状。相比之下,生物炭与秸秆配施是改善砂姜黑土结构和提升碳水平的最佳培肥措施。     

豫中植烟田土壤颗粒组成的空间变异性分析

对豫中烤烟种植区土壤颗粒空间变异性特征的分析表明:>0.1 mm和0.01～0.05 mm粒级的都符合高斯模型,空间自相关距离分别为155700和763500 m;0.05～0.1 mm粒级的符合指数模型,空间自相关距离为370500 m;0.001～0.01mm粒级的符合球形模型,空间自相关距离为10600 m。豫中植烟区土壤表层0.01～0.05 mm和0.001～0.01 mm粒级的颗粒含量的空间变异主要受成土母质等结构性因素的影响,而土壤表层<0.001 mm粒级颗粒含量的空间变异主要受随机因素的影响。土壤颗粒0.001～0.01 mm粒级的主要分布在研究区的北部和西南部一带,0.05～0.1 mm粒级的土壤颗粒主要分布在研究区的东部,>0.1 mm粒级的土壤颗粒主要分布在研究区的西部一带。     

宁夏六盘山不同森林类型土壤贮水与入渗研究

为了评价六盘山不同森林类型的水源涵养生态功能,本文对六盘山7种森林类型林地土壤的贮水和入渗特征进行了研究。结果表明:不同纯林林地的土壤饱和贮水量依次为5 151.867 t/hm3,4 798.500 t/hm3,4 632.533 t/hm3;不同混交林林地的土壤饱和贮水量依次为6 261.542 t/hm3,5 380.267 t/hm3,5 254.222 t/hm3,5 019.700 t/hm3;土壤贮水量随土壤容重和孔隙度变化的差异不显著,土壤持水率随土壤容重和孔隙度变化的差异极显著。不同纯林林地的土壤初渗速率依次为7.18mm/m in,9.06mm/m in,13.77mm/m in;稳渗速率依次为0.70mm/m in,2.04mm/m in,2.15mm/m in;不同混交林林地的土壤初渗速率为9.32mm/m in,8.20mm/m in,6.94mm/m in,3.38mm/m in;稳渗速率为2.74mm/m in,1.22mm/m in,2.50mm/m in,1.42mm/m in;土壤初渗速率和稳渗速率随土壤容重和总孔隙度变化的差异不显著,土壤初渗速率和稳渗速率随土壤毛管孔隙度与非毛管孔隙度变化差异极显著。     

再生水灌溉模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响

为揭示再生水灌溉模式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响,以潮土、紫色土和水稻土为研究对象,清水灌溉为对照(CK),研究了再生水灌溉(RW)、再生水-清水混合灌溉(RW-2)及再生水-清水交替灌溉(ARW)3种灌溉模式下土壤团聚体含量及稳定性、土壤总有机碳、各粒级团聚体有机碳及其对土壤总有机碳贡献率的差异。结果表明:3种灌溉模式下,3种土壤团聚体均以大团聚体(>0.25 mm)为主,干筛和湿筛处理大团聚体比重分别为89.56%~97.91%和67.95%~81.81%;相比CK,潮土和水稻土各处理团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)及几何平均直径(GMD)均降低,但水稻土差异不显著,紫色土MWD和GMD则显著增长(P<0.05);潮土和紫色土各处理总有机碳含量及大团聚体有机碳含量均显著增长(P<0.05),水稻土变化不显著;3种土壤大团聚体有机碳含量是微团聚体有机碳含量的8.83~29.95倍,前者对土壤总有机碳含量的贡献率为89.42%~97.09%,后者贡献率为2.91%~10.58%。从改善土壤团聚状况及有机碳固持方面考虑,在紫色土和水稻土上进行再生水灌溉更适合,其中紫色土以RW模式改善效果最好,水稻土更适合采用RW-2模式。     

膨润土对镉污染土壤团聚体结构特征及有机碳含量的影响

通过4年田间原位钝化修复定位试验,研究施用膨润土钝化修复重金属镉污染菜地过程中,膨润土对土壤团聚体结构、稳定性以及有机碳含量变化特征。结果表明,与对照相比,施加膨润土后2～5 mm和5～8 mm粒径土壤团聚体数量增加,而2 mm的粒径团聚体数量则有所降低。投加膨润土提高了土壤团聚体稳定性,其几何平均直径(Geometric mean diameter, GMD)和平均质量直径(Mean weight diameter, MWD)分别增加9.57%～33.48%和4.74%～31.39%。与对照相比,全土和各粒径团聚体中有机碳含量随膨润土投加量增加而增加,而颗粒有机碳的含量则相反,最大降低了11.64%。投加膨润土提高了2～5 mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳含量的贡献率,0.5 mm粒级团聚体对土壤有机碳含量贡献率降低。投加膨润土后土壤烯烃类、烷烃类和酚类官能团含量有所增加,与对照相比,增加幅度分别为1.52%～4.55%、2.60%～36.28%和2.06%～10.98%。     

两种生物质炭对红壤团聚体结构稳定性和微生物群落的影响

【目的】研究烟秆炭和桑条炭对红壤团聚体结构稳定性和微生物群落丰度的影响,为培育结构稳定的红壤团聚体提供优质改良材料。【方法】通过室内培养试验,添加1%、2%、4%、6%土壤质量的烟秆炭（Y₁、Y₂、Y₄、Y₆）和桑条炭（S₁、S₂、S₄、S₆）,对照（CK）无添加,4个月后采用筛分法对土壤团聚体结构（＜0.25、0.25-0.5、0.5-1、1-2、＞2 mm团聚体粒级分布,平均重量直径（MWD）,＞0.25 mm团聚体含量（R_0.25）、团聚体破坏率（PAD））进行分析,采用微生物稀释平板法测定土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌数量。【结果】施入生物质炭后,水稳性团聚体发生显著变化。Y₄和S₄处理下,0.5-1 mm团聚体较对照显著增加61.0%和43.6%;Y₁和S₂处理,0.25-0.5 mm团聚体较对照显著增加40.8%和27.1%,＜0.25 mm的团聚体含量较对照显著降低9.2%和8.4%;Y₂和S₂处理的MWD表现一致,均较对照显著提高10%以上,Y₁和S₂处理R0.25较对照显著提高31.4%和28.7%,Y₆和S₆处理PAD显著降低22.0%和18.2%;土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌数量均显著增加,Y₄和S₄处理微生物群落最丰富;烟秆炭处理下,土壤团聚体稳定性指标（MWD、R_0.25）和土壤微生物之间存在显著和极显著相关性,尤其与真菌(R²=0.89, P=0.030; R²=0.86, P=0.039)和放线菌(R²=0.87, P=0.035; R²=0.90, P=0.021)相关性更显著;PAD随真菌数量的增加而极显著降低(P＜0.01）,随放线菌和细菌数量的增加而显著降低（P＜0.05）。【结论】烟秆炭和桑条炭均能促进大团聚体（0.25-1 mm）的形成,提高红壤团聚体结构稳定性,增加土壤微生物群落丰度,烟秆炭改良效果优于桑条炭,以2%-4%添加量为宜。