外源硒对芒果硒含量及果实营养品质的影响

探讨叶面喷施和土施外源硒对芒果叶片和果实硒含量、果实矿质元素含量及营养品质的影响,以期为富硒芒果的安全生产提供理论依据和技术支持。以“桂热 82号”芒果为试材,叶面喷施以亚硒酸钠为硒源,设置0.0、25.0、50.0、100.0、150.0和 200.0 mg/L 6个浓度水平,于生理落果结束后,每 15 d喷施一次,连喷 2次。土施设置亚硒酸钠处理和硒酸钠处理,施肥量为 10 g/株,于花期沟施。结果表明,芒果叶片和果实中的硒含量随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加而递增。叶面喷施 50 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实 Vc含量,200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实K、可滴定酸含量,100～ 200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著降低果实Zn、Ca含量。土施相同量的亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量。土施硒酸钠叶片和果实硒含量显著高于亚硒酸钠。土施 10 g/株亚硒酸钠显著降低果实 Ca、Mg含量,土施 10 g/株硒酸钠显著提高果实 K、Vc含量,降低果实 Ca含量。叶面喷硒和土壤施硒均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量,其中叶面喷硒提高幅度远大于土壤施硒提高幅度。土施硒酸钠比亚硒酸钠更容易被芒果吸收。富硒芒果生产上推荐叶面喷施 25.0～ 50.0 mg/L亚硒酸钠,或者土施 10 g/株硒酸钠。     

叶面施硒对黑豆硒吸收转运特征及籽粒硒形态的影响

为了明确叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对黑豆硒吸收转运特征及籽粒硒形态的影响,采用小区试验在黑豆结荚兴盛期进行一次性叶面喷施亚硒酸钠(施硒量分别为0、6、12、18和24 mg·m^-2)处理,分析比较不同浓度亚硒酸钠处理下黑豆产量、各器官硒含量、籽粒有机硒转化率和品质性状的差异。结果表明,各施硒水平对黑豆各器官总硒含量均有提升作用,在24 mg·m^-2硒处理时各器官总硒含量最大,根、茎、荚和籽粒硒含量分别较对照提高了8.74、8.37、9.85和65.21倍,硒处理后各器官总硒含量呈现籽粒>根≈荚>茎的特点。籽粒中硒以有机硒形态存在,且有机硒转化率随着亚硒酸钠浓度的增加呈下降趋势,在0、6、12、18和24 mg·m^-2施硒处理时,有机硒含量分别为0.071 4、1.101 8、1.510 6、1.811 1和2.093 5 mg·kg^-1,有机硒转化率分别为94.52%、84.81%、70.30%、60.11%和52.43%。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠显著提高了黑豆籽粒蛋白质含量和分离蛋白硒含量,但对脂肪含量的影响较小,在24 mg·m^-2硒处理时蛋白质含量和分离蛋白硒含量分别较对照增加了2.4个百分点和117.35倍,分离蛋白硒含量占有机硒和总硒含量的比例分别为90.29%和47.39%。适宜浓度亚硒酸钠叶面喷施对黑豆产量具有促进作用,但浓度过高导致增产效果减弱。综上,叶面喷施亚硒酸钠可提高黑豆各器官总硒含量,但黑豆籽粒有机硒转化率随喷施浓度的增加呈下降趋势,且黑豆籽粒有机硒主要以蛋白质形式存在。本研究结果为应用外源硒强化技术生产富硒黑豆提供了科学依据。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对葡萄果实品质及叶片衰老的影响

以3年生露地栽培葡萄户太8号为试材,采用不同浓度、不同时期叶面喷施亚硒酸钠的方法,探究提高葡萄果实硒含量方法及其延缓叶片衰老的效应。结果表明,喷硒后新抽生出副梢新叶中的硒含量与老叶中硒含量呈高度正相关(r=0. 99),硒在葡萄植株内具有移动性,可重复利用。不同浓度处理以50 mg/L亚硒酸钠处理后的果实品质最好;不同时期处理下始着色期处理后的果实品质最好。50 mg/L亚硒酸钠处理后延缓叶片衰老效果最明显。叶面喷施亚硒酸钠可有效提高葡萄果实含硒量从而提高果实品质,有效提高叶片叶绿素含量从而增加叶片光合量进一步延缓叶片衰老。     

