有机肥施用对土壤铜形态的影响研究

选取以猪粪为原料的商品有机肥,通过室内培养试验,采用BCR连续萃取法,研究了不同用量、含不同Cu浓度、不同Zn浓度有机肥的施用对土壤Cu形态变化的影响。选取15,30,45 Mg/hm2 的施肥量进行对比,发现增施有机肥使土壤Cu的氧化物结合态显著减少,有机结合态显著增加,土壤中Cu的活性态含量总体减少。Cu浓度较高的有机肥施入土壤后,使土壤Cu的酸提取态和有机结合态明显增加,增强了土壤Cu的活性。土壤中Cu、Zn的交互作用体现了两种元素对土壤不同组分吸附的竞争优势,相对来说Cu与土壤有机物的亲和力更强,Zn浓度升高能置换出土壤中氧化物结合态Cu。     

Zinc Efficiency of Wheat Cultivars Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a yield limiting constraint for wheat production in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) to study Zn use efficiency of five wheat cultivars. Two Zn rates were used, i.e., 0 and 40 kg Zn ha^?1 applied as zinc sulfate. Significant variation was found among wheat cultivars in relation to grain yield, straw yield, Zn use efficiency and yield components. Based on grain yield and Zn use efficiency across two years, cultivar Cross was most efficient and Dur-3 was most inefficient for Zn use efficiency. Cultivars Kavir, Falat, and Rushan were intermediate in Zn use efficiency. Zinc concentration and uptake were higher in the zinc efficient cultivar Cross, while these values were lowest in the Zn inefficient cultivar Dur-3.     

Extractability and Transformation of Copper and Zinc Added to Tropical Savanna Soil under Long-Term Pasture

The extractability and slow reactions of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in a weathered savanna soil under Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria smutsii, and Stylosanthes guianensis pastures were determined in a laboratory incubation study using a sequential extraction to remove operationally defined fractions of the metals, consisting of exchangeable, organically bound, precipitate [occluded in aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides], and residual metal fractions. The soils from the pasture fields were spiked with 100 mg Cu kg^–1 soil and 200 mg Zn kg^–1 soil for 24 weeks. Copper and Zn extractable with 1 N potassium nitrate (KNO₃) solution decreased exponentially with time but reached a steady state after 2–3 weeks. The concentrations of Cu and Zn exchangeable with potassium (K) were greater in the Digitaria smutsii field soil than Brachiaria decumbens and Stylosanthes guianensis field soils. The exchangeability of added Cu and Zn (indexed Mⁿ⁺ _(exch)) with time was described by a simple exponential decay equation: Mⁿ⁺ _(exch) = αe^βt, where α is a constant, β is a coefficient that defines the rate of transformation of added Cu and Zn from the exchangeable to nonexchangeable pools, and t is time. The β values for Cu (0.040–0.076 mg kg^–1 d^–1) were almost 10 times greater than those of Zn (0.005–0.007 mg kg^–1 d^–1). Sequential extraction of added Cu and Zn indicated that between 26 and 30% of the total Cu and between 19 and 30% of the total Zn were associated with organic matter. Similarly, between 35 and 38% of total Cu and between 47 and 60% of total Zn were associated with Fe, Al, and manganese (Mn) oxides. The differential capacity of the pasture fields to transform added Cu and Zn from exchangeable and labile form to nonlabile and nonexchangeable form appears to be governed by organic matter (OM), pH, and active Fe ratio in the pasture field soils.     

木醋液对Cd污染石灰性土壤理化性质及Cd形态转化的影响

为寻找可行的强化Cd污染土壤植物修复的方法,通过室内培养试验,设置7个不同稀释梯度木醋液添加处理,研究木醋液对石灰性重金属污染土壤的理化性质、酶活性和Cd形态的影响。结果表明:随木醋液浓度升高,土壤pH逐渐降低,EC(除原液外)无明显变化。土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较CK分别增加0.35%~66.64%,9.74%~96.10%,31.71%~56.64%,8.34%~30.87%。稀释10~100倍土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性明显增加,而稀释5倍和木醋液原液处理土壤酶活性显著被抑制(P＜0.05)。土壤可交换态Cd含量除稀释5倍处理外较CK均[JP]显著升高(P＜0.05),增加24.69%~72.40%。各处理Cd的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物态及有机物结合态含量较CK均升高,分别为6.67%~196.70%,16.24%~80.09%,31.51%~70.32%。Cd残渣态含量与CK相比均显著降低,降幅为45.88%~59.93%(P＜0.05)。综上所述,添加适宜浓度的木醋液可提高土壤养分含量和酶活性,促进残渣态Cd向其他形态转化。     

水分和有机物料对锌污染土壤改良的耦合效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验相结合的方式,系统研究了3种土壤水分含量条件下,添加不同有机物料对锌污染土壤的改良效应。研究结果表明:淹水、田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下添加有机物料均有利于污染土壤中可交换态Zn含量的降低,铁锰氧化物及有机结合态Zn含量的增加。3种水分条件培养土壤中,以淹水条件下,麦苗体内Zn的含量最低,麦苗的生长发育最好。田间持水量和65%相对含水量条件下麦苗部分发育指标差异不显著。添加不同有机物料对促进麦苗生长的影响顺序大致为:蚯蚓粪草炭猪粪CK。     

秸秆还田对石灰性土壤Zn扩散迁移及形态转化的影响

有机碳(特别是活性组分)通过络合、螯合等作用对土壤锌(Zn)的迁移转化起重要作用。目前,作物秸秆还田已经代替传统有机肥,成为中国提高粮田土壤有机碳含量及质量的最主要措施。基于此,采用半扩散池装置通过室内模拟试验探究了秸秆还田对石灰性土壤有效Zn(二乙三胺五乙酸浸提态Zn,即DTPA-Zn)扩散迁移及Zn形态转化的影响,以期为提高石灰性土壤Zn有效性及移动性,进而改善作物对Zn的吸收利用提供科学依据。结果表明,单独秸秆还田显著提高了土壤有机碳及活性碳组分(如溶解性有机碳(DOC)和富里酸(FA))含量,但对土壤DTPA-Zn的扩散迁移及Zn形态转化影响甚微。单施Zn肥通过提高松结有机态Zn(Lom-Zn)含量及其在全Zn中的分布,显著改善了土壤DTPA-Zn含量及扩散迁移能力;但是,其扩散的DTPA-Zn却主要被限制在非施肥区15 mm以内(45 d),这可能与外源Zn在石灰性土壤上的无效化有关。当秸秆还田与Zn配施时,土壤DTPA-Zn和各形态Zn含量与单施Zn肥相似,但DTPA-Zn的最远扩散距离可达非施肥区20 mm(45 d)处,且累积扩散量和扩散比率均高于单独施Zn。秸秆还田配施Zn肥施肥区土壤活性碳组分(DOC和FA)含量的提升,有效地抑制了外源Zn向无效态组分(残渣态)转化,进而提高了土壤DTPA-Zn的含量及扩散迁移能力。可见,在秸秆还田条件下,土壤施Zn是一种有效提升石灰性土壤有效Zn含量同时兼顾Zn扩散迁移能力的重要措施。     

Changes in Fractions of Iron,Manganese, Copper,and Zinc in Soil under Continuous Cropping for More Than Three Decades

The effect of continuous cropping with maize and wheat on soil characteristics and various forms of micronutrient cations in an Incetisol over the years was studied in an ongoing long‐term experiment in New Delhi, India. The soil samples collected in the years of 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2004 were analyzed for different fractions of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) by following a sequential extraction procedure. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) content of the soil varied from 8.28 to 8.53, 0.40 to 0.43 dSm^?1, and 0.92 to 1.05%, respectively. Organic carbon content ranged from 0.38 in the control to 0.67% in 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM). Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Fe and Mn (but not Zn and Cu) in soil declined from their respective initial (1971) values as a result of intensive cropping for more than three decades. It also resulted in a decrease in the concentrations of all the four metallic cations bound to organic matter, in addition to Fe and Zn, associated with carbonates in all the treatments in surface soil.     

Residual Effect of Copper and Zinc from Fertilizers on Plant Concentration,Phytotoxicity, and Crop Yield Response

Abstract

To avoid toxicity resulting in reduced crop yields and/or phytotoxic symptoms on the foliage, information on the residual effect of micronutrient fertilization after periods of application is desirable. This article includes discussion on the micronutrients copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), because they are essential and are of concern from plant and animal standpoints. In general, no detrimental effects in yield reduction or phytotoxicity were noted from Cu applications of up to 50 kg Cu ha^?1 to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Barley was an exception where 50 kg Cu ha^?1 decreased yield by about 12% in the first‐year crop. The Cu levels in plants did not exceed 9 mg kg^?1. Studies showed that Zn applications of 50 kg ha^?1 for 2 years in succession and the resulting crop tissue Zn levels as high as 105 mg kg^?1 did not cause any phytotoxicity in cereals. The results of this study suggest that cereals can tolerate high levels of Cu and Zn.     

长江三角洲典型地区土壤有效铜和锌的时空变化及其影响因素研究

在2004年土壤调查数据的基础上,参照1982年土壤普查的资料,分析了张家港市土壤中有效铜和有效锌的时空变化趋势,并探讨了土壤性质、农业生产管理措施及环境污染等因素对它们的影响。研究结果表明:二十几年来,该地区土壤中有效铜和有效锌含量有了显著增加。在空间上,虽然土壤有效性铜和锌在水耕人为土高于北部的潮湿雏形土的格局没有改变,但在局部地区积聚的现象较为明显。这些时空变异的特征是由于二十多年来该地区农业生产管理措施的改变,工业发展等的外在因素,通过土壤性质发生改变(pH降低、有机质含量增加)而造成的。同时,工业、农业和城市活动带来的废弃物进入土壤中,也可导致土壤有效铜和锌含量增加。土壤有效铜和锌的时空演变,导致了研究区出现了铜过量的土壤,因此今后注意土壤铜过量对作物产生的危害。而土壤有效锌虽然有所增加,但大部分土壤仍处于较低或缺乏的状态,农业生产中应注意恰当施用锌肥,以提高作物产量,改善作物品质。     

生物炭对铜矿区排土场污染土壤理化性质和重金属形态的影响

为了探讨在重金属胁迫下,不同用量(0,1%,2%,4%)生物炭对土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷以及重金属形态的影响,以铜矿区排土场污染土壤为研究对象,开展室内盆钵试验。结果表明：与对照K相比,在不同剂量生物炭处理下,土壤pH、有机碳、全N和全P增幅分别为3.5%～23.0%,5.6%～13.2%,2.9%～6.8%和3.4%～9.5%,酸溶态Cd, Pb, Cu和Zn含量降幅分别为65.5%～71.2%,49.9%～71.5%,34.6%～50.6%和45.3%～52.1%,可还原态Cd, Pb, Cu和Zn含量降幅分别为71.5%～74.3%,44.4%～63.6%,38.5%～57.8%和29.1～39.1%,可氧化态Cd含量降幅为15.6%～36.9%,可氧化态Pb, Cu和Zn含量增幅分别为16.9%～20.5%、3.9%～26.0%和18.8%～55.9%,残渣态Cd, Pb, Cu和Zn含量增幅分别为42.4%～44.2%,11.0%～23.5%,15.0%～37.9%和20.0%～41.9%。添加生物炭可以提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,对土壤全磷含量也略有增加,但...     

不同有机物料对苏打碱化土有机碳库和化学性质的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区苏打碱化土为研究对象开展田间试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC)、牛粪+常规施肥(CD)、玉米秸秆+常规施肥(SW)和羊粪+常规施肥(GM)5个处理,研究不同有机物料添加对碱化土壤有机碳(SOC)库和化学性质的影响。分别于2019年和2020年收获季采集0—30 cm耕层土壤,分析不同有机物料添加下SOC及其活性碳组分和主要盐碱指标的变化特征及其相关关系。结果表明:与CK相比,2019年和2020年各有机物料添加处理下SOC平均增幅分别为22.7%和17.2%,土壤有机碳储量(SOCs)平均增幅分别为22.9%和18.2%;4种有机物料均提高了碱化土壤活性有机碳组分含量,其中,CD和GM处理下各活性碳组分含量增幅较其他处理更高;2019年各有机物料添加处理下碳库管理指数(CPMI)较CK提高53.8%~108.3%,2020年提高71.3%~144.1%(P＜0.05),CD和GM对CPMI的提升作用更明显。土壤化学性质方面,2020年各有机物添加处理下pH均显著下降,BC和CD处理下碱化度(ESP)分别显著下降36.9%和29.3%,CD处理下蔗糖酶活性提高36.7%(P＜0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,影响苏打碱化土SOC含量变化的主要因素为活性有机碳组分和ESP。牛粪和羊粪施用对苏打碱化土有机碳库质量提升作用较好,生物炭施用对盐碱化指标改良效果最明显。     

Zinc Application Effects on Yield and Seed Oil Content of Sunflower Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments (2000–2001 and 2001–2002) were conducted at two nearby fields in the Qanavat region of Qom province, central Iran, to investigate the effects of zinc (Zn) fertilization on production of sunflower. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments in three replicates. Treatments were: Zn₀ (non-Zn fertilized), Zn₁₀, Zn₂₀, Zn₃₀, and Zn₆₀ (soil application of 10, 20, 30, and 60 kg Zn ha^?1, respectively), and Zn_Spray (foliar spraying of 0.5 kg Zn ha^?1 using ZnSO₄). Seeds of sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. ‘Record’) were planted on June 20, 2000 and June 15, 2001. At harvest, shoot and seed yields as well as concentration of Zn, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), and chloride (Cl) in leaves of sunflower were determined. Addition of 20 kg Zn ha^?1 significantly increased seed production and shoot dry-matter yield of sunflower, while other Zn treatments had no significant effect on shoot dry-matter yield, or decreased it. The thousand-seed weight was the yield component most affected by Zn fertilization, while plant height and head diameter did not change. The maximum content of seed oil was achieved under the Zn₁₀ treatment, then decreased at higher rates of soil-applied Zn such that oil content of seed under the Zn₃₀ and Zn₆₀, treatments was significantly lower than that of the control. Seed oil content was unaffected by foliar spraying of Zn. The concentration of Zn in sunflower leaves was increased with an increase in soil-added Zn of from 0 to 60 kg Zn ha^?1. The highest leaf concentrations of Zn (162 and 175 mg kg^?1 day matter (DM) in the first and second year, respectively) were achieved by foliar application of ZnSO₄. Leaf concentration of Fe was significantly increased in the Zn₂₀ treatment compared with the control but decreased at the higher rates of soil-added ZnSO₄. Soil addition of different levels of ZnSO₄ decreased concentration of Na and Cl in leaves. The lowest concentration of Na and Cl in leaves was observed under Zn₂₀. The results of this study suggest that soil application of a suitable amount of Zn has a positive effect on both quantitative and qualitative yield of sunflower in saline, calcareous soils.     

不同来源有机物料对菜用蚕豆生长和品质及根际土壤性状的影响

通过盆栽试验,分析了不同来源有机物料(鸡粪、牛粪、菇渣)对菜用蚕豆生长和品质、根际土化学和生物学性状的影响。结果表明：(1)3种有机物料对蚕豆分枝数、荚干重、籽粒干重、大粒重、大粒蚕豆占比、籽粒淀粉含量均有积极作用,其中牛粪和菇渣能显著(P<0.05)提高大粒蚕豆占比,鸡粪能显著(P<0.05)提高二粒荚和三粒荚的占比,并且对籽粒淀粉含量的提升效果最为明显(比对照增加69.1%);(2)3种有机物料增加了根际土中细菌、真菌数量,显著(P<0.05)提高了根际土中性转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶活性(除牛粪使中性转化酶活性提高不显著外),其中鸡粪对细菌数量、中性转化酶活性、脲酶活性的提高程度均最大;(3)鸡粪能显著(P<0.05)增加根际土有机碳、全氮、NH₄⁺-N含量,牛粪、鸡粪能显著(P<0.05)提高土壤p H。大粒蚕豆占比与土壤酸性磷酸酶活性、有效磷含量呈显著正相关。蚕豆淀粉含量与细菌数量、中性转化酶活性、有机碳、全氮、NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著正相关,这说明有...     

施污土壤与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布

污泥中的重金属元素是限制其大规模农田利用的重要因素。施污土壤和污泥中重金属的形态研究可以用来评价土壤中重金属的生物有效性以及它们在土壤中的移动性。用修正BCR三步连续提取法进行分步提取研究了污水污泥和施污后的西红柿地土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的形态分布状况。施用污泥堆肥10t hm-2后的土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的全量与各种形态含量无明显增加,Cu、Pb、Zn含量远低于国家土壤环境质量标准。土壤中Cu的各种形态分布关系是:残渣态>可还原态=可氧化态>可交换态和弱酸溶解态,Cu在土壤中的存在是以最稳定的残渣态为主。堆肥污泥与干化污泥相比,残渣态Cu的比例明显增加。土壤中Pb的各种形态分布关系是以残渣态和可还原态为主,但可氧化态的分布比例最小。土壤中Cd的可交换态、可还原态和残渣态各占据相等的含量,但可氧化态Cd的含量几乎为零。Zn在土壤中的各种形态分布关系是:可交换态和弱酸溶解态>可氧化态>可还原态>残渣态,Zn在土壤中的存在是以最易迁移的可交换态和弱酸溶解态为主。这些金属元素在土壤中的相对稳定性顺序为:Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。Zn在土壤中的移动性要远高于Cu。     

长期施肥对棕壤有机碳及各组分的影响

本文通过棕壤长期定位施肥试验,研究了玉米-玉米-大豆轮作条件下不同施肥处理土壤有机碳及其不同密度组分的变化及其影响因素。结果表明:经过27年的长期不同施肥,土壤有机碳含量有了明显变化,总的变化趋势是:高量有机肥区(12.30gkg-1)>低量有机肥区(11.41gkg-1)>化肥区(9.95gkg-1)>1979年(试验前9.03gkg-1)>对照处理(8.23gkg-1),尤其以高量有机肥配施化肥处理的有机碳水平最高,氮磷钾配合施用有机碳水平要高于其它单施化肥处理;长期施肥可以显著提高土壤中轻组部分含量和轻组有机碳含量,不同施肥处理间差异显著。单施化肥处理,特别是氮磷钾配合施用,轻组部分数量和轻组有机碳含量高于无肥处理和试验前土壤。有机无机肥配合施用轻组有机碳含量明显高于单施化肥处理。施用不同肥料均可以提高土壤重组有机碳含量,有机无机肥配施效果明显。     

6种固化剂对土壤Pb Cd Cu Zn的固化效果

通过在重金属污染土壤中分别施加沸石、石灰石、硅藻土、羟基磷灰石、膨润土和海泡石6种固化剂,研究了这6种固化剂对土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的固化效果,筛选出几种效果较好的固化剂。实验结果表明：沸石、石灰石和羟基磷灰石均能够有效地降低土壤中交换态Pb、Cd的含量,并且明显减少了土壤中Pb、Cd的毒性浸出量,其中沸石最多降低土壤中交换态Pb、Cd含量分别达到48.7%和56.2%,减少土壤中Pb、Cd的毒性浸出量达到37.1%和30.1%;沸石、石灰石均能够有效降低土壤中交换态Cu的含量,降低量分别高达68.1%和85.2%,膨润土能有效减少土壤中Cu的毒性浸出量,减少量最高达到66.51%;石灰石对土壤中Zn有着良好的固化效果。     

Effect of Liming on the Plant Availability and Distribution of Zinc and Copper among Soil Fractions

Abstract

Information on the redistribution of applied micronutrients into different fractions as a result of lime application is important to predict plant accumulation of nutrients and to select appropriate chemical extraction procedures for evaluation of micronutrient availability. The present work was carried out to study the influence of liming on the availability and redistribution of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) among soil fractions. Additionally, the effect of liming was evaluated on the recovery of these micronutrients by different chemical extractants (Mehlich‐1, Mehlich‐3, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), which were correlated with Zn and Cu concentrations in corn (Zea mays L.) plants and soil fractions (exchangeable, organic matter, amorphous iron oxides, and crystalline iron oxides). The results showed that Zn added to soil samples that did not receive lime was retained mainly in the exchangeable and organic matter fractions. The liming resulted in distribution of Zn into iron oxides and as a result decreased the plant accumulation of Zn. Mehlich‐3 was the most efficient extractant to predict the plant accumulation of Zn in the acid soils, whereas DTPA was the most efficient in the limed soils. The oxide crystalline fraction was the major fraction responsible for retaining Cu in the soils. However, Cu added to soil was distributed mainly into organic matter. Mehlich‐3 was the most suitable extractant for predicting the bioavailability of Cu in limed or unlimed soils.     

石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

Distribution of Zinc Fractions in Some Major Soils of India and the Impact on Nutrition of Rice

Abstract

Speciation study of microelements in soils is useful to assess their retention and release by the soil to the plant. Laboratory and greenhouse investigations were conducted for five soils of different agro‐ecological zones (viz., Bhuna, Delhi, Cooch‐Behar, Gurgaon, and Pabra) with diverse physicochemical properties to study the distribution of zinc (Zn) among the soil fractions with respect to the availability of Zn species for uptake by rice plant. A sequential extraction procedure was used that fractionated total soil Zn into water‐soluble (WS), exchangeable (EX), specifically adsorbed (SA), acid‐soluble (AS), manganese (Mn)‐oxide‐occluded (Mn‐OX), organic‐matter‐occluded (OM), amorphous iron (Fe)‐oxide‐bound (AFe‐OX), crystalline Fe‐oxide‐bound (CFe‐OX), and residual (RES) forms. There was a wide variation in the magnitude of these fractions among the soils. The studies revealed that more than 90% of the total Zn content occurred in the relatively inactive clay lattice and other mineral‐bound form (RES) and that only a small fraction occurred in the forms of WS, EX, OM, AFe‐OX, and CFe‐OX. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differ widely in their sensitivity to Zn deficiency. Results suggested that Zn in water‐soluble, organic complexes, exchange positions, and amorphous sesquioxides were the fractions (pools) that played a key role in the uptake of Zn by the rice varieties (viz., Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1, Pusa‐44, Pusa‐834, Jaya, and Pusa‐677). Isotopic ally exchangeable Zn (labile Zn) was recorded higher in Typic Ustrochrept of Pabra soil, and uptake of Zn by rice cultivars was also higher in this soil. The kinetic parameters such as maximum influx at high concentrations (I_max) and nutrient concentration in solution where influx is one half of I_max (K_m) behaved differentially with respect to varieties. The highest I_max value recorded was 9.2×10^?7 µmol cm^?2 s^?1 at the 5 mg kg^?1 Zn rate for Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1, and the same was lowest for Pusa‐44, being 4.6×10^?7 µmol cm^?2 s^?1 at the 5 mg kg^?1 Zn rate. The K_m value was highest for Pusa‐44 (2.1×10^?4µmol cm^?2 s^?1) and lowest for Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1 (1.20×10^?4µmol cm^?2 s^?1). The availability of Zn to rice cultivars in Typic Ustrochrepts of Bhuna and Delhi soils, which are characterized by higher activation energy and entropy factor, was accompanied by breakage of bonds or by significant structural changes.     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。