农田氮、磷向水体迁移原因及对策

农田氮、磷向水体迁移,不仅造成化肥的利用率低,农业生产成本上升,还对水环境造成污染,引起水体富营养化。综合评述了农田氮、磷向水体迁移的原因及其控制方面的国内外研究进展。氮、磷肥的过量施用和施用比例不合理是导致农田氮、磷向水体迁移的主要原因;氮、磷向水体迁移量受土壤质地、施肥种类、降雨条件等因素影响;相应措施如优化土地利用、合理施肥和处理农田径流等均可有效地降低农田氮、磷向水体迁移风险。在当前的非点源污染治理中,应采取有力措施控制农田养分流失。     

植被缓冲带在水源地面源污染治理中的作用

在山地丘陵区遭遇高强度降雨时,常常发生水土流失;水流携带泥沙下泄,过量施入农田的肥料、农药等化学物质随之进入河流、水库、湖泊等地表水和地下水水体,进而造成水体富营养化等面源污染,危害水源地安全。为梳理植被缓冲带能够控制水土流失、阻控污染物移动、解决水源地面源污染问题,明确该项技术措施减少和治理水源地面源污染的机制,为水源地面源污染防治和水环境改善提供参考。在概括介绍植被缓冲带的类型、功能的基础上,对该项技术措施减少和治理水源地面源污染的机制进行讨论。植被缓冲带治理水源地面源污染的机制主要有:①植物在生长过程中自身对氮磷等物质的吸收;②利用植被固结土壤,减少水土流失;③植被覆盖、拦蓄能够延长径流在地面的停留时间而增加水分入渗、减少氮磷等物质随地表径流流失;④植物根系参与土壤中多种物理、化学和生物过程,加速碳、氮、磷等物质的形态转化。针对水源地面源污染特点和植被缓冲带的建设技术及其应用要点,提出相关建议,并对今后该技术的发展进行了展望。     

北仑区四合村氮磷生态拦截沟渠工程设计及应用

在农村生态环境的治理中,农业面源污染治理是重要的内容之一,而氮、磷的过量排放是造成农业面源污染的重要原因。氮、磷生态拦截沟渠技术因其环境友好和简单高效而日益受到重视。基于此,通过生态拦截沟渠技术在北仑连片农田氮磷流失治理中的应用实例,介绍了氮磷生态拦截沟渠工程的设计和实际应用效果,并探讨了该项技术在治理农业面源污染方面的作用和推广前景。     

我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展

随着我国经济社会的进一步发展,农业面源污染已经成为造成我国环境污染尤其是水环境污染的主要因素,农业面源污染治理技术的研究也越来越得到政府和科技工作者的重视。本文重点介绍了当前我国农业面源污染的状况、农业面源污染的成因及特征,并从农村生活污水的治理技术、农村生活垃圾的处理处置技术、农田径流生态拦截技术以及包括化肥减量化技术和农药减量化与残留控制技术为主的农业化学品减量使用技术等方面介绍了我国农业面源污染治理研究的发展现状,提出未来我国农业面源污染治理的系统控制思想和相关技术研究的趋势,包括系统控制与区域治理结合、技术研发与工程示范结合、面源污染控制与管理结合及建立健全国家级农业面源污染监测评价与预警体系等。     

基于“4R”技术的紫色丘陵区农业面源污染防治体系

紫色丘陵区坡耕地是长江中上游地区水土流失最为严重的土地利用类型,它是三峡库区最主要的农业面源污染来源。基于农村面源污染治理的"4R"理论,系统总结了紫色丘陵区农业面源污染防治的技术体系。"4R"技术包括源头减量、过程阻断、养分再利用及生态修复。源头减量技术是农业面源防治最优对策,包括平衡施肥、氮肥运筹优化等减少肥料用量技术与节水灌溉、保水抗旱保护性耕作等减少排水量技术;过程阻断技术包括坡地农林复合经营系统、生物篱技术等农田内部的拦截技术和人工湿地塘、生态拦截沟渠等面源污染物离开农田后拦截技术;循环利用技术主要包括秸秆直接或间接还田技术,畜禽粪便农肥化技术,基于稻田湿地生活污水工程尾水净化技术等;生态修复技术包括水体修复的生态浮床技术及水生植物恢复技术等,河岸带修复的生态护坡技术及生物隔离技术等。该研究可为紫色丘陵区农业面源污染防治提供技术支持。     

稻田土壤养分的迁移规律及其环境风险

我国几乎所有大的湖泊均面临富营养化问题,究其原因主要是由于氮、磷的过量输入,而P又是内陆水体富营养化的限制因素[1~4]。有关资料表明[5],在排除工业点源污染后,太湖流域各种面源污染中每年从农田进入水体的磷素相对贡献率不足10%,而生活污水、人畜排泄物及淡水养殖业等的磷素相对贡献率达90%左右。稻田土壤是水网地区一种特定的土地利用方式,农田管理方式直接影响着周围水体的环境状况,因此有关稻田土壤的农田排水和径流损失方面也一直是环境学家关注的热点问题。目前有关稻田土壤磷素损失机制,磷素在稻田土壤中向下迁移的可能性及渗漏通量还没有比较明确的定论。本试验通过模拟高强度集中供磷状况下,稻田土壤氮、磷的     

基于磷指数模型的海河流域农田磷流失环境风险评价

农田面源磷流失是导致水体富营养化的主要原因,识别农田磷流失的关键源区、影响因子是农田面源污染防治的重要环节。该研究以海河流域为研究区,采用磷指数模型,选取土壤有效磷含量、磷肥施用量作为源因子,以土壤侵蚀模数、年径流深、农田和水体间归一化距离指数作为迁移因子,结合GIS技术评估海河流域农田磷流失风险,并利用结构方程模型研究农田磷流失风险指数与各影响因子间关系。结果表明:1)海河流域农田土壤有效磷、磷肥施用量、土壤侵蚀模数、年径流深及归一化距离指数处于中-低、中-高、极低、中-高和高级别风险等级的区域面积占比最高,分别占农田总面积的66.5%、61.1%、99.0%、54.2%和64.8%;2)影响农田磷流失的关键因子为迁移因子,其中关键的迁移因子为年径流深及归一化距离指数;3)源因子与迁移因子间呈极显著负相关(P0.01),土壤性质(包括土壤质地及有机碳含量等)与源因子呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与迁移因子呈极显著正相关(P0.01);4)海河流域农田磷流失关键源区位于黄河北岸的山东省和河北省东南部的平原农耕区、海河流域西北部的山区地带。该研究结果对流域尺度上农田磷流失研究的方法创新有所裨益,可为海河流域农田面源污染防治提供科学参考。     

洱海流域坡耕地面源污染治理技术与模式研究

针对洱海流域坡耕地氮、磷流失的现状,选择代表性较强的洱源县德源山生态基地,实施坡耕地面源污染治理技术模式研究,旨在为坡耕地面源污染治理提供技术支撑。     

浮床香根草对富营养化水体氮磷去除动态及效率的初步研究

采用浮床种植香根草技术初步研究了香根草对富营养化水体中主要养分氮、磷元素的去除动态及效率.试验结果表明,浮床香根草技术是一种潜在的利用植物修复富营养化水体的有效途径,这为发展利用浮床陆生植物治理富营养化水域提供了新的科学依据.     

基于排水过程分析的水稻灌区农田面源污染模拟

对前郭灌区主要面源污染物迁移、转化及汇集过程开展了2a的系统试验与监测,模拟了灌区面源污染水质水量过程,分析了灌区农田面源污染形成机制。水均衡测定结果表明,灌区排水主要由灌溉退水、稻田地表弃水和稻田渗流排水3部分组成,采用马斯京根法和连续分段马斯京根法能够有效地模拟各级排水沟道的排水过程。主要面源污染物随水体发生迁移及掺混,采用一级动力学方法描述污染物转化过程,模拟的灌区水质水量过程与实际过程符合较好,稻田地表退水主要影响水稻抽穗前的面源污染入河过程,而渗流排水则在抽穗后灌区排水水质中起主要作用。结果表明水稻灌区中地表排水和稻田渗漏排水对于面源污染过程起主要作用。     

Controlling Acid Drainage in a Pyritic Mine Waste Rock. Part II: Geochemistry of Drainage

Mine waste rock can produce acid rock drainage (ARD) when constituent sulphide minerals (for example, pyrite) oxidize upon exposure to the atmosphere. Outdoor experiments were performed to test techniques for preventing and controlling ARD in a pyritic mine waste rock. The experiments involved lysimeter (plastic drum) experiments in which the crushed (25–50 mm particle sizes), amended and unamended waste rock was exposed to natural weather conditions (rain, drying, freezing and thawing) for 125 weeks. The amendments consisted of separately covering the waste rock with compacted soil, wood bark and water and mixing with limestone and phosphate rock at 1 and 3%. Waters draining the various rocks were collected and analyzed for acidity, pH, sulphate and metals. In general, concentrations of SO₄ ^2-, Fe, As, Cu, Al and Mg in the drainage from the control rock increased gradually in the first year, peaked in the second year and increased further in the third year, reflecting increasing acid generation with time. SO₄ ^2- displayed strong positive correlation (0.91 to 0.98) with Al, As, Cu, Fe and Mg.Concentrations of Zn, Mn and Cd reached their maximumin the second year. Geochemical analysis of thecomplete water quality data using the equilibriumspeciation model WATEQ4F suggested waste rockoxidation was most likely controlled by Fe³⁺. Al, SO₄ ^2- and Fe concentrations in thecontrol rock appeared to be controlled by alunite(KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆), jarosite(KFe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆) and amorphousferric hydroxide [(am)Fe(OH)₃] during the firstyear. Ion activity product data (log IAP) forFe³⁺ and OH^- generally ranged between –37and –34 in the first two years but decreased to –39and –40 in the third year, suggesting that amorphousferric hydroxides were beginning to crystallize intomore stable forms such as ferrihydrite (Fe[OH]₃)and goethite (FeOOH) in the third year. The addedlimestone lost its effectiveness after a while,probably because of precipitation of secondaryminerals on the limestone particles. The phosphaterock could not sustain the drainage pH above 6 andlost its effectiveness before the limestone did. Underthe conditions of the experiments, the soil cover didnot work as expected, probably because of sidewallpassage of oxygen and water. The water cover was themost effective control method, reducing the acidproduction rate data from 41 to only 0.08 mgCaCO₃ week^-1 kg^-1 waste rock. The wood bark was theworst performer and accelerated acid production by 170%.     