不同时期叶面喷硒对冬枣含硒量与品质的影响

为了筛选冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. var. Dongzao)的最佳施硒方案,通过在展叶期、幼果期、果实膨大期、白熟期分别进行一次性叶面喷施亚硒酸钠溶液(含硒量为45 mg·L~(-1),施硒量为27 mg·株~(-1)),研究不同时期施硒对冬枣叶片和果实的硒含量、硒有机化程度以及果实品质的影响。结果表明:在果实膨大期或白熟期叶面喷施硒溶液后,叶片和果实的总硒含量均得到显著提高,其中果实膨大期喷硒使总硒和有机硒含量增幅最大,冬枣果实含硒量由25μg·kg~(-1)提高到76μg·kg~(-1)。不同时期叶面喷硒对冬枣果实品质的作用效果不尽相同,果实膨大期施硒对冬枣品质的改善效果最佳,此时冬枣果实中的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C、总黄酮含量和糖酸比均达到最高值,分别较对照显著提高了13.30%、17.17%、16.33%、29.17%和28.89%。综合研究结果表明,生产富硒冬枣以在果实膨大期一次叶面喷硒的效果最佳。     

喷硒时期与浓度对红富士苹果果实品质及各部位全硒和有机态硒含量的影响

本试验通过叶面喷施外源硒肥、原子荧光法测定样品硒含量,研究不同硒喷施浓度对果树各部位无机硒含量、硒有机化程度及果实品质的影响,筛选红富士苹果的最佳施硒方案。结果表明, 1）在花期和幼果期叶面施硒效果较为稳定,叶片和果实中硒的有机化程度高。在接近果实着色期或采收期叶面施硒,虽然果实中总硒量较高,但硒的有机化程度较低。2）相同喷施浓度下,树体各器官硒含量顺序依次为叶＞枝＞果＞根,果树地上部分配的硒占较大比例。3）叶面喷施硒可增加果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc 含量,从而改善了果实风味,但降低了果实硬度,影响其贮藏运输品质。4）红富士苹果以在5、6、7月中旬喷施 3 次100 mg/L 亚硒酸钠效果最佳,此时叶片中总硒含量为2728.30 g/kg, FW,有机化程度达85.71%。各项果实品质指标佳,平均单果重达256.8 g。果实总硒含量为10.10 g/kg, FW,有机化程度为87.72%。     

叶面喷硒对水稻籽粒硒富集及分布的影响

在大田试验条件下，研究了江苏省苏南地区水稻（龙晴4号、86优8和丙9652）叶面喷施和未喷施亚硒酸钠对水稻籽粒硒含量、硒的形态及对蛋白质结合态硒的影响。结果表明：叶面喷施亚硒酸钠10g hm^-2，可使该地区水稻籽粒硒含量达255．3—586．5μg kg^-1，是不喷硒的7．9-11．0倍。无论喷硒还是未喷硒，水稻籽粒硒主要以有机硒的形态存在，有机硒含量占总硒量的87．72％-90．98％，对产量没有显著差异。总体看来，叶面喷硒可以显著提高籽粒蛋白结合态硒含量，籽粒蛋白质结合的硒占有机硒的43．07％-51．65％，占总硒的38．04％-48．98％。叶面喷硒与对照相比，二个品种（龙晴4号与丙9652）籽粒的蛋白谱带基本一致，只是喷硒的水稻籽粒在14～20kDa之间增加了一些蛋白条带，这可能是由于喷硒增加了一些小分子蛋白质的合成。     

施硒对芦笋硒含量与品质的影响

以大棚种植的4年生绿芦笋"井冈701"为试材,研究不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液的不同施用方式对芦笋含硒量和营养品质的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施和土壤浇灌两种方式对芦笋体内硒的积累呈现不同的特点,但均能显著提高总硒含量,其浓度跟施硒浓度成正相。土壤浇灌100 mg kg~(-1)亚硒酸钠溶液可使芦笋嫩茎总硒含量在2个月以上的时期内持续稳定在100μg kg~(-1)的安全范围内,效果最好。而有机硒含量随施硒浓度的增加先升高后下降。施用适当浓度的亚硒酸钠能提高芦笋嫩茎的Vc和总蛋白质含量,改善芦笋的营养品质。     

