盲蝽交配行为研究进展

交配对昆虫的繁衍至关重要,决定了昆虫种群的发展趋势。半翅目盲蝽科昆虫具有繁殖快,产卵量大,世代重叠严重等特点,使其容易暴发难以防控,严重影响了农业的生产和发展。本文针对盲蝽的交配行为进行综述,系统阐明了盲蝽科不同物种间交配特征、交配高峰、交配节律以及交配次数的差异,并对盲蝽科昆虫存在的多次交配行为和交配后抑制现象及机理进行了简要介绍,论述了抑性欲素对盲蝽科昆虫交配后行为的调控。通过以上论述,为针对盲蝽交配行为开发新型交配干扰剂并用于盲蝽的综合防治提供理论依据。     

猎物对普通草蛉发育和繁殖能力的影响

为探讨不同猎物对普通草蛉[Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens)]幼虫生长发育和成虫繁殖能力的影响,研究了普通草蛉幼虫取食棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)、萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]、榆长斑蚜[Tinocallis saltans(Nevsky)]、截形叶螨(Tetranychus truncatus Ehara)、枸杞木虱(Poratrioza sinica YangLi)和麦蛾[Sitotroga cerealella(Olivier)]卵共6种食物时的生长发育和成虫繁殖能力。结果表明:幼虫取食棉蚜发育历期最短,为(9.66±0.13)d、取食麦蛾卵发育历期最长,为(11.35±0.26)d;取食麦蛾卵时蛹期最短,为(7.33±0.16)d、取食萝卜蚜时蛹期最长,为(8.85±0.25)d;幼虫取食棉蚜死亡率最低,为(20.05±0.2)%、取食萝卜蚜时死亡率最高,为(31.25±0.52)%;幼虫取食截形叶螨不能完成幼虫期生长发育;幼虫取食棉蚜时蛹最重,为(8.27±0.20)mg,取食枸杞木虱时蛹最轻,为(7.28±0.18)mg;幼虫取食枸杞木虱时羽化率最低,为(69.29±0.79)%、取食萝卜蚜时羽化率最高,为(77.25±1.94)%;幼虫取食麦蛾卵时雌虫寿命最长,为(71.54±1.87)d、取食榆长斑蚜时雌虫寿命最短,为(57.35±3.66)d。幼虫取食不同食物对普通草蛉成虫产卵前期和产卵量无显著影响。幼虫食物是影响普通草蛉生长发育和繁殖能力的重要因素之一,普通草蛉幼虫取食棉蚜最适合其生长发育和繁殖。     

Use of predatory mirids for control of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sardinian greenhouse tomatoes

The introduction of Tuta absoluta in Sardinia (Italy) has caused an important increase in the number of insecticide treatments applied for pest management on greenhouse tomatoes, thus raising growers' demand for alternative control options. To evaluate the efficacy of releasing two specimens of Macrolophus pygmaeus or Nesidiocoris tenuis per m² for the control of tomato borer infestations, an investigation was conducted under field conditions between August 2010 and July 2011. The tests were carried out on 18 commercial greenhouse crops. Fifteen other greenhouses, where no biocontrol agents were released, were also surveyed as controls. The release of the mirid bugs resulted in poor population growth of predators, which reached a peak density of 1.79 individuals per plant. In approximately half of the cases, this was caused by the application of pesticides (usually abamectin and oxamyl) which are highly toxic to the predatory mirids. However, even in crops where only products regarded as harmless to beneficials were used (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis‐based insecticides), both M. pygmaeus and N. tenuis failed to achieve the levels necessary for effective pest control. Presumably factors other than pesticide‐related mortality contributed significantly to delaying mirid population build‐up. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the feasibility of improving the efficacy of releases of the predatory mirids by the implementation of measures that may contribute to enhancing the establishment of these beneficials on tomato crops.     

