颤杨机械浆和高得率浆的回用性能

研究了颤杨机械浆和高得率浆在回用过程中性质的变化，并对照研究了黑云杉热磨机械浆的回用性能。结果表明，纸浆了明显的变化，发生在第一次加用后。用于研究的所有浆的保水值下降，游离度增加，并伴随着结合的能力的降低，而纤维本身折强度并没有明显变化。云极ＴＭＰ对回用的反应与颤杨ＴＭＰ不同；经磺化处理的颤杨ＣＭＰ与未磺人的颤有区别。显然，机械浆和高得率浆的回用性能与树种和制浆条件有关。     

Steam explosion pretreatment used to remove hemicellulose to enhance the production of a eucalyptus organosolv dissolving pulp

The steam explosion (SE) pretreatment associated with the organosolv process was investigated to produce dissolving pulp from eucalyptus. Prehydrolysis Kraft (PHK) pulping was also done to produce viscose and acetate grade pulps as reference. The organosolv pulps were delignified in two steps with sodium chlorite. Viscose and acetate grade PHK pulps were bleached by OD₀(EH)D₁P and OD₀(EP)D₁PCCE sequences, respectively. Dilute acid-catalyzed (with acid addition) SE pretreatment dissolved more xylan than auto-catalyzed (no acid addition) SE pretreatment. Steam-exploded unbleached organosolv pulps showed lower residual lignin content and screened yield than unbleached organosolv pulps without SE pretreatment. Steam explosion pretreatment helped to decrease lignin content and damaged fiber length of unbleached organosolv pulps. The 1.0% H₂SO₄ organosolv pulp (organosolv dissolving pulp at bioconversion conditions) showed the highest reactivity. Even showing low viscosity for some applications, in general, the organosolv dissolving pulps produced in this study can be used for making lyocell fibers.     

Industrial utilization of tobacco stalks II: preparation and characterization of tobacco pulp by steam explosion pulping

Our previous paper showed tobacco stalks to posses the characteristics of a raw material for pulp and paper application. It contains the major biomass constituents and cell components common to wood species. In this study, preparation and characterization of tobacco stalk pulp by steam explosion (SE) pulping at two chemical pretreatments were attempted. Chemical pretreatment prior to SE pulping improved the brightness, yield, and strength properties of the resulting tobacco SE pulps in the order: 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH > 6% Na₂SO₃ > control (untreated). The 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH-impregnated tobacco stalks produced SE pulps of good fiber length distribution and considerable properties that compare well with pulps from other raw materials obtained from previous studies, and the nonimpregnated ones showed strength properties superior to those of their poplar counterpart. Prior to bleaching, pretreating the tobacco stalk SE pulps with two stages, 2% NaOH at 90°C, improved the initial pulp brightness by about 5 points. Two-stage 6% H₂O₂ bleaching gave a comparable effect with hypochlorite bleaching for both tobacco and poplar, giving a 29–34 brightness point increase for tobacco SE pulp and 61 for the poplar samples. The differences in the bleaching responses for untreated tobacco and poplar SE pulps were attributed to the differences in their lignin structure, as shown in the total yield of their respective nitrobenzene oxidation products and FT-IR spectra. Tobacco SE pulps contain more of the guaiacyl-type lignin and poplar the syringyl-type lignin.This paper was presented in part during the 1998 CORESTA (Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco) Congress, Brighton, UK, October 1998     

Effects site conditions on industrial fiber plantations of Lar/x olgensis

Plot sampling was conducted in the second cultivation areas ofLarix olgensis in Heilongjiang Province, China. By analyzing plot investigation data, wood properties, and kraft pulps of 840 plots and 248 sample trees in industrial plantations of L. olgensis on different sites, we examined the growth process of L. olgensis industrial plantation with suitable structure, the wood fiber feature, chemical composition, physical performance and pulp characteristics. It is suggested that site conditions have major effects on plantation growth, fiber contains, fiber length, rate between fiber length and fiber width, pulping rate and pulp physics intensity. The best site for L. olgensis industrial plantation growth is site class Ⅰ and site class Ⅱ, which are on lower locations. Site condition has an obvious influence on the wood characteristics. Within the range of site conditions and stand densities studied, the worse the site condition, the less the fiber contains, the shorter the fiber length, and the more the 1% NaOH extraction. This kind of relationship becomes more obvious as stand age increases. However, the influence of site condition on pulping rate and pulp physics intensity is not obvious. The result provides theoretical base for cultivation of industrial fiber plantation of L. olgensis.     

