Spectral vegetation indices for benchmarking water productivity of irrigated cotton and sugarbeet crops

Irrigation performance and water productivity can be benchmarked if estimates of spatially distributed yield and crop water use are available. A commonly used method to estimate crop evapotranspiration in irrigated areas is to multiply reference evapotranspiration values by appropriate crop coefficients. This study evaluated convenient ways to derive such coefficients using multispectral vegetation indices obtained by remote sensing. Detailed ground radiometric measurements were taken in small plots perpendicular to the crop rows to obtain canopy reflectance values. Ancillary measurements of green ground cover, plant height, leaf area index and biomass were taken in the cropped strip covered by the radiometer field-of-view. The results were up-scaled using 10 Landsat-5 and 1 Landsat-7 images. Crop measurements and ground radiometry were made at the time of Landsat overpass on two commercial fields, one grown with sugarbeet and the other with cotton. Crop height and ground cover were determined weekly in these two fields, three additional sugarbeet fields and one additional cotton field. The ground and satellite observations of canopy reflectance yielded similar results. Two vegetation indices, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) were evaluated. Both indices described the crop growth well, but SAVI was used in further evaluations because it could be conveniently related to both ground cover and the basal crop coefficient using a simple model. Based on these findings, crop water use variability was analyzed in a large sample of sugarbeet and cotton fields, within a homogeneous irrigation scheme in Southern Spain. The yield versus evapotranspiration data points were highly scattered for both cotton and sugarbeet. The yield values obtained from the sugarbeet fields and cotton fields were substantially lower than values predicted by a linear yield function, and close to a curvilinear yield function, respectively. Evapotranspired water productivity varied in the cotton fields from 0.3 to 0.78 kg m⁻³, and in the sugarbeet fields from 7.15 to 14.8 kg m⁻³.     

Estimation of crop evapotranspiration of irrigation command area using remote sensing and GIS

This paper describes the use of satellite-based remote sensing (RS) data and geographic information system (GIS) tools for estimating seasonal crop evapotranspiration in Mahi Right Bank Canal (MRBC) command area of Gujarat, India. Crop coefficients (K_c) for various major crops grown in MRBC were estimated, empirically, from the RS derived soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) values. A reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) map was generated from point meteorological observations. The K_c and ET₀ maps were combined to generate seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET_crop) map which highlighted spatial variation in ET_crop ranging from more than 600 mm for healthy tobacco crops to less than 150 mm for very poor wheat crops.     

Equity of water distribution along secondary canals in Punjab,Pakistan

Equity in the distribution of irrigation water has long been an operational objective for the management of the large canal systems in the north and west of the Indian subcontinent. How well that operational objective continues to be met is the central concern of the research reported in this paper. Detailed studies of canal operations were conducted on three distributaries in the Lower Chenab Canal system in Punjab Province, Pakistan. Mananwala and Lagar Distributaries off-take in the head reach of the Gugera Branch Canal and Pir Mahal Distributary is at the very tail of this Branch. Flow conditions for these distributaries and of selected outlets served by each were measured daily throughout 1988, and data were converted to discharges. These field observations show that discharge variation at the head of distributaries greatly exceeds the original design criteria. The data also indicate that two design assumptions for outlets are no longer valid: continuous full supply water level in the distributary and outlet modular flow conditions. Field measurements confirm that the distribution of surface water among the outlets of all three distributaries is substantially inequitable. Outlets in the channels' head reaches commonly draw 3 to 6 times greater share of total supplies than do tail outlets. Although all three selected distributaries are perennial canals, some outlets remained dry for up to 90% of the total operational days in a year. Finally, evaluation of field data also shows that better operational procedures at the distributary level can substantially improve water supply conditions in the tail reaches.     

Estimating yield of sorghum using root zone water balance model and spectral characteristics of crop in a dryland Alfisol

This study investigated the relationship between sorghum grain yield for a range of soil depths, with the seasonal crop water stress index based on relative evapotranspiration deficits and spectral vegetation indices. A root zone water balance model was used to evaluate seasonal soil water fluctuations and actual evapotranspiration within a toposequence; soil depth varied between 30 and 75 cm and available water capacity ranged from 6.9 to 12.6% (v/v, %). An empirical model was used to determine root growth. Runoff was estimated from rainfall data using the curve number techniques of the Soil Conservation Services, combined with a soil water-accounting procedure. The high r² values between modeled and observed values of soil water in the root zone (r² > 0.70, significant at P < 0.001) and runoff (r² = 0.95, significant at P < 0.001) indicated good agreement between the model output and observed values. Canopy reflectance was measured during the entire crop growth period and the following spectral indices were calculated: simple ratio, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green NDVI, perpendicular vegetation index, soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) and modified SAVI (MSAVI). All the vegetation indices, except for the perpendicular vegetation index, measured from booting to anthesis stage, were positively correlated with leaf area index (LAI) and yield. The correlation coefficient for spectral indices with dry biomass was relatively less than for LAI and yield. Modified SAVI recorded from booting to milk-grain stage gave the highest average correlation coefficient with grain yield. Additive and multiplicative forms of water-production functions, as well as water stress index calculated from water budget model, were used to predict crop yield. A multiple regression was carried out with yield, for the years 2001–2003, as the dependent variable and MSAVI, from the booting to the milk-grain stage of crop and relative yield values, calculated using both additive and multiplicative water production functions as well as water stress index, as the independent variables. The multiplicative model and MSAVI, recorded during the heading stage of crop growth, gave the highest coefficient of determination (r² = 0.682, significant at P < 0.001). The multiple regression equation was tested for yield data recorded during 2004; the deviation between observed and estimated yields varied from −6.2 to 9.4%. The water budget model, along with spectral vegetation indices, gave satisfactory estimates of sorghum grain yields and appears to be a useful tool to estimate yield as a function of soil depth and available water.     

基于遥感的农业用水效率评价方法研究进展

遥感技术的发展为区域尺度蒸散发计算、作物分布识别及估产提供了一条有效途径,为基于遥感信息的灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率定量评价奠定了基础。回顾总结了遥感蒸散发模型、瞬时蒸散发升尺度方法、日蒸散发插值方法、作物分布识别方法及作物估产模型的研究进展,评述了遥感蒸散发及作物估产结果在灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率评价中的应用情况。提出了相关领域需要进一步研究的问题,包括适合非均匀下垫面特点且具有较强物理基础的灌区遥感蒸散发模型、日蒸散发插值中灌溉或降雨引起土壤含水量突变情况的处理、农田蒸散发中灌溉水有效消耗量的准确估算、能适应复杂种植结构并且适用于多年的作物分布遥感识别模型以及精度较高且可操作性强的遥感估产模型等。     

植被指数与作物叶面积指数的相关关系研究

作物长势参数是精细农业遥感监测的重要对象,叶面积指数(LAI)是作物长势最重要的参数之一,利用遥感手段快速获取作物的LAI具有重要的意义。为此,考虑到波段组合方式对LAI的反演效果的不可忽略性,采用4种不同的波段组合,结合PROSPECT和SAIL的模拟数据、地面实测数据和高光谱影像数据,从植被指数的饱和性和模型拟合精度两个角度对6个植被指数展开了评价。结果表明:TVI、MSAVI和MCARI23个植被指数在以上3个方面均表现较优,750～680 nm波段组合更加适合于LAI的反演。     

基于纹理特征与植被指数融合的水稻含水量无人机遥感监测

含水量是表征水稻生理和健康状况的关键参数，精确预测水稻含水量对于水稻育种和大田精准管理具有重要意义。目前，利用无人机搭载光谱图像传感器监测作物生长的研究主要集中在利用植被指数评估作物在单一或者几个生育期的生长参数，针对作物含水量监测的研究非常有限。本研究主要利用多旋翼无人机低空遥感平台获取不同生育期水稻冠层的RGB图像和多光谱图像，通过提取植被指数和纹理特征，分析水稻的动态生长变化，并构建了基于随机森林回归方法的含水量预测模型。试验结果表明：（1）从无人机图像提取的植被指数、纹理特征以及地面测量的含水量都能用于监测水稻生长，并且这些参数随水稻生长呈现出了相似的动态变化趋势；（2）与RGB图像相比，多光谱图像评估水稻含水量具有更高的潜力，其中归一化光谱指数NDSI_771,611实现了更好的预测精度（R²=0.68，RMSEP=0.039，rRMSE =5.24%）；（3）融合植被指数和纹理特征能够进一步改善含水量的预测结果（R²=0.86，RMSEP=0.026，rRMSE=3.51%），预测误差RMSEP分别减小了16.13%和18.75%。上述结果表明，基于无人机遥感技术监测水稻含水量是可行的，可为农田精准灌溉和田间管理决策提供新思路。     

