快速测定矿质土壤阳离子交换量的亚甲基蓝改良法

快速测知土壤的阳离子交换量有利于提高施肥效果。Ｗａｎｇ等人的亚甲基蓝法经过简化后可在田间快速测定土壤的阳离子交换量。以温带和亚热带工样供试，亚甲基蓝简化法与醋酸铵法所测结果的线性关系良好，斜率为０．８１－１．０２，表明亚甲基蓝简化法很适合于快速测定矿质土壤的阳离子交换量。     

应用Polemio法测定干旱地区土壤阳离子交换量

本文推荐应用美国Ｐｏｌｅｍｉｏ法测定干旱地区土壤阳离子交换量，可使这类土壤中由于碳酸钙、石膏的溶解及盐分的存在所造成的误差减至最小。本法省去了传统的乙酸铵法中洗去过剩饱和液的繁琐步骤，节省了大量乙醇，并使用仪器测定，无需蒸馏，提高了工作效率。     

西北石灰性土壤阳离子交换量测定方法比较

阳离子交换量是评价土壤保肥性能和缓冲性能的重要指标,也是改良土壤和合理施肥的重要依据之一。为了给西北石灰性土壤阳离子交换量的测定提供科学依据,通过平行性实验、标准物质检测、实际样品检测,分析比较了目前普遍采用的测定方法乙酸钙交换法和三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法的优劣。结果表明,2种分析方法均具有较好的精密度和准确度,均适合西北地区石灰性土壤阳离子交换量的测定。从测定结果来看,三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法的土壤阳离子交换量测定值略高于乙酸钙交换法,在实际样品检测中相对标准偏差介于3.47%～9.46%。但相比之下乙酸钙交换法具有试剂成本较低的优势,而三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法具有节省时间的优势,检测人员可根据实际情况灵活选择使用。     

红松人工林土壤阳离子交换量空间分布及其组成演变

以长白山红松人工林为研究对象,运用对比分析方法,对不同林龄红松人工林土壤阳离子交换量空间分布及其组成进行研究。结果表明：红松人工林土壤阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度均随着林龄增加而减小;土壤交换性,氢和交换性铝离子含量则相反,随林龄增大而增加;土壤阳离子交换量、交换性钙、镁离子含量表层大于底层,土壤阳离子交换量及其组成根际土壤大于非根际土壤;土壤阳离子交换量、交换性钙、交换性镁、交换性钠红松阔叶混交林大于红松人工林。     

应用亚甲基蓝测定土壤的吸收量

1.应用亚甲基蓝法测定土壤的阳离子交换量,可广泛适用于酸性土或石灰性土壤;且操作简便。2.测定了12种土壤,样品重复间误差在0.1%左右,其结果与Захарчук法及氟化铵法比较,结果接近。3.处理时间需间歇振荡48小时,使交换作用完全进行。4.土液比依有机质含量及阳离子交换量范围而定,有机质含量 > 1.5%,阳离子交换量在12毫当量/100克土以上者,以0.5:50为宜,以下者以1:50为宜。     

可变电荷土壤的有效阳离子交换量及其在分类上的应用

通过对亚热带地区第四纪红土发育的14个土壤剖面的52个样品的分析,比较研究了土壤有效阳离子交换量ECEC和CEC及土壤粘粒、pH、有机质含量等的关系,介绍了有效阳离子交换量在土壤分类上的初步应用。     

河南三种土壤阳离子交换量相关性及预测模型研究

土壤阳离子交换量是一项重要的土壤理化性质,它是衡量土壤肥力和作物养分有效性的一个重要指标。通过对河南3种土壤1177个数据的相关性及回归分析来研究阳离子交换量与土壤有机质、pH值、粘粒含量、粉粒含量和砂粒含量的关系。结果表明:(1)对于阳离子交换量来说,砂姜黑土>水稻土>褐土;3种土壤的上层土>下层土;3种土壤的阳离子交换量比第二次土壤普查分别降低15.7%,12.7%,6.5%;(2)对与砂姜黑土和褐土来说,其阳离子交换量与pH值和0.02~2 mm砂粒含量成显著负相关,褐土与粘粒含量成显著正相关;对于水稻土来说,其阳离子交换量与有机质含量和粘粒含量成显著正相关,与砂粒含量成显著负相关;(3)利用这些数据做出的这三个土壤类型的6个回归模型是有科学依据的。总的来说,土壤有机质、pH值、粘粒含量与砂粒含量与CEC有着紧密联系,但还有其他因素影响着预测模型的准确性。     

应用EDTA铵盐测定土壤交换量的快速法

土壤交换量的测定,在常规分析方法中,大都采用醋酸铵法、氯化铵-醋酸铵法、查氏法。上述方法在淋洗土壤吸附性阳离子时,化费的时间较长,手续多,特别是测定石灰性土壤,还须去碳酸钙和脱钙的手续。     

武陵山地植烟土壤酸度特征及影响因素——以湖南省湘西自治州为例

为了解多年种植烤烟的山地土壤酸度特征,研究了湘西自治州的土壤酸度指标特征及其关系以及植烟年限和土壤类型、有机质、黏粒对土壤酸度的影响。结果表明:(1)植烟年限对土壤酸度的影响大于土壤类型;随植烟年限增加,土壤pH下降,潜性酸度增加,黄棕壤土的交换性盐基、阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度下降。(2)土壤pH与交换性酸为幂函数关系,交换性铝是土壤交换性酸的主体,土壤交换性酸强度随交换性铝及其相对比例的增加而增加。(3)土壤pH与交换性盐基、阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度为二次曲线关系,当pH6时,随土壤pH增加,交换性盐基和阳离子交换量下降,盐基饱和度增加;当pH6时,随土壤pH增加,交换性盐基和阳离子交换量增加,盐基饱和度变幅小。(4)土壤交换性盐基离子主要是交换性钙,其次是交换性镁;对土壤pH影响较大的盐基离子是交换性钙。(5)有机质和黏粒主要影响土壤pH、阳离子交换量、交换性盐基和交换性钙。     

基于重金属污染的太原市小店污灌区土壤综合肥力质量评价

为了解太原市小店污灌区的土壤肥力质量,应用土壤重金属综合污染指数法将污灌区采样点分为3个区域,并按分区分别采用主成分分析法选取前两个主成分的6项理化性质作为评价指标,确定其相应权重系数,应用土壤肥力综合评价指标法定量评价分区土壤肥力质量。结果显示:污灌区土壤污染以安全等级为主,土壤肥力质量状况总体较好;北部地区土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量偏低,阳离子交换量尤其低;西南部地区除阳离子交换量偏低之外各项指标都属上等水平,土壤肥力质量良好;中部地区阳离子交换量和有效磷含量偏低。对3个区域而言,有机质均为重要的土壤肥力质量评价因子,土壤阳离子交换量与有效磷是土壤肥力质量的主要限制因子。3个区域均属一级土壤肥力水平,但不同区域的土壤肥力质量存在差异,污灌区西南部土壤肥力质量总体优于中部及北部地区,其中北部地区土壤肥力综合评价指标值最低。该结果可为污灌区土壤的精准施肥及科学管理提供参考依据。     

Microwave-induced synthesis of carboxymethyl hemicelluloses and their rheological properties

In this article, a facile, rapid, and efficient method was developed for the preparation of carboxymethyl hemicelluloses using microwave-induced organic reaction enhancement chemistry. The influences of the factors including reaction time, temperature, and the amount of sodium monochloroacetate and sodium hydroxide on the degree of substitution (DS) of the products were investigated. The rheological properties and the chemical structure of the resulting polymers were also studied. It was found that microwave irradiation could significantly promote the chemical reaction efficiency and accelerate the carboxymethylation of hemicelluloses with sodium monochloroacetate. Therefore, carboxymethyl hemicelluloses with higher DS of 1.02 could be obtained in much shorter time scales as compared to the conventional heating method. Results from rheological analysis indicated that carboxymethyl hemicellulose solutions exhibited shear-thinning behavior in the range of shear rates tested and showed lower viscosity and modulus in comparison with those of the native hemicelluloses due to lower molecular weight and the role of carboxymethyl groups in reducing the entanglements between hemicelluloses chains.     

缓控释肥料缓释期的快速测定研究

采用25℃水浸提法和高温快速浸提法,研究了3种不同类型的缓控释肥料缓释期快速测定的最佳温度,测定三者在25℃下的缓释期,并对其在缓释期最佳测定温度和25℃下达到相同氮素累积释放率所需时间进行相关分析.结果表明:微溶性二价金属磷酸铵钾盐为包裹层的多层包裹粒状水溶性肥料(1#)肥料缓释期最佳预测温度为40℃,热塑性树脂包膜...     

用非水滴定法测定复配农药乳油的酸度

以乙醇为溶剂,甲酚红加百里酚蓝作指示剂,用非水滴定法测定复配农药乳油的酸度。方法简便快速,结果准确可靠,符合工业分析的要求。     

土壤盐分的原位测定方法

在干旱半干旱地区,土壤盐溃化是制约农业生产的重要因素.土壤盐分的测定和诊断是土壤盐渍化研究工作中的重要内容,传统上一般通过测定土壤浸提液电导率来测定土壤盐分,过程繁琐,费时费事,不可避免地要破坏原土样.在提倡精准农业的今天,土壤盐分的快速、有效和可靠的原位测定显得非常重要.土壤盐分原位测量方法有多种,在原理上可分为土壤...     

水趋光抑制法快速监测重金属污染土壤的生态毒性研究

试验研究水趋光抑制法快速监测重金属污染土壤的生态毒性结果表明,水趋光指数与土壤Cd、Pb添加量(模拟污染浓度)呈极显著相关性。同一污染水平下土壤生物毒性表现为酸提液>水提液;同浓度重金属含量下土壤溶液生物毒性则表现为Cd>Pb,水提液 重金属>酸提液 重金属,远低于重金属在ISO标准水中的生物毒性。水趋光抑制法能综合、快速、灵敏地反映土壤重金属污染状况及土壤生态毒性,可为土壤健康质量的生物监测及评价提供理论依据。     

Rapid, Micro-Methods to Estimate Plant Silicon Content by Dilute Hydrofluoric Acid Extraction and Spectrometric Molybdenum Method

By treating 0.5 g DW of a plant sample directly with 10 ml of a dilute hydrofluoric acid solution (HF solution, 1.5 M HF—0.6 M HCl), all the silica in plant (as much as 150 mg SiO₂) was dissolved within 1 h. After dilution of the extract with 40 mL of distilled water, the silica in the extract was measured by the spectrometric molybdenum yellow method. The molybdenum yellow method, in which silica in 0.1 mL of the diluted extract can be determined in 8 min, is well suited to rapid, micro-estimations of the silica content in plants. In the micro-modification, the size of the plant sample was reduced to 100 mg DW. The analytical procedure was simple, and the analytical time was less than 2 h. The method can save much labor and time, compared with the gravimetric analysis. The dissolution with HF solution and the molybdenum yellow method were also applied to the measurement of the content of silica separated by acid digestion of rice plants. Excellent agreement in the silica measurement of rice plants was confirmed among the direct extraction method, the gravimetric method and the digestion-separation-dissolution method. In the molybdenum yellow method, the addition of boric acid enabled to mask the interference of hydrofluoric acid, and the least amount of citric acid required for the elimination of phosphorus interference was proposed. In conclusion in this report, recommended methods for the rapid estimation of the silica content in rice plants were presented.     

A Maltose Biosensor for Determining Gelatinized Starch in Processed Cereal Foods

A reliable method for the quantitative determination of gelatinized starch in processed cereal foods was developed. It consists of an electrochemical biosensor based on amyloglucosidase and glucose oxidase enzymes co‐immobilized on a Pt electrode surface, and a third enzyme, α‐amylase, added in solution. Analytical parameters such as time, temperature, and enzyme units were optimized. The degree of starch gelatinization was determined in different processed cereal foods using the biosensor method and the results were commensurate to those obtained with the reference method. The biosensor methods showed good accuracy (r² = 0.9629; relative error <12%) and comparable precision (RSD <5%). This electrochemical system is rapid, reliable, inexpensive, user‐friendly for unskilled operators, and can be a valid alternative to the methods traditionally used for gelatinized starch analysis.     

Ethanol-modified subcritical water extraction combined with solid-phase microextraction for determining atrazine in beef kidney

The determination of the levels of pesticides in food products has prompted the development of sensitive and rapid methods of analysis that are solvent-free or utilize solvents that are benign to the environment and laboratory worker. In this study we have developed a novel extraction method that utilizes ethanol-modified subcritical water in combination with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the removal of atrazine from beef kidney. In situ sample cleanup was achieved using the technique of matrix solid-phase dispersion. A cross-linked polymer, XAD-7 HP, was utilized as a dispersing material for kidney samples. Subcritical water extractions were performed with a pressurized solvent extraction unit at 100 degrees C and 50 atm. Experimental parameters investigated were the volume of solvent and amount of modifier required for the complete extraction of atrazine and optimization of the extraction time. It was determined that 30% ethanol in water (v/v) is adequate for the complete extraction of atrazine. A Carbowax-divinylbenzene SPME fiber was used to sample the aqueous extracts. Analysis of the fiber contents was by ion-trap GC/MS utilizing the single ion mode. The total time of analysis for a single kidney sample is 90 min. The average percent recoveries from samples spiked to the concentrations of 2 and 0.2 microg/g were 104 and 111, respectively. The average relative standard deviations were 10 and 9, respectively. The method limit of detection for beef kidney spiked with atrazine was found to be 20 ng/g of sample.     

Rapid screening method for detection of deoxynivalenol

A rapid method for detecting deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, was developed. DON was extracted from grains and other samples with acetonitrile-4% potassium chloride solution (9 + 1). Impurities that would interfere with detection were removed on a C18 silica gel reverse phase column. Water was removed from eluates on a hydrophilic matrix column. DON was detected by thin layer chromatography using an aluminum chloride solution to develop the blue response characteristic of the mycotoxin. Total time involved is approximately 30 min. The method was applicable to corn, wheat, and barley at detection levels of 1 ppm, and oats at 1.5 ppm. It is applicable to environmental samples (soil, green plants, and water) at detection levels of 0.75 ppm.     

强还原土壤灭菌研究进展

随着经济和技术的快速发展,以高投入高产出、高频种植等为特点的集约化种植已成为我国重要的农业生产模式。伴随集约化种植程度不断提高,作物土传病害频发,且易发生酸化、次生盐渍化、土壤板结等土地退化现象,往往造成作物连作障碍。强还原土壤灭菌方法(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)作为一种环境友好型方法,兼具杀灭土传病原菌和改善土壤理化性质、易操作和处理时间短等特点,已成功用于作物连作障碍的防治。本文根据不同作物类型及不同土传病原菌,归纳总结了RSD处理过程所采取的有机物质类型、施用量、温度条件、淹水覆膜状况及灭菌效果。