硒肥对猕猴桃果实硒含量及其营养品质的影响

采用叶面喷施、根施及根叶并施方式对猕猴桃植株进行富硒处理。结果表明:3种施肥方式对于提高猕猴桃果实硒含量效果的顺序为叶面喷肥根叶并施根施,以叶面喷施0.5 kg硒肥最优,果实硒含量增加了103.5%;提高果实维生素C(Vc)含量的效果顺序为根施根叶并施叶面喷肥,根施0.5 kg硒肥最为显著,果实Vc含量增加了23.0%,而叶面喷肥后果实Vc含量下降;提高果实可溶性固形物含量的效果顺序为叶面喷肥根叶并施根施,以叶面喷施0.5 kg硒肥最优,果实可溶性固形物含量提高了37.2%。结合猕猴桃果实硒含量、营养品质、果树长势以及果园管理成本等因素,建议选用果树绽叶期根施硒肥0.5 kg·株-1作为富硒猕猴桃果园的施肥技术。     

叶面喷施硒肥对灰枣果实硒含量的影响

以喀什灰枣为对象,于枣树开花期、坐果期叶面喷施硒肥,研究不同时期、不同硒肥及不同浓度处理下, 叶面喷施硒肥对枣果中硒含量的影响,分析硒含量在枣果发育期的变化过程,筛选出硒肥喷施的适宜浓度和时期, 明确富硒灰枣生产的适宜施肥管理措施。结果表明,叶面喷施硒肥可显著提高灰枣果实硒含量,达到富硒效果, 且随着施硒量的增加呈一直增加的趋势;果实硒含量在果实膨大期达到最大值,之后在完熟期有所降低;在枣果 完熟后期,坐果期施用无机硒肥处理果实硒含量均高于开花期,从果实对硒的吸收来看,说明灰枣无论喷施无机 硒肥还是有机硒肥,施用硒肥的关键时期均为坐果期。在枣果完熟后期,坐果期喷施无机硒肥 40 mg/L 处理下对 果实硒含量增加效果显著,硒含量达到 0.2698 mg/kg;坐果期喷施有机硒肥 32 mg/L 处理下对果实硒含量增加效果 显著,硒含量达到 0.2226 mg/L,两种硒肥处理下果实硒含量均达到了富硒农产品国家标准。综上所述,坐果期喷 施 40 mg/L 无机硒肥或 32 mg/L 有机硒肥最符合当地生产需求。     

不同形态硒对金针菇吸收和富集硒的影响

通过基质栽培试验,研究了硒酸钠、亚硒酸钠和硒代蛋氨酸(0～0.8 mg/kg)对金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)吸收和富集硒的影响。结果表明,外源硒的添加显著增加了金针菇原基和子实体的硒含量,且硒含量均随硒添加浓度的上升而显著增加。在相同硒浓度水平下,3种外源硒对金针菇子实体硒含量的增加效果为亚硒酸钠硒代蛋氨酸硒酸钠:施硒量为0.8 mg/kg时,3种硒处理下金针菇子实体的硒含量分别为0.24、0.12和0.08 mg/kg。此外,亚硒酸钠处理下金针菇子实体和原基的硒回收率大于硒代蛋氨酸和硒酸钠处理。且随着硒添加浓度的增加,硒代蛋氨酸和硒酸钠处理下子实体硒的回收率显著下降:分别从14.28%逐渐降低到6.33%和从13.67%减少到3.70%;而添加硒酸钠时,硒的回收率随添加浓度的增加无显著变化。     

不同价态外源硒对冬小麦生长及生理代谢的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度外源硒（四价和六价）处理土壤对小麦生长和生理代谢的影响,旨在为富硒小麦的种植和开发提供理论依据。结果表明：外源硒抑制了苗期小麦的生长（株高和生物量）;而在生长后期,随外源硒浓度增加表现为先促进后抑制作用。Se（Ⅳ）和Se（Ⅵ）处理对小麦生物量影响的EC10分别从苗期的1.40mg·kg-1和0.28mg·kg-1增加到收获期的28.48mg·kg-1和4.56mg·kg-1,表明小麦对硒的耐受浓度随生长时间的延长逐渐增大。Se（Ⅵ）低浓度（≤1mg·kg-1）对小麦生长的促进作用及高浓度（≥2.5mg·kg-1）对小麦生长的抑制作用均大于Se（Ⅳ）。小麦籽粒产量随外源Se（Ⅳ）和Se（Ⅵ）浓度的增大先升高而后降低,分别在2.5mg·kg-1和1mg·kg-1浓度处理时达到最大。低浓度硒处理（Se（Ⅳ）≤5mg·kg-1和Se（Ⅵ）≤0.5mg·kg-1）能促进拔节期小麦叶片中GSH和POD等抗氧化酶活性,显著降低叶片过氧化物质MDA（Se≤2.5mg·kg-1）含量,高浓度硒处理则与之相反。     

