栗实象成虫触角感器超微结构观察

栗实象Curculio davidi是为害板栗Castanea mollissima的主要种实害虫,严重影响着板栗的品质和产量。为探明栗实象成虫触角感器类型、形态和分布,本文利用扫描电镜对栗实象雌雄成虫触角及触角感器进行观察。结果表明:栗实象雌雄成虫触角柄节、梗节、鞭节1~6亚节长度存在显著差异。雌、雄成虫触角上均有7类12种感器,包括4种刺形感器、2种锥形感器、1种叉形感器、2种毛形感器,1种B?hm氏鬃毛、1种腔形感器和1种端指形感器。其中雄虫刺形感器Ⅰ、毛形感器Ⅰ、叉形感器的长度显著长于雌虫,雄虫鞭节第7、8亚节的锥形感器数量显著多于雌虫。     

咖啡灭字虎天牛触角和足感器的形态与分布观察

咖啡灭字虎天牛Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat是咖啡树的重要害虫,其以幼虫钻蛀为害木质部的特点造成防治十分困难。本文利用扫描电镜对新羽化的咖啡灭字虎天牛雌、雄成虫触角、前足感器类型及分布进行了观察,结果表明:该虫触角呈线状,共11节,可分为3部分:柄节、梗节和鞭节(9亚节)。雌、雄成虫触角感器共有5类,分别为刺形感器、锥形感器、凹槽钉形感器、栓锥形感器、B9hm氏鬃毛,其中刺形和锥形感器各有3个亚型,不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量和分布均有差异。雌、雄成虫触角感器存在性二型现象,栓锥形感器为雄虫所特有。前足为步行足,感器共有3类,分别为刺形感器、锥形感器和毛形感器,其中刺形感器有5个亚型,雌、雄成虫足感器无性二型现象。     

美国白蛾触角感器的超微结构

为明确美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea成虫触角上感器的种类、形态和分布，通过扫描电镜观察美国白蛾雌、雄成虫触角上感器的超微结构。结果显示，美国白蛾雌成虫触角呈锯齿状，雄成虫触角呈双栉节状。雌、雄成虫触角上的感器类型有所不同，个别感器的长度和基部直径差异显著。美国白蛾成虫触角上分布9类共16种感器，即4种毛形感器Ⅰ～Ⅳ、2种刺形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、1种鳞形感器、2种锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、2种腔锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、1种栓锥形感器、1种舌形感器、2种Bǒhm氏鬃毛Ⅰ～Ⅱ以及1种新的感器——单孔栓感器。毛形感器数量最多，且雄成虫触角上的毛形感器数量多于雌成虫触角上的。单孔栓感器数量较少，雌、雄成虫触角上仅发现2～3个，在雌成虫第1～3鞭亚节腹面锯齿端部各分布有1个。毛形感器Ⅳ——超长毛形感器及舌形感器仅分布在雄成虫触角上。锥形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ、腔锥形感器Ⅰ和Bǒhm氏鬃毛Ⅰ～Ⅱ的长度在雌、雄成虫间均差异不显著，而其余感器的长度在雌、雄成虫间均差异显著；雄成虫触角上毛形感器Ⅰ～Ⅲ、腔锥形感器Ⅱ和刺形感器Ⅰ～Ⅱ的长度均显著大于雌成虫触角上的，雌成虫触角上鳞形感器和栓锥形感器的长度显著大于雄成虫触角上的。表明美国白...     

南方锦天牛触角感器的类型及超微结构

为进一步了解油茶上新发现的蛀干害虫南方锦天牛Acalolepta speciosa的定位及识别寄主和求偶等行为，利用体视显微镜和扫描电镜对其雌、雄成虫触角形态和感器的分布及种类进行观察和比较。结果显示，南方锦天牛雌、雄成虫触角的总长度平均分别为41.96 mm和47.33 mm，雄成虫触角的平均总长度显著长于雌成虫。在成虫触角上共观察到5种类型14个亚型的感器，其中雌成虫触角上有4种感器，分别为毛形感器（4个亚型）、刺形感器（4个亚型）、锥形感器（4个亚型）和Böhm氏鬃毛；雄成虫触角上除以上4种感器外还有1种腔锥形感器；不同类型感器的数量依次为毛形感器>刺形感器>锥形感器>Böhm氏鬃毛>腔锥形感器，但数量在雌、雄成虫之间无显著差异。毛形感器在南方锦天牛雌、雄成虫触角上的数量最多，表明其在接收性信息素或寄主挥发物方面具有重要作用。     

小花尺蛾触角感器扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对小花尺蛾Eupithecia abietaria debrunneata Staudinger雌雄成虫触角感器类型?形态与分布进行研究, 结果表明:小花尺蛾触角鞭亚节第50~64节的各亚节感器种类无差异, 触角长度?感器长度和数量存在雌雄二型现象?触角上感器类型为10类17种, 包含B?hm氏鬃毛(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)?叉形感器?鳞形感器?毛形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)?刺形感器?锥形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)?耳形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅲ)?腔形感器?腔锥形感器(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)和栓锥形感器?雄蛾触角显著短于雌蛾触角, 雄蛾毛形感器Ⅰ?毛形感器Ⅲ的长度显著长于雌蛾, 数量显著多于雌蛾, 雌蛾刺形感器数量显著多于雄蛾?在鳞翅目昆虫上首次发现耳形感器Ⅲ, 结合已有感器功能的报道, 对感器类型?形态和分布进行比较, 并分析其功能?     

东亚小花蝽触角的扫描电镜观察

东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)是我国北方小型农林害虫的重要捕食性天敌昆虫,在天敌昆虫生产及防治害虫应用上具有较大价值。为了深入了解其化学感受系统,揭示东亚小花蝽的捕食行为机制,有必要对其触角结构及感器进行超微结构分析。本研究应用扫描电镜技术观察了东亚小花蝽1~5龄若虫及雌、雄成虫触角的结构和感器的类型、分布及超微结构。结果表明,东亚小花蝽1~5龄若虫及雌、雄成虫触角均为线状,分为柄节、梗节和鞭节(2亚节),随着东亚小花蝽生长发育,触角总长度及各节长度均显著增加,各节直径的增加不显著。东亚小花蝽触角上有5种感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、具弯钩形感器和钟形感器,其中毛形感器和刺形感器各有2种亚型,钟形感器仅在1龄若虫触角上存在,2~5龄若虫及成虫触角上该感器退化消失。雄成虫触角感器数量明显多于雌成虫,若虫感器数量比成虫少。不同类型的感器在触角各节上的数量与分布各不相同。东亚小花蝽触角大小和感器的种类及数量随生长发育而变化,成虫触角感器存在性二型现象。     

Q隐种烟粉虱头部感器观察及功能初步研究

为研究Q隐种烟粉虱头部感器与嗅觉的相关性,应用扫描电镜观察了Q隐种烟粉虱头部感器的分布和形态,结果表明,烟粉虱雄成虫触角长度为191.55μm,雌成虫触角长度为235.97μm明显长于雄成虫。雌、雄成虫的柄节和梗节长度均无显著性差异,雄成虫鞭节为144.90μm,雌成虫鞭节为187.34μm,雌成虫明显长于雄成虫,但两者在感器形态、大小、位置和数量上无显著性差异。雌、雄成虫的头部均有微毛感器、刺形感器、腔锥感器、锥形感器和钟形感器等5种感器。其中,微毛感器和刺形感器在头部分布广泛,数量众多。腔锥感器、锥形感器和钟形感器仅存在于触角上,且主要位于触角鞭节的背面和腹面,锥形感器的长度最长,雌、雄成虫的锥形感器长度分别为11.37和11.67μm。在分别对触角、梗节和鞭节进行切除后,烟粉虱成虫对其嗜食寄主黄瓜失去趋向性,表明触角鞭节是Q隐种烟粉虱的重要嗅觉器官。触角鞭节上的感器在雌、雄Q隐种烟粉虱成虫对黄瓜幼苗气味选择的过程中起重要作用,而位于触角柄节和梗节上的感器对黄瓜气味没有识别作用。     

二点委夜蛾触角感器的超微结构研究

对二点委夜蛾成虫触角感器的形态结构进行了扫描电镜观察,结果表明:二点委夜蛾触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,鞭节由72个亚节组成,触角内侧面覆盖有鳞片。雌蛾触角上存在9种感器:毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、腔锥形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器、腔乳头状感器、鳞形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛。不同感器在触角各节上的分布与数量各不相同,且雌雄之间存在差异。鳞形感器为雌蛾特有,雄蛾触角上的毛形感器多于雌蛾,腔锥感器少于雌蛾。     

豆卜馍夜蛾触角感器的超微结构与分布

为了解豆卜馍夜蛾Bomolocha tristalis Lederer成虫触角感器的类型、超微结构、数量和分布,探索其化学感受机制。利用扫描电镜技术对豆卜馍夜蛾雌、雄蛾的触角感器进行观察。结果表明:在豆卜馍夜蛾触角上共观察到8种类型感器:B?hm氏鬃毛(两种亚型,BBⅠ型和BBⅡ型)、毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器、鳞形感器和栓锥形感器。其中毛形感器数量最多,其次是腔锥形,除刺形和栓锥形感器外,其他感器数量在触角鞭节从基部到端部呈现由少到多,再减少的趋势。毛形、锥形和耳形感器表皮具多孔属于嗅觉感器。雄蛾触角与雌蛾相比,鞭亚节多2～4节;毛形、刺形和鳞形感器明显长于雌蛾,耳形感器明显短于雌蛾;毛形和腔锥形感器数量均明显多于雌蛾。豆卜馍夜蛾触角感器种类丰富,数量较多,雌、雄蛾间存在性二型现象,B?hm氏鬃毛、刺形和栓锥形感器在结构和分布上存在有利其功能的特化现象。     

茶丽纹象甲触角感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对茶丽纹象甲(Myllocerinus aurolineatus Voss)(鞘翅目:象甲科)成虫的触角及感器进行了观察,比较研究了雌、雄成虫触角形态、感器分布和数量上的差异.结果表明,茶丽纹象甲雌、雄成虫触角均呈膝状,由柄节、梗节和7个鞭亚节组成,触角上均着生有5种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、棒形感器、叉形感器、鳞形感器以及少量表皮孔.其中,鳞形感器和刺形感器的数量最多,叉形感器在已有的象甲科资料中尚未见报道.毛形感器和叉形感器的数量和分布存在着明显的性别差异,主要表现为雄虫触角上毛形感器和叉形感器的数量显著多于雌虫.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.