Drainage guidelines for the soils of Scotland

Abstract. Guidelines are proposed to indicate the range of drainage problems encountered under Scottish conditions, along with some of the main factors to be considered for the treatment of these problems. The identified categories are briefly discussed, together with the potential application of the guidelines.     

Controlling Acid Drainage in a Pyritic Mine Waste Rock. Part I: Statistical Analysis of Drainage Data

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the relativeeffectiveness of several covers and amendment techniques forpreventing or controlling acid generation in a pyritic minewaste rock. The covers and techniques consisted of water cover,soil cover, wood bark cover, limestone addition and phosphaterock addition. Water quality data (pH, sulphate, zinc and ironconcentrations) obtained from the experiments were analyzedusing two-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) with repeatedmeasurements. A 5% test of significance (p-value of 0.05) wasused in the analysis. The results suggested that the covers andamendments should be either compared on a time-by-time basis orgrouped into four, based on their performance: (i) water cover, (ii)1% and 3% limestone, (iii) clay, 1% and 3%PO₄, andcontrol (no cover), and (iv) wood bark. The results did not showany significant difference between the drainage quality from1% and 3% limestone-amended rocks. The drainage quality from the 1%and 3% phosphate and clay-covered rocks did not significantlydiffer from the control (unamended) rock. Water cover was foundto be the most effective, while the wood bark cover proved to bean ineffective method for controlling acid drainage in the wasterock. The statistical analysis also showed good replication inthe experiments, as no significant difference in the quality ofthe drainage from the replicates was observed.     

Spatial Variability of Soil Salinity under Subsurface Drainage

In the coastal area of eastern China with monsoon climate and high water table, soil salinity exhibits strong spatial heterogeneity at the field scale. Using basic tools of geostatistics and geographic information systems (GIS), we explored the spatial characteristics of soil salinity under rain-fed conditions and subsurface drainage. The results showed that (1) spatial variability in soil salinity could be reduced significantly by leaching with rain water and subsurface drainage (LD) during the rainy season. The variability in soil salinity after LD decreased from strong to moderate. (2) After LD, soil salinity remained at more than 0.85 g/kg irrespective of values before the rainy season. In other words, it was almost impossible to remove all the salts in the plow layer. (3) Spatial heterogeneity of soil salinity showed a homogenizing tendency based on the critical point of 7 g/kg. Soil salinity less than 7 g/kg (79% of samples) homogenized to within 1.5–2 g/kg under LD and that more than 7 g/kg decreased to 1.5–4.5 g/kg. However, at this level, most salt-tolerant crops could grow. (4) The homogeneity was also reflected in the transformation of salinity grade in different areas. Before LD, the moderately and heavily saline (2–10 g/kg) soil area accounted for 88% of the pilot field in which the heavily saline area constituted 57.45% of the total salt load within the 0- to 30-cm layer; after LD, the mildly saline (1–2 g/kg) area was dominant with more than 75% ratio, contributing 65.24% of total salt load. (5) Intensive and frequent rainfall and long-term LD may reduce the spatial variability in salinity and allow for better reclamation and utilization of saline land. These results provide a scientific basis for integrated management of water and agricultural production.     

泥石流流域地貌形态的统计分形

流域面积、主沟长度和沟床比降等地形地貌要素,在泥石流的发育和形成中起重要作用,研究证明三者与泥石流沟分布之间存在非线性关系,具有明显的分形特征。回顾了泥石流流域地貌的分形研究,并通过大量的资料分析,对原来泥石流流域地貌的分维计算进行了改进,得到的分维结果更具有关联性。同时,建立了泥石流流域地貌的统计分形模型,对泥石流流域地貌分维的意义进行了详细论述。这为泥石流发育、形成和分布的非线性研究提供了一条定量化途径。     

Drainage in Sweden -the past and new developments

Land drainage in Sweden has been regulated in various laws since the Middle Ages. The lowering of lake surfaces and the ditching of wetlands has been considered a valuable task to gain cultivable land, and more recently, to promote forest growth. However, in recent years the debate surrounding drainage in forests has been a matter of considerable discussion. The dry and hot summer of 2018 has awakened new views on the subject. Monitoring has shown an exceptionally low groundwater levels countrywide. Especially the islands of Öland and Gotland have faced groundwater shortages and the groundwater levels are still low in both small and large aquifers. Drainage within forest land has lacked any scientific basis until rather recently. Still, it has been a supported activity during the twentieth century. However, this has gradually as knowledge on the activity has increased and the ecology of downstream water bodies has been considered. Today, only the rinsing of existing drainage is actively practised, and it is surrounded by a number of recommendations which are still under discussion.     

Micronutrients Losses from Soil under Subsurface Drainage System

The drainage system, although it reclaims waterlogged soils, poses a potential threat to leaching of valuable nutrients. To assess the micronutrient losses from such system established more than two decades ago in the plains of northwestern Pakistan, drainage waters were periodically analyzed for selected micronutrients. The inputs of micronutrients in irrigation waters were also determined. The micronutrient removal in drainage water was 1.39 to 9.79 times greater than micronutrient inputs in irrigation waters and fertilizers. Among micronutrients, the removal of copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) in drainage water was greater than iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The concentrations of micronutrients generally changed with cropping (sampling time), increased with soil depth, and were invariably negative on the nutrient balance sheet, suggesting that these nutrients are continuously depleted from the system in drainage water. These nutrients therefore must be replenished in soil through an appropriate means for optimum crop yields under the given drainage–irrigation–cropping system.     

典型山区流域面源污染模型研究——以曹家路流域为例

针对曹家路流域的特点,构建了适应典型山区流域面源污染模式的山区面源污染模型。结合一场实际暴雨的产流、产污过程监测数据,对该模型进行了可靠性验证,结果显示模型可以较好地模拟曹家路流域面源污染相关水质因子的浓度变化。最后对模型提出了完善建议及未来的研究方向。     

Predicted Concentrations for Pesticides in Drainage Dominated Catchments

Regulators need a reliable, precise and easy to use tool for predicting the occurrence of pesticides in drain water and catchments in agricultural areas. Occurrence depends on a wide range of substance and site specific factors and this study presents a simple model built on the results from simulations of a detailed model system that does not neglect or omit any of these factors. A drainage dominated sub-catchment (0.03 km²) of the Lillebaek catchment (4.4 km²) on Funen, Denmark, represented by the catchment model MIKE SHE is considered. Detailed analyses have been made with respect to geological and hydrodynamic conditions as well as measurements of pesticide concentrations in ground and surface waters. Maximum concentrations in drain water, the time for reaching this concentration and the time interval for exceeding the limit value have been derived empirically from MIKE SHE simulations using degradation rates and sorption coefficients values for 37 pesticides included in the Danish PATE database. The relatively hydrophilic bentazon and hydrophobic pendimethalin are used as model pesticides for illustration. A simple tool applicable for a wide range of pesticides has thus been designed based on detailed analyses of a limited number of pesticides. The user requirements are degradation rates, sorption coefficients, application rates and regulatory limit values for the pesticides of interest.     

Quantification of Bacterial Populations Indigenous to Acidic Drainage Streams

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from mining activities can cause majorenvironmental problems. The acidity is due in part to the microbial oxidation of sulfide minerals in the exposed ores. Aslittle is known about seasonal variations of microbial populationsizes in AMD, the objective of this investigation was to quantifythe principal bacterial populations (iron-oxidizing acidophiles, sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles, sulfur-oxidizing neutrophiles, andacidophilic heterotrophs), with respect to season. The AMD sites sampled were four streams emerging from a copper/nickel tailingsarea. All bacterial populations with the exception of acidophilicsulfur oxidizers were recovered throughout the year. The most numerous bacteria were acidophilic heterotrophs and iron-oxidizing acidophiles. Surprisingly, there were no obvious trendsin the relative abundance of the various bacterial groups as a function of season. Recovery of the various bacterial groups at an incubation temperature of 4 °C indicated that psychrotrophic members do exist. During the course of the investigation, it was observed that thenumber of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Thiobacillusferrooxidans) colonies recovered on iron salts purified agarose,a preferred medium, was highly variable. The variability was attributed to the presence of non-iron-oxidizing satellite bacteria, the growth of which could be suppressed by increasingthe concentration of the electron donor ferrous sulfate.