不同形态叶面硒肥对水稻吸收和转运硒的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同形态叶面硒肥对水稻吸收和转运硒的影响。与空白对照相比,亚硒酸钠、硒酸钠、硒代蛋氨酸和化学纳米硒在水稻扬花期一次施用(15g/hm²)可使水稻籽粒、颍壳和秸秆的硒含量分别提高0.06～0.64、0.36～0.83和0.32～0.75 mg/kg。籽粒硒的回收率大小顺序为：硒代蛋氨酸(34.6%)>亚硒酸钠(15.7%)>硒酸钠(15.0%)>化学纳米硒(6.6%);硒在水稻各部位中的分配比例的高低顺序为：秸秆>籽粒>颍壳。此外,硒用量与水稻籽粒的硒含量呈极显著线性相关。按照黑龙江省富硒大米的地方标准(DB23T 790—2004),达到一等大米的硒含量指标(0.20～0.30 mg/kg),亚硒酸钠单施的施用量为6.01～10.62 g/hm²,腐植酸+亚硒酸钠复合肥的施用量为4.26～8.63 g/hm²。硒代蛋氨酸的富硒效率高于其他3种硒形态,腐植酸+亚硒酸钠复合肥的富硒效率高于亚硒酸钠单施。     

Effect of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring

Foliar applications of a fertilizer of selenite or selenate were carried out to determine the influence of selenium on the yield and quality of green tea leaves harvested in early spring. Numbers of sprouts and the yield were significantly increased by the application of selenium. The sweetness and aroma of green tea leaves were also significantly enhanced, and bitterness was significantly decreased by the application of selenium. However, no significant differences were found in sweetness, bitterness, and aroma between tea leaves fertilized with selenite and selenate. Se concentration was significantly increased by selenium fertilization, and tea enriched by sodium selenate had a significantly higher selenium content than did tea enriched by sodium selenite. Total amino acid and vitamin C contents were significantly enhanced by the application of selenium. Tea polyphenol contents were significantly decreased by fertilization with selenium. The marked difference of tea polyphenols was also found between applications of selenite and selenate.     

Foliar application of selenite and selenate to potato (Solanum tuberosum): effect of a ligand agent on selenium content of tubers

The effect of a foliar spray of selenium on potatoes was investigated for 2 years. Amounts of 0, 50, and 150 g of Se ha(-)(1) were applied both as sodium selenate and as sodium selenite in water, either pure or with the addition of 0.15% of soluble leonardite as a source of humic acids (pH 7). Tuber selenium concentration increased with the application levels, both with sodium selenate and with sodium selenite, when only aqueous solutions were used. When humic acids were added, the tuber selenium level rose more markedly after the application of sodium selenate as compared to the case of the aqueous solutions; however, in the case of sodium selenite, the level showed a large increase only after the application of 50 g of Se ha(-)(1). Kinetics showed that humic acids raised the selenate availability, but no differences were found in the distribution of selenium in the tuber fractions. Foliar application of selenium with humic acids was proven to be a good way to increase the selenium content of potatoes, but the assimilation process of selenium was simpler with selenate than with selenite.     

