PGPR对番茄南方根结线虫病的影响

于温室盆栽条件下初步研究了4种根围促生细菌（PGPR）对番茄植株生长和南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognit病发生情况的影响。结果表明接种多粘芽孢杆菌Bacillus polymyxa或芽孢杆菌菌株B697的番茄植株高度、地上部和地下部干重均显著大于对照,而巨大芽孢杆菌B. megaterium和固氮螺菌Azospirillum sp.菌株A135无促生作用。接种多粘芽孢杆菌＋南方根结线虫和B697菌株＋南方根结线虫两处理的二龄幼虫数、雌虫数、线虫总数、根上卵囊数、卵囊含卵量、发病率和病情指数显著低于只接种南方根结线虫的对照。多粘芽孢杆菌、B697菌株、巨大芽孢杆菌和A135菌株对南方根结线虫的防效分别达65.4%、68.2%、53.8%和53.8%。     

植物内生细菌固体菌剂对辣椒的促生和防病作用

为了获得应用性强的植物内生细菌接菌剂,选用卡拉胶、聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)、草炭和米糠4种载体分别配制了内生细菌菌株XG32、DLJ1和DP24的12种固体菌剂,分别采用利福平标记法和盆栽试验研究了菌剂中内生细菌在辣椒体内的定殖能力和菌剂的促生防病效果。结果表明:卡拉胶和草炭比较适合用作菌剂载体,经卡拉胶包埋和草炭吸附的菌体数量可达108CFU/g,保存12个月后活菌数均在106CFU/g以上;制成菌剂后不影响内生细菌在植物体内定殖和促生作用;菌剂的促生试验中处理组与对照组相比,株高、根长、鲜重和干重均差异显著,其中干重增加率为109.03%～140.63%;制成的固体菌剂对辣椒疫霉病的防治效果显著,为75.0%～84.2%。     

生防菌淡紫紫孢菌与低剂量杀线虫剂复配防治蔬菜根结线虫的研究

 根结线虫是一种重要植物病原线虫,常用杀线虫剂噻唑膦、阿维菌素等进行防治。研究生防真菌淡紫紫孢菌颗粒剂与低剂量杀线虫剂复配对根结线虫的防治效果,结果显示当浓度低于100 μg·mL^-1时,噻唑膦对淡紫紫孢菌的菌落生长和孢子萌发无显著影响;且低剂量噻唑膦与淡紫紫孢菌复配对线虫二龄幼虫的致死率高于单独使用噻唑膦或淡紫紫孢菌的。盆栽及大棚试验都表明阿维菌素减量25%、或噻唑膦减量25%、或噻唑膦减量50%后分别与淡紫紫孢菌颗粒剂复配,对根结线虫的防效与单独使用阿维菌素、噻唑膦或淡紫紫孢菌相当。因此,噻唑膦及阿维菌素与淡紫紫孢菌复配,可减少农药使用量,并弥补生物防治稳定性不强等缺点,是可选的植物线虫病害防治策略之一。     

新型农药氟吡菌酰胺对番茄根结线虫的田间防效

为测试新型杀线虫剂41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂对番茄根结线虫病的防治效果,以1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂为对照药剂,进行了田间防治试验。结果表明,41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂138倍液(灌根)、1.8%阿维菌素乳油1000倍液(灌根)、10%噻唑膦颗粒剂22.5 kg/hm~2(拌土)处理的防效分别为76.0%、44.0%、52.0%。氟吡菌酰胺对于番茄根结线虫的控制效果显著高于对照药剂。氟吡菌酰胺能够抑制番茄根部根结的形成,控制土壤中根结线虫2龄幼虫数量,促进植株生长,增产率达到133.2%。     

辣椒CaRKNIF2基因的诱导表达特征及RNAi效应分析

[目的]明确在多种植物病原物和植物激素处理下,辣椒CaRKNIF2基因的诱导表达特性,分析CaRKNIF2基因的抗根结线虫功能.[方法]以辣椒‘HDA149’为试材,分别接种南方根结线虫毒性群体、烟草花叶病毒(TMV)、辣椒青枯病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌以及信号分子水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA),实时荧光定量PCR分析了辣椒CaRKNIF2基因的诱导表达模式和特征;构建了含CaRKNIF2基因片段的RNAi载体,通过烟草脆裂病毒介导的基因沉默(VIGS)同源沉默辣椒CaRKNIF2基因,来评价CaRKNIF2基因沉默的辣椒植株对线虫侵染的应答效应.[结果]信号分子MeJA抑制CaRKNIF2的表达,但TMV、辣椒青枯病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌以及信号分子水杨酸(SA)能快速而显著地诱导CaRKNIF2的表达,而毒性南方根结线虫对CaRKNIF2的表达则基本无影响;CaRKNIF2基因沉默的辣椒植株接种非毒性南方根结线虫后根部卵块数明显增加.[结论]这些结果为进一步解析CaRKNIF2的调控功能提供了重要的证据.     

假格里尼翁苍白杆菌A-29对南方根结线虫的防治效果及其鉴定

南方根结线虫是一种重要的植物寄生线虫，严重发生时可造成巨大的经济损失。本研究测定了菌株A-29发酵液对南方根结线虫的致死效果和盆栽防效，并对其进行了种类鉴定。结果表明，菌株A-29发酵滤液原液、5倍液和10倍液处理南方根结线虫后，2龄幼虫的致死率在24 h和48 h后达71.09%～95.45%，卵的孵化抑制率4 d时为59.25%～87.86%，其死亡率随处理浓度的提高而增加；菌株A-29发酵液处理60 d后对番茄根结线虫的防治效果达75.00%，番茄植株鲜重、根系干重和植株高度分别增加38.41%、33.52%和20.01%；根据菌株A-29的形态特征、生理生化特征、16S rRNA基因序列及其系统发育关系，将其鉴定为假格里尼翁苍白杆菌Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense。研究表明，菌株A-29不仅对南方根结线虫具有良好的致死效果，而且对番茄植株具有明显的促生作用，是一株具有应用前景的生防菌。     

功能型复合微生物菌剂防治黄瓜根结线虫的研究

根结线虫是一类重要的土传性病原物,对露地和温室蔬菜造成严重的经济损失。本研究通过平板亲和性试验,构建出一组(淡紫拟青霉、红灰链霉菌和苍白杆菌各1株)生物兼容性好、作用方式互补的功能型复合微生物菌群;以各功能菌株发酵菌体为活性成分,研制出一种防治黄瓜根结线虫的功能型复合微生物菌剂;对该复合菌剂对黄瓜根结线虫的防效及植株生物量和产量的影响进行了评价,大田试验结果表明,施用该复合菌剂的土壤线虫扩繁指数最低;移栽后38和105 d,该复合菌剂处理的根结级数分别为2.0和4.6,对病害防效为56.5%和42.5%,效果优于10%噻唑膦处理;施用该复合菌剂可以促进植株生长、增加黄瓜产量。本研究为蔬菜根结线虫病的生物防治提供了新思路。     

不同杀线虫剂对南方根结线虫的田间防效

为评价新型杀线虫剂三氟吡啶胺防治南方根结线虫的效果,设置了该药剂与作为对照的3种常见杀线虫剂灌根或拌土穴施处理,比较各处理防治西瓜田南方根结线虫的效果。在防控南方根结线虫导致的死棵方面,对照药剂氟吡菌酰胺、阿维菌素、噻唑膦处理区西瓜死棵率为14.70%～44.85%,清水对照区为46.97%,而三氟吡啶胺处理区死棵率仅5.61%;在根结防效方面,三氟吡啶胺处理为70.43%,显著优于药剂对照;在虫口防效方面,三氟吡啶胺处理为66.72%,为各处理中最高。建议将三氟吡啶胺推广应用于南方根结线虫的田间防治。     