Performance of Drought Tolerant Maize Varieties under Water Harvesting Technologies in the Coastal Region of Kenya

The average annual rainfall in coastal Kenya is 450–700?mm per annum in most places while the total annual evapotranspiration is 1200–1800?mm. In arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), farmers grow maize varieties for medium to high rainfall zones without considering the need for water harvesting to enhance crop yield. To address the moisture constraint, a study was conducted to evaluate the performance of drought tolerant maize varieties under different water harvesting technologies (Zai pits, tied ridges and conventional). The treatments were laid out in a split - plot design with water harvesting methods as the main plots and maize varieties as the sub-plots. The response of four maize varieties (DK8031, DUMA 43, KDV1 and PH4) to three water harvesting technologies was evaluated. Variety Duma 43 produced the highest grain yield (P < 0.05) compared to the other varieties whereas yields for Zai pits and tied ridges were higher (P < 0.05) than for conventional treatment. Economic analysis revealed a higher gross margin for tied ridges than for Zai pits. Conventional planting showed a negative gross margin under the ASAL conditions. The variety DUMA 43 was selected for yield and cob size components whereas PH4 was selected for grain recovery when pounded and high stover biomass.     

陕西关中地区油用牡丹丰产栽培技术

油用牡丹是一种新兴的木本油料作物,具有产籽量大、含油率高、品质优、抗性强等优良特点。本文从油用牡丹苗木选择、园地选择与整理、栽植方法、整形修剪、病虫害防治、采收与处理等方面系统介绍油用牡丹在关中地区的丰产栽培技术。     

Polyelectrolyte swelling behavior of chlorite delignified spruce wood fibers

Summary A coarse thermomechanical Asplund pulp was prepared from Norway spruce (Picea abies). The pulp was delignified to different degrees using acidified sodium chlorite. The swelling behavior (measured as water retention value=WRV) of the resulting pulps was studied under various chemical conditions (pH and conc. of NaCl). It is shown that chlorite-delignified pulps have an appreciable polyelectrolytic character. Whereas the WRV of an Asplund pulp does not respond to changes in the chemical environment, the delignified pulp has a WRV of 155 at pH 3 and 250 at pH 9. Compared under the same chemical conditions, the WRV increases with increasing degree of delignification (<70%) and is approximately constant at high degrees of delignification (>70%).The authors are indebted to Mr. Claes Beer at Sund-Defibrator, who assisted with the preparation of the Asplund pulp     

麦草化学机械制浆预处理方法研究

使用麦草原料制取漂白化学机械浆,为了后续多段漂白能够获得高白度的纸浆,研究了3种不同的化学药品用于预浸渍阶段对未漂白浆的光学和物理性能的影响,包括成浆白度、成浆强度指标、纤维筛分级分,并比较了磨浆的比能耗和废水污染负荷.研究结果表明,与碱性过氧化氢(2.0%NaOH、1.5%H2O2、0.4%DTPA)处理(P工艺)磨浆相比亚硫酸钠(2.0%Na2SO3、2.0%Na2CO3、0.4%DTPA)预处理(S工艺)磨浆比能耗降低了33%,果胶酶(10IU/g以绝干浆计)/碱性过氧化氢(2.0%NaOH、1.5%H2O2、0.4%DTPA)预处理(Pe/P工艺)也可以降低磨浆比能耗10%,P工艺预处理与S工艺预处理均能提高成浆白度,Pe/P工艺预处理成浆呈现暗红色;P工艺预处理成浆物理强度高于其他两种浆;S工艺预处理磨浆段废水化学耗氧量(COD)发生量较高,达到84.09kg/t(以绝干浆计).     