Importance of water consumption by perennial vegetation in irrigated areas of the humid tropics: evidence from Sri Lanka

In tropical, monsoon climates of South-East Asia, irrigation facilities supplement rain in the wet season and enable crops to be cultivated during the dry season. In the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, 70% of the average annual rainfall of 1000 mm falls in a 3 month period. During the dry season, reference evapotranspiration has less rainfall — about 700 mm, indicating that much additional supply is meant to support crops, mainly paddy. In this climatic context, irrigation has dramatically changed the local environment, creating ecosystems quite similar to that of the wet zone to flourish. In these systems, recharge of shallow groundwater by percolation from irrigated fields, canals, and tanks, has provided a continuous supply of water for natural vegetation and homestead gardens. Much of the water used by this non-crop vegetation is beneficial. Growth of fruit and coconut trees can be quite profitable, while other trees enhance the environment.In 1998, IWMI performed a comprehensive water balance in the command area of the Kirindi Oya irrigation scheme, Sri Lanka, based on surface flow measurements, rainfall data, and estimation of crop water requirements. This water balance showed that evaporation consumed 78% of the total amount of water available for use. The amount of evaporation is split into process depletion (crops for 28%), direct evaporation from tanks (7%), inter-seasonal fallow (10%) and from non-crop vegetation for 55%.The main conclusion from this study is that perennial vegetation as the main component of non-crop vegetation, is a significant consideration in tropical humid environments in planning, management and performance assessment. Designers, managers, and researchers need to specifically incorporate the evaluation of evaporation by non-crop vegetation and perennial vegetation in their approach of water requirements. Further investigation is needed to estimate water consumption by land cover type to assess their respective beneficial use.     

2000—2014年中国粮食主产区植被水分利用效率时空演变特征研究

【目的】实现在气候变化背景下对粮食产区农业水资源的优化配置和水分的高效利用。【方法】利用Python、ArcGIS软件和MODIS遥感估算的MOD17和MOD16数据产品,研究了中国粮食主产区(东北、内蒙古、华北、南部)2000—2014年植被生态系统水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)的时空分布规律。【结果】①年WUE(以碳计,下同)整体呈上升趋势,增速为0.013 g/(mm·m2·a)(P<0.01),2个转折点分别出现在2003、2010年;②年内WUE的变化主要呈M型的双峰模式,峰值出现在4—5月、9—10月,而季节尺度上WUE的变化具有显著差异;③不同时间尺度的WUE空间分布上具有明显的异质性;④2000—2014年来全区年WUE整体呈上升趋势,其中呈上升趋势的面积占84.01%,但上升幅度以轻度、中度为主;⑤各季WUE整体呈上升趋势,但是不同季节WUE发生上升的区域位置、面积和显著性的大小都不同。【结论】在气候变化背景下,2000—2014年中国粮食主产区植被生态系统WUE呈上升趋势,且年内呈M型的双峰结构,季节和空间尺度上的分布具有显著差异。     

灌水模式对油葵耗水量产量及经济效益的影响

通过5种灌水处理模式和对照旱地油葵田间试验,探讨了灌水模式对油葵耗水量、产量、水分利用效率以及经济收入的影响。结果表明,油葵出盘前和灌浆后耗水量比其他时段多50％以上。在油葵不同生育阶段耗水量随着灌水量增加而增加;灌水定额120mm,灌两次水的灌水模式的产量最高,为2268kg／hm^2,而水分利用效率最大值出现在灌水定额66mm的灌水模式,灌水量增加反而使水分利用效率下降。经济分析结果表明,纯收入最高值出现在灌水模式93mm灌二水的处理,为2871元／hm^2,灌水定额增加或减少均导致经济收入下降。统计分析结果表明,干旱年份（全生育期有效降水量123mm）灌二水时,为了兼顾产量、水分利用效率以及经济收入,油葵最佳总灌水量以208-218mm为宜。全生育期有效降水量超过350mm的丰水年份不应该再灌水。     

灌区尺度作物水分利用效率指标研究

在对灌区来水、作物产量和作物需水量尺度分析的基础上,研究了灌区尺度作物水分利用效率指标,结果表明,冬小麦、夏玉米、棉花不同的生育期对采用哪种水分利用效率指标有直接影响;灌溉、降雨、地下水补给等资料较全时,3种作物都采用WUEET;无降雨资料时,冬小麦可选用WUEi近似代替WUEET;正常年份,夏玉米的WUEP0就是WUEET,干旱年份且需夏灌时,夏玉米WUEET由有效降雨量与灌溉量共同产生;棉花不能用WUEi或WUEP0中的任何一种指标反映其真实的水分利用效率,而只能用WUEET确定。     

海南岛橡胶林叶面积指数遥感估算模型比较研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是描述植被生长状况和冠层结构的一个重要参数,快速获取大面积植被与作物LAI对于生态系统科学研究、农林业生产指导具有十分重要的理论和实践意义.本研究选取海南岛典型热带作物——橡胶树为研究对象,构建基于卫星遥感植被指数的橡胶林LAI估算模型并分析其变化规律.结果表明,相较于归一化植被指数(NDVI)、绿...     

Estimation of green bean yield, water deficiency and productivity using spectral indexes during the growing season

Field experiments were carried out in the 2004 and 2005 growing seasons on drip irrigated dwarf green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, humilis). Soil water content (SWC), spectral reflectance and yield were monitored. Based on these data crop evapotranspiration (ETc), soil water deficit index (SWDI), water use efficiency (WUE) and four separate spectral indexes were calculated. In order to determine use opportunities of spectral indexes for estimation of yield, SWDI and WUE, some statistical analyzes were made. Results showed that spectral indexes could be used for monitoring of yield, SWDI and WUE. Especially, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) had the highest correlations with all three of the parameters. The estimation procedure which was given in this study has a potential use either during, or at the end of the growing season. Estimated values of WUE and SWDI were 3.2 (kg m^?3) and 0.12, respectively, through SAVI and the given procedure, indicates the optimal water use and yield conditions for dwarf green beans. At this situation, probably ETc was 580 mm and yield was 25.5 t ha^?1.     

干旱沙区降解膜覆盖的玉米生长与耗水规律

针对干旱沙区水资源短缺、水分利用效率较低、“白色污染”等问题,在内蒙古乌兰布和沙区开展了2 a的可降解地膜膜下滴灌田间试验.试验设置2种类型的地膜覆盖(可降解地膜和普通地膜)与3个灌溉定额(低水、中水和高水)共6个处理,研究了可降解地膜覆盖下不同灌水处理对干旱沙区玉米生长、产量、土壤含水率、耗水量及水分利用效率WUE的影响.结果表明:可降解地膜覆盖下的玉米生长和产量与普通地膜覆盖的差异不具有统计学意义,抽雄期后耗水量较大,而WUE显著降低;可降解地膜覆盖下灌水量对玉米生长、产量、土壤含水率、耗水量及WUE有显著的影响,灌水量增加会促进玉米生长,延缓后期玉米衰老,增加玉米产量,2 a均为高水处理的产量最大,分别为13 614.97,13 726.68 kg/hm²,且与中水处理的差异不具有统计学意义;耗水量随灌水量增加呈上升趋势,而WUE随灌水量增加呈抛物线趋势,2 a中水处理的WUE均为最大,平均分别比高水、低水处理的高2.77%,19.56%.     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的夏玉米叶面积指数估算方法

无人机多光谱遥感技术可以快速、无损地监测农作物叶面积指数（LAI）。为研究水分胁迫条件下,利用无人机多光谱植被指数估算夏玉米LAI的可行性,本研究基于无人机多光谱遥感系统,结合同时期实地采集的夏玉米LAI,选择5种植被指数,包括归一化差值植被指数（NDVI）、土壤调节植被指数（SAVI）、增强型植被指数（EVI）、绿度归一化植被指数（GNDVI）和抗大气指数（VARI）,作为模型输入参数,使用随机森林回归算法建立全生育期不同灌溉条件下大田玉米冠层植被指数与LAI之间的关系模型,并与一元线性回归和多元线性回归算法建立的模型进行对比分析。结果表明,在充分灌溉条件下,植被指数的多元线性回归模型可以较好地估算LAI（R² = 0.83）;在水分胁迫条件下,植被指数的随机森林回归模型可以较好地估算LAI（R² = 0.74~0.87）,水分胁迫因素对该模型影响较小,且NDVI和VARI对估算LAI的贡献最大。上述结果表明基于无人机多光谱遥感技术,使用随机森林回归算法估算多种灌溉条件下的夏玉米LAI是可行的。该研究为实现快速、准确地监测全生育期不同灌溉条件下的大田夏玉米LAI提供了技术和方法支持。     

不同灌水量对加工型马铃薯产量及生态生理指标的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,研究了不同灌水处理对马铃薯产量及生态生理指标的影响。结果表明:处理间单位面积块茎产量、单株结薯数、株高、水分利用效率、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、光合速率、蒸腾速率均存在着显著或极显著的差异。块茎产量和水分利用效率均以灌水定额为1650 m3/hm2(处理5)最高。在马铃薯水分临界期,不同灌水处理的马铃薯单叶光合速率和蒸腾速率的日变化曲线均呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00~12:00和14:00~16:00。产量最高的处理5在12:00前基本具有最高的光合速率,而蒸腾速率在各时间段都没有体现出明显的优势。     

Role of irrigation and mulch on yield, evapotranspiration rate and water use pattern of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

Irrigation management strategy invites the quantification of crop response to irrigation frequencies. Conventionally, mulches increase the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) to a great extent by augmenting the water status in the root zone profile. A field study was carried out during the winter season (November-March) of 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 at the Central Research Farm of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Latitude 22°58′N, Longitude 88°31′E and altitude 9.75 m amsl), Gayeshpur, India, to evaluate the effect of irrigation frequencies and mulches on evapotranspiration rate from tomato crop field as well as leaf area index (LAI), fruit yield and WUE of the crop. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design where three irrigation treatments {rainfed (RF); CPE₅₀ and CPE₂₅ where irrigation was given at 50 and 25 mm of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE)} were kept in the main plots and the subplots contained four mulch managements {no mulch (NM), rice straw mulch (RSM), white polyethylene mulch (WPM) and black polyethylene mulch (BPM)}. Under CPE₂₅, tomato crop recorded significantly higher leaf area index (LAI) over CPE₅₀ and rainfed condition. LAI value under BPM was 9-30% more over other mulches. Maximum variation of LAI among different treatments was recorded at 60 days after transplanting (DAT). Fruit yield under CPE₂₅ was 39.4 Mg ha⁻¹; a reduction of 7 and 30% has been obtained under CPE₅₀ and RF condition. The use of mulch increased 23-57% yield in comparison to NM condition. Actual evapotranspiration rate (ET_R) was 1.82 mm day⁻¹ under CPE₂₅ and declined by 15 and 31% under CPE₅₀ and RF condition, respectively. The variation of ET_R among different mulches became more prominent under maximum water stressed (RF) condition, whereas the variation was negligible under CPE₂₅ frequency. Irrespective of mulching WUE was highest under moderately wet (CPE₅₀) soil environment. Among different mulches, BPM was responsible for attaining the highest WUE value (25.1 kg m⁻³), which declined by 22, 21 and 39% under WPM, RSM and NM, respectively.     

基于无人机影像的采煤沉陷区玉米生物量反演与分析

为了探索运用无人机多光谱遥感技术监测高潜水位矿区采煤扰动下原有生态系统破坏及地表耕地损毁程度的方法,以高潜水位矿区开采沉陷导致地面积水所引起的农作物渍害影响为例,基于无人机多光谱影像,在传统植被指数的基础上引入红边波段进行扩展,优选了22种植被指数,结合田间同步实测生物量数据,采用经验模型法分别构建了一元回归、基于最小二乘法的多元逐步回归(Multivariable linear regression,MLR)、反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural networks,BPNN)的生物量反演模型,通过决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和估测精度(EA)3个指标筛选出最佳模型。最后,基于最佳模型进行研究区玉米生物量的空间分布反演和分析,结果显示,所选的植被指数均与生物量显著相关,其中,BP神经网络模型的估算精度最高,其决定系数R2为0.83,比其他模型增加了0.10~0.17,预测均方根误差RMSE为178.72 g/m2,比其他模型减少了29.65~60.23 g/m2,估测精度EA可达到79.4%,比其他模型提高了3.3%~7.1%。这说明红边波段更适于采煤沉陷区作物生物量的估算,引入红边波段构建生物量反演模型,可以显著提高采煤沉陷影响下玉米生物量无人机遥感反演模型的精度。研究结果表明:采煤沉陷盆地内玉米生物量主要分布于592~1 050 g/m2,其面积占研究区的74.4%,地表生物量低于352 g/m2的作物面积达到14.1%,玉米整体长势受采煤扰动影响较为严重,玉米生物量呈现从沉陷盆地边缘往中心逐渐降低的趋势。本文研究为同类型其他高潜水位矿区土地损毁监测与评价、土地复垦与生态修复等提供基础数据与理论支撑。     

The use of remote sensing for estimating ET of irrigated wheat and cotton in Northwest Mexico

Components of a satellite-based system for estimating the crop water requirements of irrigated vegetation have been combined, applied, and tested against field data in the Yaqui Valley, northwest Mexico. Frequent satellite observations have the potential to provide snap shots of cloud variability at the high spatial and temporal resolutions that are needed for making simple, near real-time estimates of incoming solar radiation and, thus, daytime evaporation required for irrigation scheduling. Less frequent polar orbiting satellites offer the capacity of following the vegetation development at higher spatial resolution. The operational framework for obtaining cloud cover has been developed and applied using hourly sampled, 1 km resolution, GOES-10 data received in real-time. The high-resolution, cloud-screening algorithm has proved to be efficient and reliable and has been used to provide high-resolution (4 km) estimates of solar radiation. Relationships between vegetation indices (NDVI and SAVI) and crop coefficients (the ratio of measured to reference evapotranspiration) have been derived with four different models (Shuttleworth, Penman, Priestley–Taylor and Makkink), using ground-based surface reflectance measured over the crop. Continuous measurements of surface fluxes and other meteorological variables were made following almost the entire vegetative cycle of the plant using a station equipped with standard meteorological instruments and an eddy-correlation system. Actual evapotranspiration was computed as the product of the estimated crop coefficients, derived from field radiometer measurements, and reference evapotranspiration. In comparison with ground data, RMSE values are on the order of 1 mm per day. Finally the opportunity to use high-resolution satellite data to make near real-time estimates of crop evaporation is discussed.     

冬小麦SPAD值无人机可见光和多光谱植被指数结合估算

SPAD(Soil and plant analyzer development)值能够反映作物叶片叶绿素含量,是表征作物健康状态的重要指标。采用无人机搭载可见光和多光谱相机同步获取冬小麦可见光和多光谱影像,同时获取冬小麦叶片SPAD值,探究了可见光和多光谱植被指数与SPAD值的关系,将可见光植被指数与多光谱植被指数相结合进行SPAD值估算,利用逐步回归和随机森林回归方法估算SPAD值,并将估算结果进行对比,筛选出冬小麦叶片SPAD值的最优估算模型。结果表明,SPAD值与可见光植被指数(IKAW和RBRI)、多光谱植被指数(GNDVI、CI、GMSR和GOSAVI)具有较好的相关性,与可见光植被指数(CIVE)和多光谱植被指数(GNDVI)的相结合指数具有较好的相关性,其估算模型的R²为0.89,模型验证的RMSE为2.55,nRMSE为6.21%。研究表明,可见光植被指数与多光谱植被指数相结合指数逐步回归和随机森林回归模型估算SPAD值的精度高于仅用可见光植被指数或多光谱植被指数,采用逐步回归的估算模型R²为0.91,模型验证R^2...