有机无机肥配施对滨海脱盐土栽培菊芋及其养分吸收的影响

以蚯蚓粪和无机复合肥为材料,设置CK(不施肥)、T1(无机复合肥300kg/hm²)、T2(无机复合肥600kg/hm²)、T3(蚯蚓粪7.5 t/hm²)、T4(蚯蚓粪7.5 t/hm²、无机复合肥300 kg/hm²)、T5(蚯蚓粪7.5 t/hm²、无机复合肥600 kg/hm²)、T6(蚯蚓粪15 t/hm²)、T7(蚯蚓粪15 t/hm²、无机复合肥300 kg/hm²)、T8(蚯蚓粪15 t/hm²、无机复合肥600 kg/hm²)共计9个处理,研究了蚯蚓粪和无机复合肥配施下滨海脱盐土土壤性质的变化,栽培菊芋生长特性及养分吸收规律,以确立滨海脱盐土菊芋高效栽培最适有机无机肥配施方案。结果表明：随菊芋生育进程推进,土壤可溶性盐含量下降,T6处理幼苗期和开花期的可溶性盐含量均最低,分别为0.28和0.29 g/kg,较...     

有机无机肥配施对菠萝蜜种植土壤线虫群落的影响

为探究有机肥施用对菠萝蜜种植土壤线虫群落结构的影响,以马来西亚1号菠萝蜜嫁接苗为试验材料,设置CK(不施肥)、100CF(100%化肥)、30OM(30%有机肥+70%化肥)、50OM(50%有机肥+50%化肥)、70OM(70%有机肥+30%化肥)、100OM(100%有机肥)6个处理,比较不同施肥方式下菠萝蜜幼苗生长及土壤线虫群落的差异。结果表明:与不施肥和纯施化肥相比,有机-无机配施显著促进菠萝蜜幼苗生物量积累,增加土壤pH、有机质含量。其中食微线虫和杂食/捕食线虫的占比随着有机肥用量的增加呈增长趋势,而植食性线虫占比呈下降趋势。增施有机肥能显著提高土壤线虫多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′),土壤食物网以细菌主导的分解途径占更大比例。β多样性分析结果表明,除50OM和100CF处理构建的线虫群落结构相似外,其他处理的线虫群落结构差异显著。菠萝蜜幼苗地上部干重与土壤食细菌线虫丰度、有机质和pH呈显著正相关,而植食性线虫丰度与土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮含量和食微线虫丰度呈显著负相关。食细菌线虫丰度与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关。有机-无机配施能够提高土壤线虫多样性和均匀度,平衡不同...     

长期施用化肥和农家肥对土壤化学性质和作物产量的影响

A long-term fertiliztion experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Lyczyn near Warsaw,Poland.Application ofmineral fertilizers ,especially Nfertilizer with and without farmyard manure accel-erated the eacidification process of the soil.Application of 1.6 t CaO ha^-1 every four years was essential to maintenance of the soil pHKCl at 5.5-6.6 and base saturation degree above 60% Application of 50 t farmyard manur ha^-1 every 4 years,whih contained 46 kg P and 240 kg K,was sufficient to maintain boh the K and P fertility of the soil.Besides,it was beneficial to alleviating soil acidifcation. As a result of long-term unbalanced fertilization,yield responses to N,P and K fertilizers incereased significantly with time.the efficiency of N from farmyard manure was found to be comparable to that of N fertilizer during 1988-1991.     

The Role of Organic Soil Amendments on Soil Physical Properties and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

The objective of this study is to examine the role of some organic (composted tobacco waste, CTW; bio-humus, BH; chicken manure, CM) soil amendments on soil physical properties and yield of maize. A 3-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm of Ege University in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey from 2009 to 2011. The treatments, (1) control, (2) 4 t/ha CM+NPK, (3) 50 t/ha CTW, (4) 10 t/ha BH+NPK, were arranged in complete randomized block design with four treatment replications. Both of BH (composted plant residues) and CM were obtained from organic manure industry. Tobacco wastes were gathered from the cigarette industry and applied to maize (Zea mays L.) after composting period with the other amendments. During the experiment, two soil samples were collected in three different periods (3 June 2009–23 October 2009; 1 June 2010–5 November 2010; 13 July 2011–21 October 2011). The effects of CM, BH, and CTW on physical properties of the soil and yield were investigated. According to our results, all organic amendments increased porosity, structure stability index, field capacity, wilting point, and available water amount and decreased bulk density and particle density of soil when compared to the control. We additionally determined that these organic amendments positively affected grain yield.     