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Tunisia: current status and management strategies

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was first identified in the region of Akkouda in October 2008 before it spread to all tomato‐producing areas in Tunisia. The introduction of this pest disturbed existing pest control programmes in greenhouses and open fields, forcing Tunisian growers to use more chemicals to reduce its impact on their crops. A national programme was adopted to control T. absoluta, including cultural practices, the use of pheromones, the installation of insect‐proof screens in greenhouses, and the use of organic insecticides including Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki (Bt) and plant extract‐based products. In addition, a few experiments in biological control, using the predatory Mirid Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Heteroptera: Miridae) and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were conducted in greenhouses and open‐field crops (producing tomatoes for fresh consumption as well as for processing). This paper describes the status of T. absoluta in Tunisia, including data collected from sex pheromone traps installed in six tomato‐producing areas (Takelssa, Korba, Teboulba, Bekalta, Sousse and Kairouan) between 2009 and 2011, and control strategies in greenhouses and open fields.     

微刺盲蝽的生物学特性研究概述(半翅目∶盲蝽科)

微刺盲蝽属 (Campylomma)昆虫既可取食植物如棉花、苹果、梨、芒果和茄子等 ,对农作物造成一定的危害 ,又可捕食多种害虫并成功地应用于生物防治。在害虫与益虫之间难以作一个明确的界定。本文介绍了该属昆虫的主要生物学特性和研究进展 ,旨在为该属昆虫作为害虫和天敌昆虫的进一步研究提供基础。     

棉盲蝽生态学特性的研究Ⅱ.棉株化学成分的含量与盲蝽为害的关系

本文根据棉盲蝽对棉株的为害特性,结合棉株不同部位化学成分含量的分析,提出盲蝽对棉株的为害程度与棉株内含氮量成正相关,即含氮量愈高,为害愈重。而与棉株内的含糖量、含水量和 pH 值的变动无关。根据上述结果,为利用合理施肥、灌溉和及时进行棉田管理等一系列农业措施,提出可以控制棉盲蝽为害的依据。     

华南地区中华微刺盲蝽种群动态及迁移规律

2002-2003年分别在广州和深圳调查研究了中华微刺盲蝽在胜红蓟、黄槐决明、野茼蒿、肖梵天花和黄皮、芒果、龙眼、荔枝上的种群动态及迁移规律。结果表明,该盲蝽在胜红蓟、黄槐、野茼蓠、肖梵天花上的自然种群数量大,全年共发生1～3个高峰期,高峰期的时间主要集中在3-5月份和11-12月份;中华微刺盲蝽在胜红蓟上的种群密度与蓟马数量存在显著相关性,与蚜虫数量无显著相关性;中华微刺盲蝽成虫在4种果树上分布的时间与果树的花期吻合,且在果园存在明显的迁移规律。因此,在田间中华微刺盲蝽具有较好的保护及利用价值。     

A review of biocontrol agents in controlling late blight of potatoes and tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans and the underlying mechanisms

Phytophthora infestans causes late blight on potatoes and tomatoes, which has a significant economic impact on agriculture. The management of late blight has been largely dependent on the application of synthetic fungicides, which is not an ultimate solution for sustainable agriculture and environmental safety. Biocontrol strategies are expected to be alternative methods to the conventional chemicals in controlling plant diseases in the integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Well-studied biocontrol agents against Phytophthora infestans include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, and compounds produced by these antagonists, in addition to certain bioactive metabolites produced by plants. Laboratory and glasshouse experiments suggest a potential for using biocontrol in practical late blight disease management. However, the transition of biocontrol to field applications is problematic for the moment, due to low and variable efficacies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary on these biocontrol strategies and the underlying corresponding mechanisms. To give a more intuitive understanding of the promising biocontrol agents against Phytophthora infestans in agricultural systems, we discuss the utilizations, modes of action and future potentials of these antagonists based on their taxonomic classifications. To achieve a goal of best possible results produced by biocontrol agents, it is suggested to work on field trials, strain modifications, formulations, regulations, and optimizations of application. Combined biocontrol agents having different modes of action or biological adaptation traits may be used to strengthen the biocontrol efficacy. More importantly, biological control agents should be applied in the coordination of other existing and forthcoming methods in the IPM programs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

盲蝽成虫食诱剂的田间诱捕效果

本试验对盲蝽食诱剂中试产品进行了田间诱捕效果评价。结果表明,丙烯酸丁酯和丙酸丁酯按质量比3∶1配制的食诱剂对盲蝽成虫诱捕效果明显,诱捕量显著高于对照。2015年河北黄骅苜蓿田中,该食诱剂配方对盲蝽成虫的总诱捕量是对照的3.9倍,2016年河南新乡和河北廊坊绿豆田、河北廊坊棉花田中该食诱剂诱捕盲蝽总量分别是对照的55.3倍和39.0倍、15.6倍,均显著高于对照。诱捕到的盲蝽种类有绿盲蝽、中黑盲蝽、三点盲蝽和苜蓿盲蝽,苜蓿田优势种苜蓿盲蝽和绿盲蝽、绿豆和棉花田优势种绿盲蝽的诱捕量同样显著高于对照。这表明,盲蝽食诱剂对田间盲蝽成虫具有明显的诱捕效果,可用于盲蝽成虫种群的监测与防治。     

An emerging system management approach for biological weed control in crops: Senecio vulgaris as a research model

A ‘system management’ approach of biological weed control in crops is proposed and compared with other method's of biological weed control. It is based on the management of a weed pathosystem in order to maximize the natural spread and disease severity of a native or naturalized pathogen. This approach may be well-suited to situations where it is necessary to control single weed species in crops, and where no immediate and complete control is required, the production of large amounts of the agent is rather limiting (e.g. when using biotrophic fungi), and/or the importation of an exotic agent is not possible. This strategy provides fundamental knowledge of underlying mechanisms of crop production systems and is aligned with the view of modern agro-ecology, in which complete eradication of weeds is not desirable. The fundamental research required for a successful application of the ‘system management’ approach will be illustrated with the biological control project of Senecio vulgaris L. using the naturalized rust fungus Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke. A five-step procedure, together with selected results, will be presented. Main emphasis is given to the infection window, the study of the genetic structure of the plant and pathogen population, and the management of the infection conditions (a) to maximize the spread of the disease and the impact on the plants, and (b) to minimize the development of resistant plant populations. Joint application of herbicides at low doses, additional necrotrophic pathogens, and of biochemicals interfering with the weed's defence also will be envisaged, as well as their integration into general pest control practices. In this regard, biological weed control agents have to be seen as stress factors, not as weedkillers, and biological weed control as an integral part of a well-designed pest management strategy, not as a sole cure.     

Performance of three endophytic actinomycetes in relation to plant growth promotion and biological control of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pythium aphanidermatum</Emphasis>, a pathogen of cucumber under commercial field production conditions in the United Arab Emirates

In the current study, the performance of three endophytic actinomycetes identified as Actinoplanes campanulatus, Micromonospora chalcea and Streptomyces spiralis previously shown to reduce seedling damping-off, and root and crown rots of mature cucumber (Cucumis sativus) caused by Pythium aphanidermatum in pots under greenhouse conditions were further evaluated to determine their potential as biological control agents and as plant growth promoters in the field under the conditions of commercial production of cucumbers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). When applied individually or in combination to cucumber seedlings, the three isolates significantly promoted plant growth and yield and reduced seedling damping-off and root and crown rots of mature cucumber plants. Individually the performance level of S. spiralis was relatively the best followed by A. campanulatus and then by M. chalcea. The three isolates (which were not inhibitory to each other) performed better, both as biological control agents as well as plant growth promoters, when applied together than when they were inoculated individually. The ability of these three isolates to colonize the internal tissues of roots, stems and leaves under field conditions, and to persist up to 8 weeks after seedling inoculation, showed that they can easily adapt to an endophytic habit systemically within healthy cucumber plants. As the three endophytic actinomycete isolates also colonized the rhizosphere and showed outstanding rhizosphere competency it is clear that they are facultative and not obligate endophytes. The success with the three inoculants indicated that they could well be used in place of the fungicide metalaxyl which is currently recommended for the management of Pythium diseases in the UAE. This is the first successful field use of endophytic actinomycetes as promising plant growth promoters and biological control agents against Pythium diseases of cucumber.     

棉田插种玉米对天敌虫口的影响及其控制害虫的作用

陕西渭南地区棉虫的主要天敌有4大类:蜘蛛、瓢虫、食虫蝽和草蛉,以蜘蛛类为最重要。在棉田按每亩120～150株插种玉米,天敌虫口大量增加。插种玉米的棉田天敌数较对照纯棉田增加了62.8～115.7％。对棉铃虫、伏蚜、盲蝽和红铃虫均有明显的控制作用。棉田插种玉米可以诱捕棉铃虫成虫,从而减少第二代该虫产卵,减轻棉花被害。     

What are the prospects for genetically engineered,disease resistant plants?