几种化学药剂和微生物菌剂对腐烂茎线虫的室内触杀活性

本研究比较了5种化学药剂和4种微生物菌剂对腐烂茎线虫的室内触杀活性,并在此基础上进一步探究了化学药剂与微生物菌剂复合使用的效果。结果表明,在5种供试化学药剂推荐浓度条件下,70%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂26.92 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果最好,72 h的校正死亡率可达87.32%,20%噻唑膦水乳剂6.06 g/L与41.70%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂5.21 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀活性次之;用以上3种化学药剂100倍稀释液处理腐烂茎线虫,72 h后20%噻唑膦水乳剂2.00 g/L与70%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂7.00 g/L的效果最好,腐烂茎线虫的校正死亡率分别为84.61%和81.68%。在供试的4种微生物菌剂中,推荐用量条件下,有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂500 g/L对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果最好,72 h的校正死亡率达76.48%,其次为10亿活芽胞/g枯草芽胞杆菌可湿性粉剂66.6 g/L。有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂在推荐用量基础上增加25%用量可提高对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果,72 h校正死亡率达到85.58%。同时,化学药剂与微生物菌剂在一定浓度条件下复合使用可以显著提高对腐烂茎线虫的触杀效果,其中有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂与70%噁霉灵可湿性粉剂复合处理的效果最好,腐烂茎线虫在48 h的校正死亡率达到93.30%;其次为有效活菌数≥200.0亿/g抗根结线虫菌剂粉剂与20%噻唑膦水乳剂的组合,48 h的校正死亡率达到81.68%。本研究为腐烂茎线虫的有效防控提供了新的思路和方法。     

穿刺巴斯德菌活体大量繁殖体系的优化

穿刺巴斯德菌Pasteuria penetrans专性寄生于根结线虫Meloidogyne spp.,具有很好的生防潜力。为了进一步提高其产量,本研究比较了5个对南方根结线虫敏感的番茄栽培品种繁殖穿刺巴斯德菌的效率。结果表明,佳粉18和毛粉802繁殖效率最高,单株番茄上的产孢量分别为1.54×108孢子.株-1和1.47×108孢子.株-1。以佳粉18为根结线虫的寄主植物,研究线虫接种量、接种次数、线虫接入时的苗龄及接种后第1周的培养温度对穿刺巴斯德菌活体繁殖量的影响。研究表明,在番茄9片真叶时,每株番茄接种7500条线虫,分3次接入,根粉的产孢量可提高至1.86×108孢子g-1。在18～31℃温度范围内,温度越高,穿刺巴斯德菌对线虫的侵染率越高;31℃时,其孢子侵染率平均达44.57%。     

Systemically induced resistance and microbial competitive exclusion: implications on biological control

The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is among the most damaging agricultural pests, particularly to tomato. The mutualistic endophytes Fusarium oxysporum strain Fo162 (Fo162) and Rhizobium etli strain G12 (G12) have been shown to systemically induce resistance toward M. incognita. By using triple-split-root tomato plants, spatially separated but simultaneous inoculation of both endophytes did not lead to additive reductions in M. incognita infection. More importantly, spatially separated inoculation of Fo162 and G12 led to a reduction in Fo162 root colonization of 35 and 39% when G12 was inoculated on a separate root section of the same plant in two independent experiments. In an additional split-root experiment, spatial separation of Fo162 and G12 resulted in a reduction of Fo162 root colonization of approximately 50% over the water controls in two independent experiments. The results suggested that the suppressive activity of G12 on Fo162 and M. incognita is possibly related to the induction of specific plant defense mechanisms. Thus, although Fo162 and G12 have the ability to systemically repress M. incognita infection in tomato, they can be considered incompatible biocontrol agents when both organisms are present simultaneously on the same root system.     

普城沙雷菌A21-4根际定殖能力及其对辣椒生长和诱导抗病性的影响

 本文探讨了辣椒疫病生防菌普城沙雷菌A21-4在辣椒根际的定殖能力及其对辣椒的促生长和诱导抗病性影响。以10⁸cfu·mL^-1A21-4菌液处理辣椒苗,A21-4能够有效地定殖在辣椒根际土壤和辣椒根部,移栽第30 d在根际土壤和辣椒根部均保持10⁶cfu·g^-1以上定殖密度。辣椒根际土壤中A21-4的定殖密度和病原菌存在与否无显著差异,而辣椒根部A21-4的定殖密度在病原菌存在时显著高于没有病原菌的;A21-4处理有效促进了辣椒地上部和根部的各项生育指标,同时,显著提高了辣椒叶绿素含量和根系活力。A21-4处理的辣椒苗叶绿素含量和根系活力比对照各提高86.1%和481.8%;经A21-4处理后,辣椒根部和叶部的SOD、POD和PAL活性明显提高,辣椒根部的SOD、POD和PAL活性峰值分别比对照提高44.7%、64.2%和77.0%,辣椒叶部SOD、POD和PAL活性峰值分别比对照提高27.9%、134.9%和87.0%;此外,A21-4浸根处理还能够提高辣椒叶部对辣椒疫霉菌的抗性。     

Suppression of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) development in Arabidopsis thaliana by the endophytic fungus Acremonium alternatum

This study investigated the ability of an endophytic fungus Acremonium alternatum to reduce clubroot formation in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which is highly susceptible to Plasmodiophora brassicae . Quantitative PCR demonstrated that A. alternatum colonized the P. brassicae -infected roots and shoots of the host plant. When Arabidopsis plants were co-inoculated with P. brassicae and A. alternatum , gall formation was reduced as shown by the reduction of the disease index (DI) by up to 50% compared to plants only infected with P. brassicae, whereas the infection rate was lowered by about 20% only in several, but not all, experiments. Clubroot was similarly suppressed when plants were inoculated with autoclaved A. alternatum spores or spore extracts, showing that viable spores were not needed. However, A. alternatum spores did not inhibit P. brassicae resting spore germination. Compared to the normal root galls, the smaller root galls on A. alternatum -inoculated plants contained fewer resting spores of the clubroot pathogen. It was thus hypothesized that inoculation with A. alternatum delayed the development of P. brassicae . Using quantitative RT-PCR to monitor the expression of P. brassicae genes differentially expressed during the development of the disease, a delayed pathogen development was corroborated. Furthermore, greenhouse experiments identified a time window in which the endophyte had to be administered, where the latest effective time point was 5 days before inoculation with P. brassicae and the optimum treatment was to administer A. alternatum and P. brassicae at the same time. These results indicate that A. alternatum and perhaps similar endophytes could be useful for the management of clubroot disease.     

安徽省潜山县栝蒌根结线虫发生危害及大田药效试验

为了有效防治栝蒌根结线虫，调查了安徽省潜山县栝蒌根结线虫及其发生，并分析了栝蒌根围土壤线虫的组成。通过线虫形态学鉴定，认为潜山栝蒌上的根结线虫为Meloidogyne incognita。栝萎根围土壤中有口针线虫占调查总量的50．7％，根结线虫2龄幼虫（J2）占31．8％。对当年栝萎J2在土壤表、中、下层的分布和年发生调查结果表明，J2在各层的分布量因月份不同而不同，并分别于3月初到9月中旬问出现2次虫口高峰；防治试验结果表明，除有机肥外，各试验小区在施药后49天J2虫口相对减退率在89．6％以上；施药后124天，克线丹和1．8％阿维菌素处理的小区增果率为250％～480％，收到很好的防效。     

海南岛南药根结线虫种类鉴定

运用比较形态学、同工酶和mtDNA-PCR对采自海南岛9个市县的南药根结线虫进行种类鉴定,结果发现有南方根结线虫、象耳豆根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、花生根结线虫和西班牙根结线虫等5种根结线虫危害海南岛南药。5种根结线虫均能在海巴戟上寄生与危害,而南方根结线虫寄主非常广泛,可危害大多数调查的药用植物。     

Biocontrol activity and primed systemic resistance by compost water extracts against anthracnoses of pepper and cucumber

We investigated direct and indirect effects of compost water extracts (CWEs) from Iljuk-3, Iljuk-7, Shinong-8, and Shinong-9 for the control of anthracnoses caused by Colletotrichum coccodes on pepper and C. orbiculare on cucumber. All tested CWEs significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited in vitro conidial germination and appressorium formation of the fungal pathogens; however, DL-β-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) failed to inhibit the conidial development of the pathogens. Direct treatments of the CWEs and BABA on pepper and cucumber leaves at 1 and 3 days before or after inoculation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced anthracnose severities; Iljuk-3, Shinong-9, and BABA for pepper and Iljuk-7 for cucumber had more protective activities than curative activities. In addition, root treatment of CWEs suppressed anthracnoses on the plants by the pathogens; however, CWE treatment on lower leaves failed to reduce the diseases on the upper leaves of the plants. The CWE root treatments enhanced not only the expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) genes CABPR1, CABGLU, CAChi2, CaPR-4, CAPO1, and CaPR-10 in pepper and PR1-1a, PR-2, PR-3, and APOX in cucumber but also the activity of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, and peroxidase and the generation of hydrogen peroxide in pepper and cucumber under pathogen-inoculated conditions. However, the CWE treatments failed to induce the plant responses under pathogen-free conditions. These results indicated that the CWEs had direct effects, reducing anthracnoses by C. coccodes on pepper leaves and C. orbiculare on cucumber leaves through protective and curative effects. In addition, CWE root treatments could induce systemic resistance in the primed state against pathogens on plant leaves that enhanced PR gene expression, defense-related enzyme production, and hydrogen peroxide generation rapidly and effectively immediately after pathogen infection. Thus, the CWEs might suppress anthracnoses on leaves of both pepper and cucumber through primed (priming-mediated) systemic resistance.     

Induced resistance againstPhytophthora capsici in pepper plants in response to DL-β-amino-n-butyric acid

Treatment of pepper plants with the nonprotein amino acid, DL-ß-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) induced resistance to subsequent infection byPhytophthora capsici. In contrast, theα-, andγ-isomers of aminobutyric acid were ineffective as inducers of resistance. A relatively high concentration of BABA at 1,000μg ml^?1, which had no antifungal activityin vitro againstP. capsici, was required to induce resistance against Phytophthora blight with a foliar and stem spray, thus leading to complete control of the disease. About 1 day interval between BABA-treatment and challenge inoculation was sufficient to induce resistance in pepper plants. High inoculum levels ofP. capsici caused Phytophthora development slowly in pepper stems treated with BABA, especially at early plant growth stage, which suggests that the induced resistance in pepper plants may be more quantitative rather than qualitative. BABA applied to the root system also protected pepper stems fromP. capsici infection.     

阿维菌素和硫线磷对南方根结线虫的毒力

利用阿维菌素和硫线磷处理南方根结线虫离体卵与幼虫,测试其对线虫卵和卵块孵化以及对2龄幼虫的致死作用、活动能力、侵入能力的影响。结果表明阿维菌素和硫线磷均对线虫卵和卵块的孵化表现很强的抑制作用,阿维菌素5 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率高达82.57%,而硫线磷40 μg/mL处理24 h对卵孵化抑制率为73.05%;阿维菌素和硫线磷处理48 h对2龄幼虫的LD50分别为7.346 1、13.345 6 μg/mL;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷3 μg/mL处理中,2龄幼虫在沙柱中的平均移动距离仅为0.04 cm和0.05 cm,而对照处理的线虫平均移动距离为1.04 cm;在阿维菌素2 μg/mL和硫线磷50 μg/mL处理2龄幼虫48 h后,对番茄根部的侵入率为0.12%和0.45%,而空白对照处理线虫的侵入率达21.85%。     

番茄枯萎抗病性室内鉴定方法研究

 明确番茄枯萎病苗期抗病性鉴定方法中浸根接种的最佳苗龄为两片真叶期,此龄期根系发育多,拔苗后须根自然伤断,浸根接种率高。浸根接种随即移栽的与浸根2、5、10min的,它们之间发病差异不大。包括接种液浓度10⁷孢子/ml和土温28℃~30℃在内的苗期人工接种方法,仅14天便可准确鉴定番茄品种(材料)对枯萎病的抗病性。