两种有机肥在甘蔗-花生套种模式中的施用效果

为研究木薯皮、鸡粪在蔗区套种模式中的还田施用效果,分别设置化肥配施木薯皮(T1)、配施鸡粪(T2)、配施半量木薯皮和半量鸡粪(T3)3个处理,以甘蔗单种化肥处理(CK1)或甘蔗套种花生化肥处理(CK2)为对照,比较各处理作物产量、品质、效益及花生秸秆还田后土壤肥力的变化。结果表明,T1、T2、T3与CK2相比,大大增加了花生产量、纯收益,花生秸秆还田后土壤速效氮磷钾含量明显提高;T1处理的纯收益最高,比CK1处理增收花生3720.9 kg hm~(-2),增加纯收益17675.4元hm~(-2),但该处理对花生粗脂肪及甘蔗产量有一定负面影响;T2处理的花生产量、总效益和花生秸秆还田后的土壤速效氮磷钾、有机质含量最高,比CK1处理增收花生4270.8 kg hm~(-2);T3处理比CK1处理增收花生3904.2 kg hm~(-2),花生粗脂肪含量达51.3%,增加纯收益17442.15元hm~(-2),还提高了花生秸秆还田后的土壤速效氮磷钾、有机质含量。综合考虑,甘蔗套种花生(化肥配施半量木薯皮和半量鸡粪)是较好的种植和养分管理模式,值得大面积推广。     

Influence of Pyrolysis Temperatures on FTIR Analysis,Nutrient Bioavailability,and Agricultural use of Poultry Manure Biochars

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical properties of poultry manure (PM) biochar over the range of 200–500°C. Chemical properties of biochar produced at 200°C were almost the same as PM, but significant changes were observed in higher-temperature-produced biochars. According to elemental and fourier transformation infrared analyses, the degree of carbonization in biochar was accelerated with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Biochar yield decreased, while its pH, cation exchange capacity, and P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu contents increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The biochar produced at 400°C or 500°C was highly alkaline. Also, due to high electrical conductivity, these types of biochars may not be suitable for salt-sensitive crops. It was concluded that the pyrolysis temperature of more than 300°C reduces the quality of PM biochar for use in calcareous soils, although it may be suitable for acidic soils or environmental application.     

生物质炭对土壤理化性状及氮素转化的研究进展

生物质炭因其具有的特殊理化性质施入到农田中能够改良土壤、提高土壤肥力及促进作物生长,已经成为农业减排和土壤微生态系统生物氮素地球化学循环领域的研究热点。生物质炭作为土壤的外来物质,直接或间接地参与到土壤氮素的周转过程中,进而对土壤中氮素的存在状态和供应能力等产生长远的影响。本文综述了土壤中施入生物质炭后,氮素循环的变化及响应机制,重点分析了生物质炭施入农田引起土壤理化性质变化后由土壤微生物驱动的固氮反应、氨化反应、硝化反应及反硝化反应等生物化学反应过程的响应及相关机理。在此基础上,对今后生物质炭的研究方向进行展望。     

Amelioration of Acidic Soil and Production Performance of Cowpea by the Application of Different Organic Manures in Eastern Himalayan Region,India

Acidic soils are limiting the production potential of the crops because of low availability of basic ions and excess of hydrogen (H⁺), aluminium (Al³⁺), and manganese (Mn²⁺) in exchangeable forms. Therefore, a field study was conducted to know the ameliorating effect of organic manures on acidic soils and production performance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp.) by using different locally available organic manures. Growth and yield attributes were observed to be significantly greater with vermicompost (VC) followed by poultry manure (PM). Porosity, maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC), and organic carbon were greater with farmyard manure (FYM) and cow dung manure (CDM). However, water retention at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), bulk density (BD), pH, and availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were greater with VC. However, physical and chemical properties were deteriorated in control plots.     

飞播马尾松林土壤种子库的萌发特征及其与土壤理化性质的关系

土壤种子库是植被更新和恢复的物质基础,对地面植被恢复有着重要意义。以江西省兴国县飞播马尾松林为研究对象,通过标准地调查、土壤理化性状测定及土壤种子库萌发试验,分析土壤种子库的萌发特征及其与土壤因子的关系。结果表明:土壤种子库有23种植物,隶属于17个科,0~10 cm土层种子密度为9.8×102粒m~(-2)。不同坡位土壤种子达到萌发最高峰的时间、萌发平缓期持续的时间相差不大,但单子叶植物与双子叶植物间达到萌发峰值点的时间有所差异;萌发种子数与时间关系呈双"S"型曲线,表现出"平缓-上升-平缓-上升-平缓"的变化过程。采用主成分分析提取非毛管孔隙、土壤含水量、全N、全P、有机质5个变量进行冗余分析,得出对土壤种子库影响较大的是非毛管孔隙度与土壤含水量。     

Influence of Gypsum and Organic Amendments on Soil Properties and Crop Productivity in Degraded Black Soils of Central India

ABSTRACT

Attempts were made to ameliorate sodic black calcareous soils by using different crop residues (composted cotton stalk and biomulch 5 t ha^?1, respectively) and green manures (in-situ Crotalaria juncea, Sesbania aculeata, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata, and ex-situ Leucaena leucocephala loppings 5 t ha^?1) and gypsum 2.5 t ha^?1. The organic amendments were outperformed with respect to improvement in soil microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity, not gypsum. The application of dhaincha significantly improved the mean weight diameter by 14% over control. The application of gypsum and dhaincha recorded a significant drop in pHs (0.1 and 0.07 units) and exchangeable sodium percentage (26.7% and 20.6%) over control. After 2 years of experiments, dhaincha (14.8%) and sunhemp (15.5%) also showed the commensurable potential of improving yields of chickpea as compared to gypsum (14.8%) over control. Hence, dhaincha and sunhemp can be a better alternative choice to gypsum in sodic soils.     

不同有机肥对设施土壤有效磷累积与淋溶的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不同有机肥对设施土壤有效磷累积、淋溶及季节性变化的影响。结果表明,等磷量条件下,鸡粪、猪粪处理与化肥处理相比,更能增加土壤Olsen-P的累积量和淋溶量,且施用量越大作用越明显。鸡粪TC3、猪粪TS3土壤表层Olsen-P累积量分别比化肥高出50.60%、70.29%;20 cm以下淋溶量分别比化肥处理高出159.5%、111.6%。商品有机肥与化肥相比降低了表层Olsen-P含量,且用量越大作用越明显;商品有机肥土壤淋溶量也低于化肥处理,但用量越大,淋溶量有上升趋势。设施土壤Olsen-P含量高低与施肥时期密切相关,周年呈现"M"形变化规律。不同肥料影响不同,影响大小顺序为猪粪>鸡粪>化肥>商品有机肥。因此,为减少设施土壤Olsen-P的累积与淋溶,鸡粪、猪粪施用量要适当减少,商品有机肥可适当增加。     

The Effects of Fresh and Composted Chicken Manures on Some Soil Characteristics

The effects of fresh and composted chicken manures on some soil characteristics were investigated. Fresh and composted chicken manures were mixed with the soil at the rates of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%, and then were incubated for 90 days. At the end of this incubation period, some soil physical properties closely related to soil aggregation (such as hydraulic conductivity, water stable aggregates, aeration porosity, and available water) and some soil chemical characteristics (such as organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity, EC) were determined. As doses of both manures in the soil mixtures increase, the amounts of water stable aggregates, hydraulic conductivity, and aeration porosity increased, whereas the available water content decreased. Increasing doses of both manures increased the amount of the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen. Application of both manures to the soil increased the EC values, but it was limited in the composted chicken manure.     

黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀对土壤性状的影响

黑土作为东北地区主要的耕作土壤,其结构性状对土地生产力影响极大。土壤侵蚀使肥沃的黑土层减薄,土壤理化性状不同程度地受到破坏和影响。根据黑土侵蚀现状,对不同侵蚀程度黑土坡耕地的养分状况、土壤田间持水量和渗透速度、抗蚀抗冲性能指标的测定分析发现,黑土侵蚀程度由轻度到重度,土壤有机质等养分含量越来越低;土壤蓄渗水能力逐渐减小;土壤抗蚀抗冲性能亦逐渐降低。黑土坡耕地土壤侵蚀程度的加剧,使得土壤有机质含量减少,保肥供肥能力降低,土壤黏度加重,结构变劣,保水能力减弱,影响农作物的生长发育,势必对我国东北黑土区商品粮基地的重要地位构成严重威胁。     

猪粪与牛粪有机肥对水稻产量、养分吸收利用和 土壤肥力的影响

采用连续5年田间定位试验,研究了等量单独施用猪粪或牛粪有机肥以及有机肥与化学肥料配施对水稻产量、氮磷钾养分吸收累积及利用效率、土壤养分含量及其与产量等关系的影响。结果表明:猪粪有机肥施用(7.5t/hm~2+常量化肥、15 t/hm~2+1/2常量化肥和30 t/hm~2+无化肥)时水稻产量、干物质累积、氮磷累积及生理利用效率与常量化肥处理相比无显著差异;牛粪有机肥与化肥减量配施和单独施用时,尽管氮、磷和钾生理利用效率有所提高,但水稻产量、地上部氮、磷和钾累积量均有不同程度下降,且以单独施用时尤为明显。等量猪粪有机肥对土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量以及pH的提升程度大于牛粪有机肥,有机质含量无明显差异;与猪粪有机肥相比,牛粪有机肥施用时土壤养分各指标与水稻产量、干物质累积量、氮磷钾累积量以及利用效率间的相关性更为明显,其中与产量、干物质累积量和氮磷钾累积量极显著负相关,与氮磷钾生理利用效率显著正相关。因此,等量猪粪有机肥和牛粪有机肥的肥效存在较大差异,在实际生产中应根据不同源有机肥特性进行调节施用。     

