生长年限对甘肃贝母根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响

采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对撂荒地（CK）、生长1 a（BM-1Y）、3 a（BM-3Y）和5 a（BM-5Y）的甘肃贝母根际土壤细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行测序分析，探究不同生长年限甘肃贝母对根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明：生长年限对甘肃贝母土壤理化因子和细菌菌群均有影响，其中BM-5Y处理显著降低了土壤有机质（OM）、水解氮（HN）和速效磷（AP）的含量（P＜0.05），较CK处理分别降低了22.76%、9.28%、51.25%；BM-5Y处理显著降低根际土壤细菌多样性（P＜0.05），其中OUT数、PD值及Chao I指数较CK处理分别降低了7.23%、6.79%、6.47%。生长年限改变了细菌群落在门和属水平的群落组成，但各生长年限中的优势菌门（相对丰度＞5%）相对稳定，均为放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi），其在CK、BM-1Y、BM-3Y和BM-5Y处理中的相对丰度总和分别为82.28%、84.16%、83.12%和82.30%。土壤pH、OM、HN、AP及AK含量是驱动根际土细菌群落的主要环境因子，其程度大小为：pH＞AK＞HN＞AP＞OM。土壤理化因子与各优势细菌门的相关性不同，pH与放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）呈显著负相关（P＜0.05），OM、HN和AP均与厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。综上，甘肃贝母生长年限延长（BM-5Y）会显著降低土壤的养分含量和细菌群落的多样性。     

轮作休耕模式对土壤细菌群落的影响

以黄土高原半干旱区9种轮作休耕模式土壤为研究对象,分别设残膜覆盖（T₂1）、伏天深耕（T₂2）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续休耕3 a（T₂3）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续种植豌豆3 a并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂4）、施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植豌豆（每kg豌豆种子拌根瘤菌粉8.5 g）并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂5）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续休耕3 a（T₂6）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂7）、玉米秸秆粉碎（还田量7 500 kg·hm^-2）+施牛羊粪（7 500 kg·hm^-2）+深翻耕（30 cm）+连续3 a种植毛苕子并在盛花期翻压还田（T₂8）等8个处理,以连续休耕3 a为对照（CK）,采用16S rRNA扩增子测序技术对土壤细菌群落组成、丰度和多样性等特征进行研究,分析了土壤养分与细菌种群多样性的相关关系。结果表明,9种休耕轮作模式下,土壤细菌群落中相对丰度较高的前5位菌门依次为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）（26.33%～37.33%）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）（17.93%～21.43%）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）（12.42%～19.41%）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）（6.98%～10.99%）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）（6.48%～10.50%）。其中T₂1、T₂5处理显著升高了硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度（分别为50.04%和42.44%）,T₂2处理显著提高了变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度（分别为31.51%和159.96%）,T₂6、T₂7处理显著增加了芽单胞菌门的相对丰度（分别为28.36%和28.33%）,T₂8处理显著增高了奇古菌门的相对丰度（519.79%）。不同轮作休耕模式的土壤全氮含量均高于CK。细菌群落丰富度指数除T₂7处理外,其余处理均高于CK。冗余分析和Monte Carlo置换检验结果显示,土壤全氮、全钾、速效氮含量对土壤细菌群落结构影响显著（P＜0.05）。     

秸秆还田对水稻根际微生物多样性和水稻纹枯病发生的影响

为探究稻麦轮作模式下秸秆还田对水稻根际微生物多样性与水稻纹枯病发生的影响,本研究采用Illumina测序技术结合生物信息学比较分析了秸秆还田与不还田处理的水稻根际微生物群落多样性差异,并采用实时荧光定量PCR （real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR）对这2种稻田土壤中水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani含量进行测定,并采用随机五点取样法调查稻田中水稻纹枯病发病率和病情指数。结果表明,秸秆还田后水稻根际细菌群落Chao1丰富度指数和Shannon多样性指数均有所增加,分别增加14.42%和4.39%,其中前者增幅显著;根际真菌群落Chao1丰富度指数降低29.60%,而Shannon多样性指数略有增加,增加5.96%;在门水平上,秸秆还田和不还田处理的水稻根际土壤优势细菌门均为变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门,优势真菌门均为子囊菌门、接合菌门和担子菌门;在属水平上,秸秆还田处理的硝化螺旋菌属和芽胞杆菌属相对丰度分别比不还田处理的显著增加96.11%和106.19%;在水稻孕穗期秸秆还田土壤中水稻纹枯病菌含量比不还田处理的显著增加120.20%;秸秆还田后水稻纹枯病发生加重,病情指数比不还田处理的增加18.10%~45.41%。     