Studies on the effect of prehydrolysis and amine in cooking liquor on producing dissolving pulp from jute (Corchorus capsularis)

Dissolving pulps are the raw materials for the production of many different end-products. Jute is a very good source of cellulose. In this investigation, jute fiber was subjected to pulping in soda process in order to produce dissolving pulp under different prehydrolysis conditions and compared with prehydrolysed kraft pulp from jute. An increase of the prehydrolysis temperature or H₂SO₄ in prehydrolysis liquor increased the α-cellulose content and decreased the viscosity of pulp. The effect of ethylenediamine in soda liquor was also investigated when producing dissolving pulp. Jute fiber produced pulp having 90–97% α-cellulose. Ethylenediamine in soda liquor produced pulp of higher yield, viscosity and higher α-cellulose content than that of prehydrolysis soda or kraft pulp. The α-cellulose content and viscosity were increased with the increase of amine in soda liquor. The kappa number of dissolving pulp from jute was very low (9–5), which indicated that less bleaching chemicals are required for bleaching. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was lower than prehydrolysed soda and kraft pulp in ECF bleaching sequences. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was improved at the sacrifice of pulp yield when prehydrolysis was done prior to pulping. The alkali solubility S ₁₀ and S ₁₈ were 4–9 and 2–4%, respectively.     

世界木材制浆造纸工业技术发展趋势

林业是制浆造纸工业的基础，纸和纸板是高效益的林产品之一。随着科学技术的进步，制浆造纸工业已成为高技术工业。本文介绍了制浆造纸的原料问题和４种主要的制浆方法，并对制浆造纸工业技术的发展趋势进行了预测。     

Surface analysis of explosion pulps by ESCA

Summary The oxygen (1s) ESCA peak for aspen explosion pulp consists of two components, O1 and O2. A tentative assignment was made for them. O1 with lower binding energy is assigned to oxygen in lignin; while O2 comes mainly from the oxygen elements in carbohydrates. Thus, an O1 area percentage might be viewed as a measure of lignin exposed on the fiber surface. Sulfur (2p) spectra show that the sulfur on the fiber surface of the pulps studied here is in the form of sulfonate groups. Compared to conventional pulps, the lower percentage of O1 and higher sulfur-to-carbon ratio for explosion pulps imply higher number of hydrophilic groups exposed on their fiber surface.     

Effects of pulp freezing and frozen pulp storage on fibre characteristics

Summary A requirement of long-term research on pulp fibres in that the material for study be stored for prolonged periods without deterioration and without changes in properties. In this paper effects of pulp freezing and thawing and of frozen pulp storage on fibre, wet web, and handsheet properties are discussed. A variety of radiata pine kraft pulps, a radiata pine sodium bisulphite pulp, and silver beech and hard beech (Nothofagus species) kraft pulps are examined.The expanded walls and diameters of beaten fibres were contracted by pulp freezing. This behaviour made fibres less flexible and less able to collapse during papermaking operations. The freezing treatment also caused fibre kinks and other fibre configurations which existed in a pulp before freezing to be fixed into position and made somewhat resistant to straightening when in strained wet webs. It was found that extents of fibre kink can be varied depending on the degree to which fibre configurations are forced into a pulp network before freezing. Increasing periods of frozen storage caused the intensity and distribution of bonds redeveloped by the freezing treatment to be progressively modified. Fibre walls were, however, not contracted further by increasing periods of frozen storage.The technical assistance of Miss D. Brookes is gratefully acknowledged     

Surface analysis of explosion pulps by ESCA Part 1. Carbon (1s) spectra and oxygen-to-carbon ratios

Summary The surface composition of explosion pulp and conventional CMP and CTMP underwent ESCA spectroscopy. Explosion pulps exhibited a higher oxygen-to-carbon ratio and less C1 peak areas compared to conventional CMP/CTMP. Based on the theoretical O/C ratios and C1 contents for the main components of wood fibers (i.e., carbohydrates, lignin and extractives), a triangular graph was used to illustrate the relative amounts of the three components on the surface. This analysis indicated that explosion pulps had more carbohydrates exposed on their fiber surface, which may explain their high physical strength. A bulk analysis indicated that these differences could not depend on their bulk compositions, since the latter were similar.     

长白落叶松工业纤维林立地控制技术的研究

通过室外样地调查和室内木材材性分析及硫酸盐制浆实验,研究了不同立地条件下长白落叶松工业纤维林的生长过程、木材纤维特性、化学组成、物理性质和制浆特点,指出了立地条件对林分生长、木材纤维含量、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、得浆率、纸浆物理强度的影响。结果表明,长白落叶松工业纤维林生长最佳的立地条件是山地下部Ⅰ、Ⅱ地位级。立地条件对木材材性和纸浆特性有直接影响。在研究的林分密度和立地条件范围内,立地条件越差,木材纤维含量越少,纤维长度越短,纤维长宽比越小,1%NaOH提取物越多。而且这种现象有随林龄增长而加重的趋势。但立地条件对得浆率和纸浆的物理强度影响不明显。综合林分生长和木材材性,长白落叶松工业纤维林的培育最好在山地下部Ⅰ地位级和Ⅱ地位级的立地条件下进行。表4参17。     

On the selectivity of ozone delignification of softwood kraft pulps

Summary Ozonation of kraft pulp and oxygen-delignified kraft pulp in acetic acid/water mixtures has been studied at different pulp consistencies with and without an inhibitor to obtain information about the limitations of the selectivity of the ozone treatment. The experiments have been performed according to a full factorial design and data have been analysed by stepwise regression analysis. The results show that a better delignification selectivity can be achieved when ozone is applied in acetic acid media instead of conventional aqueous media. By combining conventional oxygen delignification and ozonation in acetic acid, pulps with equal strength properties and better optical properties compared to those of conventional O(DC)E prebleached pulps can be obtained. This study has also revealed that the reagent is utilized far more efficiently in ozonation at high pulp consistency (35%) than in ozonation at low consistency (1%), and that a similar selectivity can be achieved in both types of ozonation by choosing appropriate conditions. The greater selectivity of ozonation in acetic acid than in water is interpreted in terms of different stabilities of the oxidant in these reaction media. The relation between the formation of hydroxyl radicals and the extent and selectivity of delignification during ozonation has been investigated. The final bleaching of pulps prebleached with ozone in acetic acid medium has been studied. Two final bleaching sequences are presented, by which pulps with ISO brightness levels of 79% and 90% can be produced.The authors are indebted to the Swedish National Board for Technical Development (Styrelsen för Teknisk Utveckling) for financial support for this work and to STORA Technology for pulp tests and analyses     

Accessibility, reactivity and supramolecular structure of E. globulus pulps with reduced xylan content

The correlation of structural assembly on a molecular level with macroscale properties such as accessibility and reactivity was investigated. A series of TCF-bleached E. globulus kraft dissolving pulps was prepared aiming at a specification suitable for viscose application. The removal of xylan to a comparable level was achieved by different pre- and post-treatments. Solid-state CP-MAS ¹³C NMR was used to determine the degree of order and the lateral fibril dimensions of cellulose fibrils. The results of the NMR measurements were related to the processability of these pulps during viscose manufacture, expressed in terms of filterability of the viscose dope and its amount of undissolved particles. The cellulose crystallinity did not affect the pulp reactivity. It was noticed that the cold caustic extracted (CCE) pulps revealed both large fibril aggregate width as determined from NMR data and low reactivity toward xanthation at the same time. These pulps exhibited significantly higher amounts of alkali-resistant xylan than those prepared by prehydrolysis kraft cooking.     

Acetic acid pulping of wheat straw under atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric acetic acid pulping of wheat straw was carried out. Pulping conditions and their effects on pulp properties were investigated in detail, and a comparison between acetic acid (AcOH) pulp and soda-anthraquinone (AQ) pulps of wheat straw was made of the chemical composition, strength, and fiber morphology of the pulps. Wheat straw was successfully pulped and fractionated into pulp (cellulose), acetic acid lignin, and sugars (monosaccharides from hemicellulose), making it easy to utilize them. It was found that among the pulping conditions the dosage of H₂SO₄ as catalyst was the most notable, and the extent and rate of delignification could be controlled by varying the amount of the catalyst. The results also showed that acetic acid pulp was quite different from soda-AQ pulp. About 70% of the ash or 90% of the silica in wheat straw were kept in AcOH pulp. The ash might function as filler and be beneficial to the printability of paper. It was known that many epidermal cells existed in AcOH pulp in bundles or in single cells. These ash-rich nonfiber cells seemed to hinder the bonding between fibers. AcOH pulp had lower strength than soda-AQ pulp, which might result mainly from the chemical damage of fibers caused by acid, not from the depolymerization of cellulose.Part of this paper was presented at the 65th Pulp and Paper Research Conference of Japan TAPPI, Tokyo, June 1998     

PFI磨浆对干湿竹浆制备阳离子纳纤化纤维素物化特性的影响

研究了PFI磨浆预处理对干、湿竹浆所制备的阳离子纳纤化纤维素(Q-NFC)物化特性和微观结构的影响规律。选用PFI磨浆处理前后的干、湿竹浆为纤维素原料,依次经过2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵化学预处理和高压均质机械拆解分离,制备了一系列Q-NFC水分散液;采用电导滴定、紫外-可见光分光光度计(UV-Vis)、旋转流变仪、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对系列Q-NFC水分散液进行分析表征。试验结果表明,由湿竹浆所制备的Q-NFC较干竹浆所制备的Q-NFC具有更高的固体收率、表面电荷量、Zeta电位、纳纤化程度及更细的平均微纤直径;经PFI磨浆预处理后,干、湿竹浆纤维表面均发生大量分丝帚化现象,导致纤维在季铵盐化预处理过程中的反应可及性和反应活性增加,从而进一步提高了干、湿竹浆所制得Q-NFC固体收率、表面电荷量、纳纤化程度及透光度等物化特性,但减少了它们的微纤尺寸和聚合度。由此可以说明,PFI磨浆预处理能消除角质化给干竹浆在季铵盐化预处理中带来的不利影响,但是对Q-NFC的结晶指数无明显影响。     

Fiber- and fine fractions-derived effects on pulp quality as a result of mechanical pulp refining consistency

High-yield pulping of wood chips using low-consistency (LC) refining in combination with primary-stage high-consistency (HC) refining has previously been shown to produce paper with quality parameters (tensile strength and light-scattering coefficient) commonly targeted for newsprint with significantly less refining energy input than using only HC refining. However, questions remain on the differences in the refining action between the two refiner types and for high-yield pulping, the refiner energy demand is a crucial process parameter. Therefore, fines- and fiber-fraction development in HC and LC refining has been studied in detail using Bauer-McNett fractionation, and the respective tensile strengths of the different fractions have been compared. Quantitative and qualitative (morphological) characteristics of the isolated fine fractions have also been analyzed in detail using a newly developed automated fluorescence microscopy method and scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest the difference in LC/HC pulp properties (strength and optical) is partly derived from deviating fiber and fines morphologies and mass balances. The quality of the fines generated during HC and LC refining also differs. LC-refined pulps contain thinner fibrillar fines (thread-like) and HC-refined pulps broader fibrils such as lamellae-type fines. Flake-like fines from the outer fiber wall decreased in relative amount with energy input.     

化学还原处理改善杨木过氧化氢机械浆白度稳定性研究

分别采用硼氢化钠、亚硫酸氢钠及其混合物处理杨木APMP漂白机械浆，优化了处理条件，研究了不同化学药品对纸浆还原处理后改善白度稳定性效果。结果表明硼氢化钠处理杨木漂白化机浆不但能够显著改善其白度稳定性而且对纸浆具有漂白作用。加入亚硫酸氢钠混合处理纸浆可大幅度减少硼氢化钠用量，并能取得类似的改善纸浆白度稳定性效果。杨木碱性氧化氢漂白机械浆光诱导返色有其固有特点，傅立叶红外光谱显示，纸浆木质素中的羰基和酚羟基结构基团是引起纸浆光诱导返色的主要原因。