Determination of selenium concentration of rice in china and effect of fertilization of selenite and selenate on selenium content of rice

A method of hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry was applied to the determination of the selenium concentration of regular polished rice in China and selenium-enriched polished rice obtained by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer in the forms of selenite and selenate. The average selenium content of regular rice was 0.025 +/- 0.011 microg g(-)(1). On the basis of a daily dietary rice intake of 300-500 g suggested by the China Nutrition Society, the total selenium intake from regular rice was calculated to be 7.5-12.5 microg per person per day for an adult. The selenium contents of rice were significantly increased to 0.471-0.640 microg g(-)(1) by foliar application of selenium-enriched fertilizer at rate of 20 g of Se ha(-)(1) in the forms of sodium selenite and sodium selenate. The selenium content of rice by application of a fertilizer of selenate was 35.9% higher than that by a fertilizer of selenite, which showed that Se-enriched fertilizer in selenate exhibited greater efficiency in increasing Se content in rice products. The Se-enriched rice products can increase daily Se intake on average by 100-200 microg of Se per day by the consumption of 400 g of rice products if the Se level of rice products is controlled at 0.3-0.5 microg of Se g(-)(1). Because rice is a staple food in China, selenium-enriched rice obtained by bioenrichment of selenium to increase the Se content of rice could be a good selenium source for the population in selenium-deficient regions.     

Effects of different application methods of selenite and selenate on selenium distribution within wheat

Abstract

The objective of this sand culture experiment was to determine how fertilization methods (i.e., fertigation rates of 0.5, 1, and 2?mg Se·pot^?1, foliar rates of 5, 10, and 20?mg Se· L^?1) and fertilizer type (i.e., selenate or selenite) affected wheat Se concentrations. The results showed that the fertigation and foliar treatments both increased wheat Se content. In the fertigation and foliar treatment total Se content of wheat was greatest in the selenate treatments. In the fertigation treatment, the Selenite had mainly accumulated in the roots, while the Selenate was majority transported to shoot. In the foliar treatment, we found that most of Se was transported to grain. In addition, the organic Se concentration was the most than other Se fractions. In conclusion, selenate was more effective than selenite in both the fertigated and the foliar application treatments. And the foliar application was better than fertigation.     

Transformation and Bioavailability of Selenate and Selenite Added to a Nicotiana tabacum L. Planting Soil

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient for humans and is beneficial for plant growth. To investigate the transformation and bioavailability of Se in tobacco planting soil, selenite and selenate were applied. A pot experiment and sequential extraction scheme were used to investigate the Se contents in different forms in soils treated with Se. A series of equations were applied to model the transformation behavior of Se in this study. The results showed that the forms of selenium were increased significantly by applying the different valence state of water-soluble selenium. The carbonate-bound and iron-manganese (Fe-Mn) oxide–bound species were improved in selenite-added soil, whereas the soluble and exchangeable forms were increased in selenate-added soil. Michaelis-Menten equation fitting results indicated that estimated maximal selenium contents of leaves, stems, and roots in selenate-added soils were 1.83, 15.81, and 20.98 times larger than in selenite-added soils. The utilization levels of selenate were 4.3 to 7.9 times larger than selenite for Nicotiana tabacum L. In conclusion, the bioavailability and mobility of selenate were greater than selenite in Nicotiana tabacum L. planting soil.     

水稻对外源硒的吸收利用研究

硒是人体必需的微量营养元素,食物是人体硒的主要来源,外源硒调控是生产富硒农产品的重要手段之一。通过盆栽试验,研究外源硒添加条件下水稻对硒的吸收利用问题。结果表明,土壤添加外源硒为0.2~0.6 mg Se·kg~(-1)土的条件下,对水稻的生长性状没有显著影响,但能显著增加水稻各部位的全硒含量。硒在水稻体内各部位的含量大小关系为:稻根茎叶糙米精米谷壳;但在各主要部位的总累积大小为:茎叶糙米精米稻根谷壳。在自然土壤上硒相对更多地富集于水稻根系,而外源添加四价硒处理,水稻吸收的硒相对更容易转移至地上部位,甚至更容易在糙米和精米中富集。水稻植株对外源硒的吸收利用率为2.87%~3.75%,地上部和籽粒累积外源硒的量占添加外源硒总量分别为2.60%~3.45%和0.94%~1.32%。     

喷施不同浓度亚硒酸钠对葡萄生理特性和品质的影响

以3年生露地栽培'夏黑'葡萄为供试作物,分别在开花期、坐果期、果实膨大期及果实转色期喷施浓度为0 mg·L-1(CK)、20 mg·L-1(T1)、40 mg·L-1(T2)、60 mg·L-1(T3)和80 mg·L-1(T4)的亚硒酸钠溶液,探究其对葡萄生理特性及果实品质的影响.结果表明,1)喷施亚硒酸钠对葡萄生理...