昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理和应用研究进展

昆虫性信息素及其类似物在有害生物综合治理中起到了越来越重要的作用,如可以对目标昆虫进行监测、诱捕和迷向等。干扰昆虫行为是一种环境友好型的植物保护策略,近年来已在害虫防治领域广泛使用。干扰昆虫行为的机理一直是科学家研究的主要方向,明确其机理能使之得到更有效合理的应用。本文主要对昆虫性信息素及其类似物干扰昆虫行为的机理,以及缓释材料、施用剂量及密度、与其他挥发性物质在田间混合应用等方面的研究进展进行简要综述。     

合成性信息素迷向法防治玉米螟

在张家口地区越冬代亚洲玉米螟交配场所(小麦和大蒜田)用合成性信息素干扰螟蛾交配。试验结果证明:减少了玉米田内第一代种群的发生量。每公顷使用150～750mg,对螟蛾交尾的定向抑制率分别达到93.2～100％,交配抑制率分别为47.8～85.8％。每公顷600～750mg、每个散发器0.1～0.4mg的4个处理和每公顷450mg、4500个散发器的处理,交配抑制率高达79.3～85.8％,并取得百株卵量减少77.6～89.3％,以及百株蛀孔减少74.5～85.6％的防治效果。     

昆虫类信息素研究进展及应用前景

昆虫信息素具有微量、高效、无毒、不伤害天敌、不污染环境等优点,在害虫综合治理中发挥着重要作用。然而,天然信息素的高挥发性和在空气快速氧化以及合成成本高等问题限制了其在害虫综合治理中的实际应用。与天然信息素相比,昆虫类信息素具有更好的物理、化学和毒理性等优点,可以弥补天然信息素的不足,现已成为国内外的研究焦点。本研究对昆虫类信息素的概念与类型、研发与合成、特性及应用前景等方面进行归纳总结,阐述了利用昆虫类信息素在害虫综合治理上的研究状况,并展望了其应用前景。     

高剂量性信息素环境对草地贪夜蛾求偶和交配行为的影响

本文在风洞中模拟形成高浓度性信息素Z7-12:Ac、Z9-14:Ac和 Z11-16:Ac 环境,研究草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)的求偶和交配行为,为进一步开发交配干扰技术提供技术参数和依据。研究结果表明,在高剂量性信息素环境下,草地贪夜蛾雄蛾的暗期活动时间延后,而雌蛾的活动节律则没有变化,雌雄蛾之间产生了活动节律的时间差。同时,雌雄交配率和交配持续时间显著下降,交配日龄则显著延迟2 d。由于交配日龄延迟,产卵量及其孵化率也相应降低。性信息素喷射时间间隔对草地贪夜蛾性信息素释放滴度有显著影响,当间隔时间为5、10、20 min时,雌蛾释放的性信息素滴度显著下降,以5 min为最低。因此,高剂量性信息素环境不仅影响雄蛾对性信息素的定向,对雌雄蛾间化学通讯和交配也有显著影响。     

高剂量性信息素迷向技术防控梨小食心虫的田间应用效果评价

剂量控制是迷向技术防控梨小食心虫的关键,本文通过田间试验研究了新型材料装置固体迷向丝和高剂量自动信息素喷施系统对梨园梨小食心虫的防治效果和持效期,以期探讨新型材料和释放技术在害虫迷向中的应用。结果表明,性信息素在傍晚18：00―20：00对梨小食心虫的诱捕量占全天的93.7%,田间虫量监测以绿色粘胶诱捕器效果较好。常规化学防治处理区对梨小食心虫的平均诱蛾量为42.13头,平均蛀果率为2.64%,相对于常规化学防治处理区,新型材料固体迷向丝、高剂量自动信息素喷施系统处理区平均诱蛾量分别为1.00头、5.31头,对成虫的迷向率分别为91.84%～100%、70.86%～98.25%,平均为97.96%、91.41%,平均蛀果率分别为0.81%、0.95%,在8月采果期的蛀果防治效果分别达85.79%、77.16%,防控持效期可达6个月以上。     

二化螟性诱剂迷向防治作用的研究

1997～ 1999年 ,在安徽省广德县应用性诱剂对越冬代二化螟进行了较大面积的迷向防治试验。结果表明 ,田间放置诱芯150～750个/hm²的迷向率为71.1%～80.7% ;每公顷放置诱芯750、300～375、120～150个和 30个的迷向区卵量比对照区分别下降79.4%～86.1%、72.9%～84.7%、58.3%～65.1%和58.9% ;每公顷放置60个诱芯的大面积迷向示范区中稻秧田和早稻大田卵块量分别比对照下降 82.4%和73.2% ,早稻大田枯鞘丛率比对照下降70.4%。应用性诱剂迷向防治二化螟 ,方法简便 ,成本低 ,无公害 ,可望成为目前单季稻区6月底前不用或少用农药且能控制第一代二化螟危害的有效方法     

Effects of application rate and interval on the efficacy of sprayable pheromone for mating disruption of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta

The efficacy of microencapsulated sprayable pheromone was evaluated at different application rates and intervals for mating disruption of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta (Busck), in apple orchards during 2002. The following treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications: (i) a low rate of pheromone (6.2 g a.i. ha⁻¹) applied at 14-day intervals, (ii) a medium rate of pheromone (12.4 g a.i. ha⁻¹) applied at 28-day intervals, (iii) a high rate of pheromone (24.7 g a.i. ha⁻¹) applied at 28- day intervals, and (iv) a non-pheromone control (insecticides only). The combination of a single insecticide application against first generationG. molesta at petal fall with one pheromone application each for the second, third and fourth generations at 12.4–24.7 g a.i. ha⁻¹ successfully controlled low populations. Pheromone-treated blocks. had significantly lower trap catches than those in the insecticide-treated control blocks. Among pheromone treatments, significantly more moths were caught in the 6.2 g compared with the 12.4 and 24.7 g rates. Fruit damage was <1% at harvest and there were no significant differences among treatments. Low rate frequent applications of sprayable formulation appeared to be effective under low pest pressure but efficacy declined with increasing populations. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach under higher pest pressure. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 13, 2005.     

Efficacy of mating disruption technique against carob moth,Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in pomegranate orchards in Southeast Turkey (Şanlıurfa)

Carob moth, Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a key pest in pomegranate orchards in Southeast of Turkey. The pest causes significant damage and reduces marketability of fruits, and is difficult to control with insecticides. Therefore, it is imperative to develop environmentally sound effective alternative management approaches. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mating disruption technique and determine the appropriate application dose for the management of the pest. The study was carried out in Central and Suruç districts of ?anl?urfa province (Turkey) in 2011 and 2012. SPLAT EC (Specialized Pheromone-Lure Application Technology) trade named dispenser containing 2% Z7, E9-11-dodecatrienyl formate pheromone mimic was applied at 500, 625 and 750 g/ha in three pomegranate orchards in each district. Results indicated that mating disruption technique significantly reduced the pest populations. But effectiveness of the method was less in terms of the damage rate on fruits. Pheromone applied at 500 g/ha was not effective. However, application at 625 g/ha reduced the pest populations to an acceptable level. Thus, the concentration could be considered an appropriate dose for the less abundant pest population within integrated pest management while higher population would require combining the mating disruption method with a bio-insecticide.