Insect and herbicide-resistant plants are the most widely grown transgenics in agricultural production. No strategy using genetically engineered plants for disease resistance has had a comparable impact. Why is this? What are the prospects for introducing transgenic disease resistant plants to agriculture? We review the biological background for strategies used to make disease resistant GM crops, illustrate examples of these different strategies and discuss future prospects.     

Trichoderma as a biostimulator and biocontrol agent against Fusarium in the production of cereal crops: Opportunities and possibilities

Despite technological advances in global agriculture in recent years, the problem of pathogenic fungi in the production of cereal crops continues to be an issue. Currently, the high variability of weather factors that are considered unusual for specific locations affect the growth and physiology of pathogens attacking cereal crops. One of the most common plant protection methods is the use of synthetic pesticides; however, there is growing controversy over this approach due to the build-up of pesticides in the environment and the presence of their residues in food. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of using Trichoderma species as a biostimulator and for the biological protection of cereal crops against pathogenic fungi. Trichoderma fungi—through mycoparasitism, antibiosis and competition for space and nutrients—help to inhibit the growth of pathogens and have a positive impact on the growth of plants, including their root system, which is considered a desirable effect during drought episodes. It has also been demonstrated that Trichoderma fungi can convert Fusarium toxins into new metabolites that can be of lower toxicity. However, the highly limited number of in vivo studies investigating the use of these fungi for biocontrol in cereal crops remains an obstacle to the commercialization of Trichoderma fungi. It appears that the determination of their effectiveness in the biocontrol of cereal crops under variable weather and climate conditions presents a considerable challenge.     

红颈常室茧蜂对绿盲蝽及其为害寄主植物的选择行为

为明确红颈常室茧蜂Peristenus spretus Chen et van Achterberg定位寄主绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)时利用的挥发性信息物质来源,利用Y型昆虫嗅觉仪测定了红颈常室茧蜂雌雄成虫对绿盲蝽3龄若虫及其为害寄主植物棉株以及雌性红颈常室茧蜂成虫、绿盲蝽成虫对苗期和花期的棉花、蓖麻的选择行为。结果表明,与干净空气(空白对照)相比,雌性红颈常室茧蜂对绿盲蝽3龄若虫、健康棉株的选择行为无显著差异,绿盲蝽3龄若虫为害的棉株对雌性红颈常室茧蜂具有显著的吸引作用,但在为害后去虫和未去虫处理间无显著差异;雄性红颈常室茧蜂对各处理均无明显的选择行为。与健康或为害后去虫的苗期棉花相比,雌性绿盲蝽成虫显著趋向花期蓖麻;而雌性红颈常室茧蜂只趋向于为害后的花期蓖麻。雌性红颈常室茧蜂对为害后去虫的花期棉花和花期蓖麻的选择行为显著高于相应的苗期植株。这表明雌性红颈常室茧蜂主要利用绿盲蝽若虫为害后寄主植物释放的挥发性信息物质来定位寄主绿盲蝽,且其对花期寄主植物的选择行为与绿盲蝽成虫具有一致性。     

The role of weeds in the epidemiology of pospiviroids

Many weeds that are closely associated with horticultural activities are known as natural reservoirs of plant viruses. However, whether these weeds can also serve as hosts of pospiviroids is not well known. Pospiviroids are naked, non‐coding RNA pathogens that cause severe economic damage in many solanaceous crops. In this study, we examined the overall risk of pospiviroid spreading from weeds to economically important crops, by combining the results from previous inoculation studies with new results coming from a survey, a contact experiment and an inoculation experiment. A survey of commercial ornamental glasshouses revealed that ornamental plants mainly belonging to the Solanaceae harbour pospiviroids, in contrast to weed species sampled in the same places. No new weed hosts could be identified after testing weeds that grew in contact with Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd)‐infected plants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and jasmine nightshade (Solanum jasminoides) in an experimental glasshouse. Finally, in mechanical inoculation experiments with TASVd, none of the six tested weed species were determined to be a host at 6 weeks after inoculation. Commonly occurring weed species therefore do not appear to play a significant role as reservoir hosts for pospiviroids. This does not rule out other potential weed hosts that have not yet been tested. Inoculation studies should include rigorous experimental protocols with a sufficient number of replicated as well as adequate positive controls. The information gained through this study may prove useful in future risk assessments for the pospiviroid group.     