龙须草对土壤理化性状的影响研究

通过定位试验方法,从定量的角度研究与探讨种植龙须草对土壤理化性状的影响。研究结果表明,龙须草能降低土壤容重,提高土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,适当增加土壤中粘粒、粉粒含量、减少砂粒含量,改善土壤通气透水性能,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤化学性状,从而达到改良土壤耕性的效果。     

城市垃圾等合成有机土壤的理化性质及其对茄子经济性状和产量的影响

系统研究了几种合成有机土壤的理化性质及其对茄子生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明:人工合成有机土壤A组合,生活垃圾、羊粪、玉米秸、菜籽饼、粉煤灰及肥沃土壤容积比为0.20∶0.20∶0.10∶0.03∶0.07∶0.40,加入茄子专用肥发酵处理后,配制成人工合成有机土壤有利于茄子的生长发育。与对照(土壤栽培)比较,容重降低0.31g cm-3,总孔度、毛管孔度、空气孔度分别增加11.71%、4.80%和6.91%;自然含水量、蓄水量分别增加104.67g kg-1和94.93m3hm-2;有机质、速效N、P、K、CEC分别增加14.00 g kg-1、24.73mg kg-1、11.83 mg kg-1、42.91 mg kg-1和5.68 cmol kg-1;重金属离子Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb分别降低0.02 mg kg-1、0.03 mg kg-1、0.32 mg kg-1、0.54 mg kg-1;茄子株高、茎粗、单果重、单株果重、产量、产值、利润分别增加19.57 cm、0.34 cm、74.58g、0.55kg、19.01 t hm-2、1.63万元hm-2和1.05万元hm-2。不同处理间的差异显著性经LSR检验达到显著和极显著水平。     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田可以维持和提高土壤有机质、改良土壤,有利于农业可持续发展。不同类型粪肥还田后对土壤生物学性状的影响不同,为探究这一问题,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)4个处理,研究其对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥具有增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量的趋势。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本试验条件下,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、铵态氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

有机物料对稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过连续5年定位试验,以紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料还田的稻田土壤为对象,研究有机物料还田后不同物理分组下土壤组成特点和有机碳变化特征。结果表明,稻田土壤团聚体主要分布在2~0.25mm与0.25~0.053mm粒级,团聚体颗粒有机碳含量随着粒径的减小而减少。有机物料还田可提高0.25~0.053mm和0.053mm粒级团聚体有机碳的含量,紫云英、秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料可通过提高土壤微团聚体有机碳含量而增加土壤碳库。有机物料施用增加土壤轻组组分颗粒含量,减少重组组分颗粒含量,有助于土壤轻组组分的形成。稻田土壤轻组颗粒有机碳含量与0.25mm和0.053mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈显著相关,与2~0.25mm团聚体颗粒有机碳含量呈极显著相关。稻田土壤施用紫云英、秸秆和商品有机肥等有机物料,可有效提高土壤微团聚体和轻组成分颗粒含量,增加土壤微团聚体和轻组有机碳含量,改变稻田土壤有机碳库组成特征。     

有机肥与化肥长期配施对作物产量和灌漠土养分库的影响

根据河西走廊灌漠土上连续27 a的长期定位试验数据,研究了河西绿洲区灌漠土有机肥和化肥长期配施对作物产量和土壤养分库的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥长期配施增加了作物产量和产量的稳定性;7种施肥方式(单施氮、NP配施、NPK配施、单施有机肥、有机肥+N、有机肥+NP、有机肥+NPK)中,以有机肥与NP或NPK肥配施效果为最佳。长期有机肥和化肥配施增加了N,P,K养分投入量、养分携出量和盈余量;有机肥与化肥配施21~25 a后,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别提高了10.0%~16.0%,58.1%~69.0%和13.4%~31.1%,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了45.7%~79.0%,172.2%~287.8%和21.4%~38.8%,均显著高于对照和单施化肥处理;有机肥与化肥配施处理中,以有机肥与NPK肥配施改善土壤肥力的效果最理想。