马铃薯长期连作对土壤真菌群落特征的影响

利用田间长期定位试验,2019年基于ITS高通量测序研究马铃薯/春小麦/碗豆轮作（R）、马铃薯连作1 a（C1）、3 a（C3）、5 a（C5）、7 a（C7）和9 a（C9）的土壤真菌群落结构的演替特征。结果表明：随着马铃薯连作年限的增加,土壤真菌菌群丰度和Chao1显著增加,C7和C9马铃薯土壤真菌菌群丰度最高,R土壤真菌菌群丰度最低,C7和C9真菌群落的相似度较高,C7、C9处理与R处理的真菌群落相似度低,C1、C3、C5的真菌群落结构介于C7、C9与R之间;土壤真菌群落的相似度在纲水平上分为两类,C7和C9为一组,R、C1、C3、C5为一组;在不同连作年限的马铃薯农田土壤中,共检测到273个真菌属,其中有13个真菌属处理间差异显著,其中,青霉菌(Penicillium)在C5、C7和C9土壤中数量显著高于R,绿僵菌属（Metarhizium）在C5、C7、C9中相对丰度显著高于R、C1、C3,镰刀菌属（Fusaruim）在C5中相对丰度达最高,显著高于R、C1、C3以及C7、C9;马铃薯连作5 a后引起农田真菌群落分布发生变化。青霉菌、绿僵菌属在长期连作农田中大量富集,镰刀菌属数量下降,连作障碍程度趋于减缓。     

新疆棉田灰漠土氨氧化微生物群落对灌溉水盐度和施氮量的响应

采用灌溉水盐度和施氮量两因素试验,其中灌溉水盐度设置2个水平：0.35 dS·m^-1（淡水,FW）和8.04 dS·m^-1（咸水,SW）,施氮量设2个水平：0（不施氮,N0）和360 kg·hm^-2（施氮,N360）,以咸水滴灌的棉田土壤为材料,测定了土壤理化性质和生物学指标,结果显示：（1）咸水滴灌显著增加土壤EC_1∶5和NH⁺₄-N含量,分别增加了457.74%和73.02%,但显著降低土壤NO^-₃-N含量,降低了35.88%;施氮显著增加土壤EC_1∶5、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N含量,分别增加了32.09%、668.33%和39.88%。（2）咸水滴灌显著降低了土壤潜在硝化势,较淡水处理降低了28.97%;施氮显著增加了土壤潜在硝化势,较不施氮处理增加了317.27%。（3）咸水滴灌显著降低氨氧化细菌(AOB)和全程氨氧化细菌A分支（amoA-clade-A）和B分支（amoA-clade-B）的基因拷贝数,分别降低了81.27%、73.49%和62.51%,但显著增加氨氧化古菌(AOA)的基因拷贝数,增加了487.94%;氮肥施用均显著增加了氨氧化微生物的基因拷贝数,分别增加了511.20%(AOA)、958.13%(AOB)、72.66%(amoA-clade-A)和31.18%(amoA-clade-B)。（4）氨氧化微生物优势菌属为假单胞菌属、嗜甲基菌属、亚硝化螺菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属、硝化螺菌属、寡养单胞菌属、食甲基菌属、螯台球菌属、囊胞杆菌属、亚硝基单胞菌属、红假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属和拉姆利式杆菌。（5）咸水滴灌降低了AOA的多样性和丰富度及amoA-clade-A的多样性,但增加了AOB和amoA-clade-B的多样性和丰富度及amoA-clade-A的丰富度;氮肥施用显著降低了AOA和AOB的丰富度及amoA-clade-A的丰富度和多样性,但增加了amoA-clade-B的丰富度和多样性。综上,盐分是影响氨氧化微生物群落结构的主要驱动因子,氨氧化古菌是土壤氨氧化作用的优势物种,而氨氧化细菌和全程氨氧化细菌A分支是咸水滴灌棉田氨氧化作用的主导微生物种群。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同年限苜蓿地土壤水稳性团聚体分布特征及稳定性研究

为了探索种植苜蓿对土壤质量的影响,选取黄土高原丘陵沟壑区3、7、12 a和18 a生苜蓿草地0～60 cm土层土壤为研究对象,以农田为对照（CK）,采用湿筛法研究了不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤团聚体分布特征及其稳定性。结果表明：黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤水稳性团聚体组成随着粒径减小呈阶梯式递增态势,增幅为1.22%～61.43%,以＜0.25 mm的微团聚体占据优势级别,其比例达60.83%～79.72%。当农田更替为苜蓿草地后,在0～20 cm土层,随种植年限增加至12 a,土壤团聚化递增趋势明显,＞2 mm、1～2 mm、0.5～1 mm和0.25～0.5 mm粒径的土壤水稳性团聚体分别为农田对照的2.03～2.75倍、1.98～2.72倍、1.31～1.65倍和1.15～1.36倍;平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）在0～20 cm土层均表现为12 a＞18 a＞7 a＞3 a＞CK,变化范围分别为0.34～0.70和0.18～0.26;分形维数（D）变化虽然较小,但在0～20 cm土层也呈现出了不同年限苜蓿草地均小于农田的规律性,变化范围为2.31～2.43。相关分析表明,＞0.25 mm粒径水稳性团聚体含量（WSAP_0.25）、MWD、GMD均与土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量呈显著正相关,而土壤黏粒、碳酸钙含量与土壤水稳性团聚体各指标间相关性均不显著。研究结果表明,有机质是黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤团聚的主要胶结物质,种植苜蓿能促进土壤团聚体形成,增强团聚体稳定性。     

陕西地区花椒主要病害的生防菌筛选与鉴定

为开发针对陕西地区花椒主要病害的生防菌资源,对陕西省宝鸡市凤县花椒根际土壤微生物进行分离培养,并测定了其对花椒的4种靶标病原菌,即干腐病菌（Fusarium zanthoxyli）、黑胫病菌（Phytophthora citrophthora）、根腐病菌（F. solani）和落叶病菌（Marssonina sp.）的抑菌活性。结果显示：从花椒根际土壤中共分离到297个微生物菌株,其中105个为真菌,192个为细菌。通过初筛,获得了20个对3种及以上靶标病原菌均具有显著拮抗作用的细菌菌株,经形态学和16S rDNA 序列分析,将其中7个鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）,5个鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（B. amyloliquefaciens）,3个鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属（Burkholderia）的不同种,2个鉴定为安徽黄杆菌（Flavobacterium anhuiense）,3个为其他种。经复筛和验证,发现贝莱斯芽孢杆菌P87的生防潜力最强,可以作为花椒病害生物防治的备选菌种。     

生物炭、三叶草和蚯蚓种养对西瓜根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

为探究生物炭、三叶草和蚯蚓种养三种施用方式对西瓜根际土壤细菌群落多样性、功能预测及养分的影响,开展田间小区试验,设置对照(CK)、生物炭（B）、三叶草（T）、蚯蚓种养（V）、生物炭+蚯蚓种养（BV）、三叶草+蚯蚓种养（TV）、三叶草+生物炭（BT）和三叶草+生物炭+蚯蚓种养（BTV）等8个处理。结果表明：不同处理对西瓜根际土壤养分具有显著影响,BV处理土壤速效钾含量最高（383.41 mg·kg^-1）,TV处理土壤全氮含量最高（0.79 g·kg^-1）、BTV处理土壤速效磷含量最高（427.51 mg·kg^-1）,分别较CK处理提高102.23%、75.56%、23.88%。BTV处理Shannon指数显著高于其他处理;TV处理Simpson指数较T处理提高56.52%;B处理的ACE和Chao1指数较BTV处理分别提高10.95%和12.59%。不同土壤处理影响细菌群落组成和相对丰度,其中变形菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门为优势菌门。与CK相比,BTV处理的变形菌门和放线菌门相对丰度分别提高47.85%和30.47%,而酸杆菌门相对丰度降低48.36%。PICRUST2功能预测分析表明,BTV处理根际土壤细菌群落中新陈代谢、氨基酸代谢和全局概览通路等功能的活性加强,其活性微生物在“生物炭—三叶草—蚯蚓种养—西瓜”复合生境中起重要作用。综上,不同土壤处理方式改善了土壤细菌群落多样性和土壤养分,其中生物炭和三叶草配合蚯蚓种养施用的综合效果最好。     

不同连作年限马铃薯根际土壤细菌群落特征研究

采用长期定位试验,设马铃薯连作1~7 a（CP1~CP7）和轮作（RT）8个处理,通过高通量测序探究不同连作年限对马铃薯根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明：供试土壤中,放线菌门、变形菌门、厚壁菌门为主要的优势菌门。随连作年限的增加,土壤细菌数量表现出波动变化趋势,连作年限影响细菌群落结构。RT、CP1、CP2、CP3处理土壤细菌相似度较高,CP4、CP5、CP6、CP7处理土壤细菌相似度较高。马铃薯连作7 a土壤中的放线菌门相对丰度降幅最大,较RT降低10.47%;厚壁菌门相对丰度在连作6 a土壤中显著降低,较RT减少22.07%;类诺卡氏属相对丰度在连作7 a显著减少,较RT减少2.34%;芽孢杆菌属相对丰度在连作6 a时最低,较RT减少9.18%;连作7 a较RT减少5.14%;芽单胞菌属相对丰度在连作7 a土壤中达到最高（16.54%）,较RT增加5.26%。长期连作改变了马铃薯土壤细菌群落结构,连作4 a土壤细菌群落种类开始变化,土壤细菌群落结构也随之改变。土壤中预防病害的菌类减少,增加了马铃薯染病风险。     

苜蓿种植年限对土壤硝化潜势和氨氧化微生物丰度的影响

依托布设在黄土高原半干旱区的长期定位试验,通过高通量测序研究不同种植年限（L2003、L2005和L2012）苜蓿土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)丰度,并分析揭示了影响氨氧化微生物丰度的环境因子。研究结果表明,土壤硝化潜势随苜蓿种植年限延长逐渐下降,其中,L2012、L2005和L2003处理的硝化潜势分别为0.05、0.04、0.04 μg·g^-1·h^-1,且处理间差异显著(P<0.05);土壤全氮含量随苜蓿种植年限延长逐渐增加,其中,L2012、L2005和L2003处理的全氮含量分别为1.02、1.14、1.18 g·kg^-1,且处理间差异显著(P<0.05),L2003和L2005处理的全氮含量分别比L2012高15.69%和11.76%;土壤硝态氮含量表现为随种植年限延长显著增加(P<0.05),L2003处理和L2005处理硝态氮含量分别比L2012处理提高59.73%和33.62%。高通量测序发现,AOA amoA基因拷贝数为9.75×10⁶~12.68×10⁶个·g^-1,明显高于AOB的5.01×10⁶~7.70×10⁶<个·g^-1,AOA丰度随苜蓿种植年限延长显著增加(P<0.05),但AOB丰度表现出随种植年限延长先升高后降低的趋势,这表明黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿土壤氨氧化微生物以AOA占主导地位。相关分析表明,AOA丰度与土壤全氮（r=0.853）和硝态氮（r=0.833）均呈极显著正相关,但与硝化潜势（r=-0.802）呈极显著负相关,AOB丰度与土壤氮素含量和硝化潜势没有明显相关性。由此可见,黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿土壤氨氧化微生物以AOA为优势类群,且对苜蓿种植年限有更强烈的响应,但其并未主导土壤硝化过程。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.