Phoma diseases: Epidemiology and control

Phoma is the most widely distributed and omnipresent genus of the order Pleosporales and the largest genus with some 3,000 taxa described so far. Of these, approximately 110 species are pathogenic and occupy varied ecological niches. The genus Phoma is polyphyletic and is not really delimited, with unclear species boundaries that make it a taxonomically controversial genus. Fungi belonging to Phoma commonly occur on crop plants that are economically important, where they cause devastating plant diseases. Pathogenic members of Phoma sensu lato species attack crop plants with symptoms ranging from leaf blight to root rot, and even wilting of the plant. In infected crop residues and field stubbles, the pathogen produces abundant pycnidia and pseudothecia that serve as the source of primary inoculum, whilst repeated crops of conidia produced inside pycnidia are the main source of secondary infection during the same growing season. After successful infection, the pathogen produces various phytotoxins that alter photosynthetic efficiency and actin cytoskeleton-based functions, and cause electrolyte leakage from cells. Controlling the diseases caused by members of Phoma sensu lato is challenging and efforts have been made to identify resistant varieties that can be used in various plant breeding programmes. Studies have also been conducted to devise cultural and biological control measures as well as to evaluate the efficacy of fungicides against members of Phoma sensu lato. In this review we aim to discuss the disease epidemiology and control measures that can be practised to protect crops from Phoma diseases.     

Entomopathogenic nematodes and the protected crops industry

Entomopathogenic rhabditid nematodes of the generaSteinernema and Heterorhabditis are ideal biological control agents for use against insect pests living in soils, composts or other cryptic habitats. The protected crops industry provides particularly favourable conditions for the survival, dispersal and recycling of rhabditids. The parasites are an effective and economic alternative to chemicals for the control of black vine weevil in ornamental pot plants. Their ability to infest a wide range of insects has also enabled them to be used successfully against several fly pests of mushrooms. In mushroom culture they not only control sciarid flies but also stimulate significant increases in crop yield.     

Field evaluation of sweet corn varieties for their potential as a trap crop for Helicoverpa zea under tropical conditions

Corn (Zea mays) is widely cultivated for human food and animal feed and also provides an ecosystem service as a trap crop for the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in tomato cropping systems. To be able to use corn as a trap crop for H. zea and to prevent it turning into a source of infestation, varieties are needed that are both attractive and resistant to H. zea. The main objective of this study was to compare the attractiveness to oviposition by H. zea and the resistance to H. zea of 10 sweet corn varieties in field conditions. We found Java, Garrison, Nova and Shinerock varieties that were both attractive to H. zea with a similar or higher number of eggs laid on silks than in the susceptible corn varieties, and resistant to H. zea, with fewer larvea per ear than in susceptible corn varieties. These varieties provide favorable habitats for generalist predators, ants, spiders, minute pirate bugs and lady beetles, which may account for their “dead-end” properties. Tropical farmers now have sweet corn varieties that can serve both as cash crops and as trap crops for H. zea.     

Review: classical biological control of invasive stink bugs with egg parasitoids – what does success look like?

Although the enemy release hypothesis forms the theoretical basis for classical (=importation) biological control of invasive pests, its core assumptions are not always examined. This could contribute to unrealistic expectations for some biological control programs. In this paper we examine the assumptions that: (i) enemy release has contributed to the invasive nature of four exotic pentatomids in North America; and (ii) classical biological control with egg parasitoids has been or will be successful in reducing populations of these pests below economically significant levels. First, we review the history of biological control programs against invasive stink bugs to highlight the variable and controversial levels of success of introducing egg parasitoids against stink bugs. Then, we use simple stage‐structured matrix models to demonstrate that it may be easy to overestimate the contribution of egg parasitism alone to a reduction in stink bug population growth. Finally, we discuss what realistic expectations might be for success of biological control against invasive stink bugs using egg parasitoids in the context of integrated pest management programs. © 2020 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada Pest Management Science © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry