对麻鸭不同致病力H5N1亚型禽法流感病毒的鉴定

禽流感病毒(avain influenza virus,AIV)根据其HA和NA蛋白分为不同亚型,目前16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型均已从水禽中分离到[1].     

果子狸源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的分离及生物学特性鉴定

2011年,对广西自治区进行禽流感流行病学调查时从野生哺乳动物果子狸体内分离到一株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AⅣ),命名为A/palm-civet/Guangxi/26/2011 (H5N1) (PC/GX/26/11).本研究对其全基因组序列进行测定及其对BALB/c鼠的致病性试验.全基因序列分析表明:该病毒属于Clade 2.3.2分支,其血凝素(HA)蛋白裂解位点存在多个连续的碱性氨基酸(-RRRR-),具有高致病性AIV (HPAIV)的典型分子特征,其HA、NA、PA、NS基因节段与A/muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM57/2011 (MD/VN/LBM57/11) (H5N1)有较高的同源性,为99.2％～99.6％;PB2、PB1、M、NP4个基因节段与人源AIV A/Hubei/1/2010 (HuB/1/10) (H5N1)的同源性最高,为99.0％～99.5％.动物试验显示:该病毒对小鼠的半数致死量为4.9 log EID50,对小鼠具有较高的致病性.在小鼠的肺和鼻甲骨中均能够进行良好的复制.以上结果表明,该分离株未经适应便具备感染哺乳动物并有较高致死的能力.     

Epidemiology of H5N1 avian influenza

High pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza (AI) infection has been reported in domestic poultry, wildlife, and human populations since 1996. Risk of infection is associated with direct contact with infected birds. The mode of H5N1 spread from Asia to Europe, Africa and the Far East is unclear; risk factors such as legal and illegal domestic poultry and exotic bird trade, and migratory bird movements have been documented. Measures used to control disease such as culling, stamping out, cleaning and disinfection, and vaccination have not been successful in eradicating H5N1 in Asia, but have been effective in Europe.     

一株鸟源H1N2型禽流感病毒全基因序列分析

2011—2012年,对我国广西活禽市场进行流行病学监测时从麻雀体内分离鉴定出1株H1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),命名为A/Sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)。为了解该株H1亚型AIV的来源、特征及其分子演化规律,本研究对其全基因序列进行测定,并与GenBank登录的相关病毒进行遗传演化分析。结果表明:这株分离纯化的H1N2毒株HA基因切割位点附近的氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF,属于低致病力AIV的特征;NA基因与A/duck/Guangxi/GXd-2/2010(H6N2)在同一分支内,核苷酸同源性为98%;PB1与PB2基因与H5和H4亚型较为接近;PA基因与A/duck/Guangdong/E1/2012(H10N8)同源性最高;NP基因则与A/chicken/Pakistan/NARC-16945/2010(H3N1)同源性达97%;而NS与MP基因分别与A/wild duck/Korea/SH5-26/2008(H4N6)、A/duck/Shanghai/C84/2009(H3N2)同源性最高。因此,推测A/Sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)可能是不同来源的基因经过复杂重组演变后的1株重组病毒。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因的克隆及表达

利用RT-PCR扩增了2株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因,并将其克隆到pMD 18-T载体上,进行序列分析.结果显示,这2株禽流感病毒NS1基因核苷酸序列的同源性为70.2%,分别属于NS等位基因群A和等位基因群B.再将克隆的NS1基因插入到pET-28a质粒中构建原核表达载体,将其转化到DH5α大肠埃希氏菌感受态细胞中,经双酶切鉴定及序列分析,表明获得了重组质粒pET-52NS1和pET-174NS1.经SDS-PAGE分析,重组质粒转化BL21（DE3）（pLysS）感受态细胞后,经IPTG诱导,获得了分子质量约为30 ku的NS1融合蛋白.用AIV多克隆血清做Western-blotting分析,发现来自2个等位基因群的NS1蛋白都具有较好的抗原活性.     

两株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因诱导细胞凋亡的研究

为了研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NS1基因诱导的细胞凋亡作用，我们将两株H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A／Duck／Guangdong／40／2000（H5NI）（简称DKGD／40／00）和A／Duck／Guangxi／35／2001（H5NI）（简称DKGX／35／01）的NSI基因克隆到真核表达载体plRES2-EGFP，转染Hela细胞后，应用荧光显微镜检测转染表达效率，应用TUNEL和流式细胞仪观察NSI基因产生的细胞凋亡作用。结果两株病毒NSI蛋白表达均能诱导Hela细胞凋亡，凋亡率无明显差异。表明单一的NS1并不能完全阐明凋亡的产生与病毒毒力强弱和病毒扩散之间的关系。     

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in cats and other carnivores

The Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus is a known pathogen of birds. Only recently, the virus has been reported to cause sporadic fatal disease in carnivores, and its zoonotic potential has been dominating the popular media. Attention to felids was drawn by two outbreaks with high mortality in tigers, leopards and other exotic felids in Thailand. Subsequently, domestic cats were found naturally infected and experimentally susceptible to H5N1 virus. A high susceptibility of the dog to H3N8 equine influenza A virus had been reported earlier, and recently also HPAI H5N1 virus has been identified as a canine pathogen. The ferret, hamster and mouse are suitable as experimental animals; importantly, these species are also kept as pets. Experimental intratracheal and oral infection of cats with an HPAI H5N1 virus isolate from a human case resulted in lethal disease; furthermore, cats have been infected by the feeding of infected chickens. Spread of the infection from experimentally infected to in-contact cats has been reported. The epidemiological role of the cat and other pet animal species in transmitting HPAI H5N1 virus to humans needs continuous consideration and attention.     

1株中国北方鸭H4N6亚型禽流感病毒的分子特征

2010年,从山东省水禽市场健康鸭体内分离鉴定了1株H4N6禽流感病毒,命名为A/duck/Shandong/1/2010(DK/SD/1/2010)。对该病毒进行全基因组测序,并与Gen Bank中相关序列进行遗传和进化分析。结果表明,DK/SD/1/2010的7个基因(PB2,PB1,PA,HA,NP,M和NS)来源于欧亚系,NA基因来自于欧亚系和北美系。DK/SD/1/2010 HA裂解位点氨基酸序列(PKKASR↓GLF)和低致病性禽流感的特征一致。动物接种试验表明该病毒不能在鸡和小鼠中复制。推测DK/SD/1/2010可能是不同来源的流感病毒在鸭体内重组和演变形成的重组病毒,该病毒对鸡和鸭无明显致病性。     

鸭源H5N5和H5N1亚型禽流感病毒BALB/c鼠感染试验

比较鸭源H5N5亚型禽流感病毒(A/Duck/Changchun/01/2010)和鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(A/Duck/Liaoning/N/2011)对BALB/c鼠的致病性。以106EID50/50μL剂量鼻腔感染6周龄BALB/c鼠,攻毒后3,5,7,10,14 d取小鼠的肺、脑和肝脏,处理后接种10日龄SPF鸡胚做病毒回收试验,取死亡鸡胚的尿囊液进行RT-PCR检测;分别取接种病毒后5 d小鼠的脑、肝脏、肺脏、脾脏、肾脏进行病理组织学检测。结果显示,小鼠接种H5N5和H5N1亚型禽流感病毒后,均无明显的临床症状,肝脏中分别于接种后3,5 d分离到病毒,肺脏中于接种后5 d分离到病毒,脾脏、肾脏和粪便中均未分离到病毒。病理组织学检测发现,病毒对小鼠的脏器组织产生了不同程度的病理损伤,以肺脏、脑和肝脏较为明显,且H5N1亚型禽流感病毒引起小鼠脑和肝脏的病理损伤比H5N5亚型更严重。这表明2株鸭源禽流感病毒对小鼠均有一定的致病性,且H5N1亚型强于H5N5亚型。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒低剂量感染小鼠发病模型的建立

为模拟哺乳动物感染H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAIV)的发病进程,本研究采用对哺乳动物高度致病的H5N1亚型HPAIV株A/bar-headed goose/Qinghai/3/05 (BHG/3/05),以低剂量鼻腔接种小鼠,观察发病、存活、病毒复制及组织病理损伤情况.结果显示,100.4 EID50即能够100％感染小鼠,但发病表现缓慢,死亡延迟至8d以后,存活达60％;体内病毒复制可持续10 d以上,感染后前3d病毒的增殖限于呼吸道,随后扩散至脑、脾、肾等其他器官;组织病理学观察肺脏早期表现出渗出性炎症,第10d发展为典型的间质性肺炎.本研究结果为探讨人禽流感的病理发生机制提供了具有价值的模型.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒新疆株NS基因的克隆和序列分析

根据已发表的H5N1禽流感病毒NS基因全序列设计了1对引物，对4株禽流感病毒新疆株的NS基因进行了RT—PCR扩增，并将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上，分别获得了全长为817、851、854、854bp的全基因序列。序列分析结果表明，新疆毒株间的核苷酸同源性为97．8％～98．9%，氨基酸同源性为96．5％～98．7％，与广东、香港和东南亚等不同地区的11个毒株比较，同源性为90．0％～99．4％；与来自野禽、猪等不同种类的11个流感毒株比较，同源性为81．4％～99．3％。系统进化树分析表明，新疆株独立分支。     

H5N1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from healthy mallard captured in South Korea

On December 7, 2010, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was isolated from a healthy mallard captured at the Mankyung River in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this virus was classified into clade 2.3.2 and closely related to H5N1 viruses isolated from wild birds in Mongolia, Russia and China in 2009 and 2010.     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染小鼠肺组织蛋白质组分析

为鉴定禽流感病毒(AIV)感染状态下的差异表达蛋白,本研究将H5N1亚型AIV感染组与对照组小鼠肺组织蛋白样品分别进行双向电泳分离,并采用ImageMaster 2D Platinum 6.0软件进行分析.在AIV感染72 h后,共有9个表达差异显著的蛋白点(ratio＞2,p＜0.05),而且该蛋白在感染组均呈上调表达.将差异蛋白进行串联质谱分析,并对其中7个蛋白进行鉴定,包括:interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3(IFIT-3)、ATP依赖的干扰素反应蛋白1(ADIR1)、γ干扰素诱导的p47鸟苷三磷酸酶(IRG)、T细胞受体a TA27、气味受体S86、胞苷单磷酸激酶2(Cmpk2)和肌球蛋白.将前3个蛋白基因采用荧光定量PCR方法进行mRNA水平的验证,所获得的结果与双向电泳结果一致.本研究为在蛋白质组水平进一步分析H5N1亚型AIV与宿主相互作用奠定了基础.     

Different infection routes of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in mice

The continuing outbreaks of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in Asia and Africa have caused worldwide concern because of the high mortality rates in poultry, suggesting its potential to become a pandemic influenza virus in humans. The transmission route of the virus among either the same species or different species is not yet clear. Broilers and BABL/c mice were inoculated with the H5N1 strain of influenza A virus isolated from birds. The animals were inoculated with 0.1 mL 10^6.83 TCID₅₀ of H5N1 virus oronasally, intraperitoneally and using eye drops. The viruses were examined by virological and pathological assays. In addition, to detect horizontal transmission, in each group, healthy chicks and mice were mixed with those infected. Viruses were detected in homogenates of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney and blood of the infected mice and chickens. Virus antigen was not detected in the spleen, kidney or gastrointestinal tract, but detected by Plaque Forming Unit (PFU) assay in the brain, liver and lung without degenerative change in these organs (in the group inoculated using eye drops. The detection results for mice inoculated using eye drops suggest that this virus might have a different tissue tropism from other influenza viruses mainly restricted to the respiratory tract in mice. All chicken samples tested positive for the virus, regardless of the method of inoculation. Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses are highly pathogenic to chickens, but its virulence in other animals is not yet known. To sum up, the results suggest that the virus replicates not only in different animal species but also through different routes of infection. In addition, the virus was detection not only in the respiratory tract but also in multiple extra‐respiratory tissues. This study demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection in mice can cause systemic disease and spread through potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts.