航空喷雾植保技术的发展与探讨

航空喷雾在我国农作物病、虫、草害防治中得到了广泛应用。为促进航空喷雾技术的发展,本文对国内外航空喷雾的发展历程、作业技术以及作业设备进行了简要概述和总结,并结合我国航空植保技术的现状,在航空喷雾作业机型、应用技术以及作业装置等方面进行了探讨。通过综述分析,作者认为在我国航空喷雾技术领域,应重视和逐步发展直升机、无人机的应用,加强作业设备控制系统的研发和喷洒部件的系列化与配套,深入进行航空喷雾飘移控制技术研究,以提高我国航空植保应用水平。     

Aerial applications of pesticides in the United Kingdom: 1978 to 1998

The aerial application of pesticides increased rapidly following the end of the Second World War, as, along with the development of a wider range of synthetic pesticides, more planes and pilots became available. It also became clear that new and previously inaccessible areas could be sprayed from the air. By the 1980s there were around 100 planes in the United Kingdom (UK) capable of spraying pesticides. However, increasing environmental pressure brought about the introduction of tougher legislation to control pesticide usage. The Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 and the Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (as amended) introduced tight controls over the application of pesticides from the air. Aerial application of pesticides has been monitored each year by the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) since 1978, during which time the area treated has decreased significantly. This has been partly as a result of changes in legislation but also due to technological improvements in conventional crop‐protection methods. The area treated from the air in the UK has never risen above 2.5% of the area treated from the ground and in 1998 had fallen to less than 0.04% of the total area treated with pesticides. It is likely that this figure will continue to fall in the future. By 1998, the only pesticides to be sprayed from the air comprised fungicides, herbicides and insecticides. As a group, herbicides comprised the greatest area of treatment and the only target to show an increase in area treated in recent years has been bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L) Kuhn). © Crown copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.     

Environmental exposure to residues after aerial spraying of endosulfan: residues in cow milk,fish, water,soil and cashew leaf in Kasargode,Kerala, India

A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode.     

Dieback and mortality of Nothofagus in Britain: ecology,pathogenicity and sporulation potential of the causal agent Phytophthora pseudosyringae

Since 2009 extensive dieback and mortality of Nothofagus obliqua, associated with bleeding cankers on stems and branches, has been observed in the UK. The causal agent was identified as Phytophthora pseudosyringae, based on morphological and analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Between 2011 and 2013, a survey assessed the frequency and nature of these P. pseudosyringae infections. Mature trees of Nothofagus with stem lesions caused by P. pseudosyringae were found across England, Scotland and Wales. Additional symptoms such as twig blight and leaf necrosis indicated that aerial infection was occurring. Besides N. obliqua, other hosts regularly encountered included Nothofagus alpina, Fagus sylvatica and Vaccinium myrtillus. In pathogenicity tests involving inoculation of logs, P. pseudosyringae was shown to be an aggressive bark pathogen of N. obliqua and F. sylvatica, but significantly less aggressive on N. alpina. Foliage susceptibility and sporulation tests showed marked differences between the six host species tested. Leaves of N. obliqua and V. myrtillus were highly susceptible. Leaves of N. alpina were moderately susceptible, those of Rhododendron ponticum slightly susceptible and those of F. sylvatica not susceptible at all. High levels of sporulation were observed only on inoculated N. obliqua and V. myrtillus leaves. This suggests that P. pseudosyringae may sporulate heavily on N. obliqua foliage in the field and that this inoculum initiates the aerial lesions observed on the shoots, branches and stems. The results also suggest that P. pseudosyringae has the potential to pose a serious threat to N. obliqua and other Nothofagus species in their Southern Hemisphere native ranges.     

Clonostachys rosea 67-1液生孢子形成及其抗性研究

 The growth and sporulation of Clonostachys rosea strain 67-1 in PD broth was observed and figured out. A large amount of submerged spores were obtained in shake flask with proprietary Czapek me-dium. Meanwhile, the colonies of strain 67-1were cultured in PDA plate and aerial spores were collected by elution. Resistances of submerged spores and aerial spores to high temperature, dry condition and UV treatment were determined. The results showed that the survival of the submerged spores kept in 60℃ for 30 min was 76.7%, while the aerial spores were hardly germinated in the same condition. After two weeks' drying treatment, the spore activities were 89.2% and 29.3%, respectively. Similarly, the activity of submerged spores was 72.6% and that of aerial spores was 19.7% when exposing to UV for 1 min. It is illuminated that deep submerged fermentation is more efficient than solid culture for strain 67-1 to produce chlamydospores, which act as main component in biopesticide mass production.     

切断深层根对黍子根系及地上部营养生长的影响

采用根管土柱栽培的方法,研究了拔节期和抽穗期切断不同深度(20 cm和40 cm)根系对黍子根系整体及地上部营养生长的影响。结果表明,与不断根相比,在抽穗期和拔节期断掉20 cm或40 cm以下根系,均能导致黍子株高、旗叶叶绿素含量、旗叶SOD与POD活性、单株绿叶面积、总根活力、总根长、总根重及产量明显降低,旗叶M DA含量明显增高。抽穗期断深层根对黍子的影响大于拔节期。但同一生育时期不同深度断根处理间黍子产量差异未达显著水平,表明深层根系(40 cm以下根系)对产量的贡献更大。     

Pathogen resistance in aerial tubers of potato cultivars

Increases in resistance of aerial tubers (cultivars Désirée, Epicure and King Edward) against nine pathogenic potato fungi were determined in vitro using freeze-dried powder derived from subterranean and aerial tubers as a culture medium, and in vivo by inoculating both tuber types with the storage pathogens Fusarium sulphureum, F . solani var. coeruleum, Phoma exigua var. foveata and Polyscytalum pustulans . Significantly reduced growth rates and spore and conidiophore numbers were recorded when pathogens were cultured on freeze-dried powder derived from aerial tubers. No effects on spore size of F . solani var. coeruleum were recorded but spore and conidiophore lengths of remaining pathogens were reduced and width increased, except for Colletotrichum coccodes , where the diameter of acervuli increased, and P . exigua var. foveata , where spore length and width were reduced. Reduced disease incidence, severity and spore numbers were recorded on aerial compared with subterranean tubers inoculated in vivo with the four storage pathogens. Spore length of P . pustulans was reduced and spore width increased, while spore length and width of P . exigua var. foveata were reduced on aerial compared with subterranean tubers inoculated with these pathogens. No effects on spore size of Fusarium spp. were recorded. Concentrations of glycoalkaloids, chlorogenic acid, calcium and magnesium were higher in aerial than in subterranean tuber tissue, which may have contributed to increased resistance and effects on size and morphology of fungal spores. The implications of using aerial tubers as an alternative technique for the production of seed potatoes and their importance to the potato industry are discussed.     

探照灯诱虫带对迁飞草地螟的空中阻截作用

针对2008年8月初草地螟1代成虫在北京市区的突然暴发,利用300台探照灯诱虫器在北京北郊建立两条阻截带,并辅以频振式杀虫灯形成立体式防控。安置探照灯诱虫器阻截带之前,延庆（阻截带前）、昌平（阻截带间）、朝阳（阻截带后）3个地区地面灯诱虫器日平均诱虫量差异不显著(F=1.317,n=87,p=0.273>0.05),日诱虫量呈极显著相关［R(延庆-昌平)=0.994（p<0.01）,R（延庆-朝阳）=0.995（p<0.01）,R（昌平-朝阳）=0.920（p<0.01）］;设置阻截带后日平均诱虫量差异呈极显著水平(F=8.486,n=231,p<0.01),昌平和朝阳日诱虫量呈极显著相关（R=0.904,p<0.01）,延庆和昌平呈显著相关（R(延庆-昌平)=0.475,p<0.05）,延庆和朝阳相关性不显著（R=0.287,p>0.05）。结果表明探照灯诱虫器可有效拦截空中迁飞的草地螟成虫。设置探照灯诱虫器阻截带这一应急措施不但确保了北京奥运会的顺利举办,而且也可作为一种新的植物保护技术在生产中加以应用。     

Relationship between the Spray Droplet Density of Two Protectant Fungicides and the Germination of Mycosphaerella fijiensis Ascospores on Banana Leaf Surfaces

The effect of fungicide spray droplet density (droplet cm^-2), droplet size, and proximity of the spray droplet deposit to fungal spores was investigated with Mycosphaerella fijiensis ascospores on the banana (Musa AAA) leaf surface for two contact fungicides: chlorothalonil and mancozeb. When droplet size was maintained at a volume median diameter (VMD) of 250 μm while total spray volume per hectare changed, M. fijiensis ascospore germination on the leaf surface fell below 1% for both fungicides at a droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm^-2. At a droplet deposit density of 50 droplet cm^-2, no ascospores germinated in either fungicide treatment. When both droplet size and droplet cm^-2 varied while spray volume was fixed at 20 litre ha^-1, ascospore germination reached 0% at 10 droplet cm^-2 (VMD=602 μm) for both fungicides. At lower droplet densities (2–5 droplet cm^-2 VMD=989 μm and 804 μm respectively), ascospore germination on the mancozeb-treated leaves was significantly lower than on the chlorothalonil-treated leaves. The zone of inhibition surrounding a fungicide droplet deposit (VMD=250 μm) on the leaf surface was estimated to extend 1·02 mm beyond the visible edge of the spray droplet deposit for chlorothalonil and 1·29 mm for mancozeb. The efficacy of fungicide spray droplet deposit densities which are lower than currently recommended for low-volume, aerial applications of protectant fungicides was confirmed in an analysis of leaf samples recovered after commercial applications in a banana plantation. Calibrating agricultural spray aircraft to deliver fungicide spray droplets with a mean droplet deposit density of 30 droplet cm^-2 and a VMD between 300 and 400 μm will probably reduce spray drift, increase deposition efficiency on crop foliage, and enhance disease control compared to aircraft calibrated to spray finer droplets. © 1997 SCI.     

促进草莓炭疽病菌大量产孢的方法

为了促进草莓炭疽病菌在人工培养基上快速、大量地产生分生孢子,本研究在PDA培养基中添加不同量的酵母提取物,并结合涂断气生菌丝的方法,测定了不同处理对草莓炭疽病菌分生孢子产生的影响。结果发现,在PDA培养基中添加0.1%酵母提取物最适合草莓炭疽病菌（Colletotrichumtheobromicola）的产孢。将培养3 d菌落上的气生菌丝涂断,2 d后可产生大量分生孢子。因此,PDA培养基中添加0.1%酵母提取物,结合菌丝涂断的方法,可显著提高草莓炭疽病菌的产孢量。该方法所用营养成分简单,用时短,操作简便。     

Factors Influencing Aerial Insecticide Application to Forests

A successful aerial insecticide application is one that provides the desired degree of pest control at an economic cost, with little environmental impact. This paper discusses a broad range of factors that affect treatment efficacy and environmental impact from aerial insecticide application to forests. Efficacy is affected by parameters such as the choice of active ingredient and its application rate, the volume application rate, tank mix characteristics, the spray droplet size spectrum, and the timing of, and meteorological conditions during an application. Environmental impact is influenced by aspects such as active ingredient specificity, meteorological conditions during the application, avionics use and buffer zone width. Key differences between insecticide applications in forestry and agriculture are pointed out.     

Modeling diffusive movement of sterile insects released along aerial flight lines

The redistribution of insects that are released from an airplane is described using a diffusion equation to derive optimal spacing of flight lines and time interval between flights to achieve a reasonably uniform spatial distribution of released insects and to minimize costs. This optimization is done based on relative costs of sterile males and of flying time. An example is presented using data on the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidmann), from the Moscamed program in Guatemala. For the parameter values used, the cost (sterile males plus flights) is minimized when insects are released at intervals of approximately every 2 days (for daily mortality μ = 0.24) to 10 days (for μ = 0.04) and flights are spaced at 300 m (for μ = 0.24) to 600 m (for μ = 0.04) apart, depending on daily medfly mortality estimates, which vary widely in the literature. A simpler approximate method of optimization is then presented based on a relationship observed in the optimization results between flight-line separations and the standard deviation of the distribution.     

Deposition of aerially applied tebufenozide (RH5992) on balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and its control of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.])

A field trial was conducted in 1994 to determine the foliar deposit of tebufenozide (RH5992), applied aerially, and its efficacy against spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). A commercial 240 g litre^-1 formulation of the insecticide (Mimic 240LV) was mixed with water, dyed with a tracer dye (Rhodamine WT) and sprayed with a light fixed-wing aircraft. Six application strategies were tested. Five used 70 g AI ha^-1 in a spray volume of 1 or 2 litre^-1 ha^-1 with single or double applications; the sixth was an unsprayed control. Results show that the spectra of the spray applications were, with one exception, fairly uniform. Volume and number median diameters ranged from 100 to 130 μm and 27 to 72 μm, respectively. Mean number of drops cm^-2 on Kromekote cards were <2·0 for strategies where either 1 or 2 litre ha^-1 were sprayed. Nevertheless no one strategy produced droplet densities that were significantly different (P<0·05) from the other strategies. Tebufenozide recovered from foliage averaged 2·5 to 5·9 μg g foliage^-1 when 1 litre ha^-1 was sprayed and 5·8 to 6·8 μg g foliage^-1 after 2 litre ha^-1 were sprayed. When a single application was the strategy used, the mean number of droplets cm^-2 and μg tebufenozide g foliage^-1 ranged from 1·2 to 1·4 and 2·5 to 5·9, respectively. With double applications, the same response parameters ranged from 0·3 to 1·9 and 2·5 to 6·8, respectively. Budworm population reductions (%) and the number of larvae that survived tebufenozide treatments were significantly different (P<0·05) from the controls. After strategies that used 1 litre spray ha^-1, mean percentage population reductions ranged from 61·4 to 93·6 whereas populations were reduced by 85·6 to 98·3% when 2 litre ha^-1 were sprayed. After double applications the mean percentage population reductions ranged from 93·6 to 98·3, but single application strategies resulted in mean reductions of 61 to 86%. Mean population reductions in the controls were 61%. The mean number of larvae per branch that survived spray strategies of 1 litre ha^-1 ranged from 1·3 to 7·4, and from 0·4 to 1·3 when 2 litre ha^-1 was the spray volume. In the controls an average of 10·2 larvae survived. With one exception, mean percentage defoliation in the treated areas was also significantly less (P<0·05) than that in the control. Mean defoliation in trees sprayed at 1 litre spray ha^-1 ranged from 40 to 62·8% whereas those treated at 2 litre ha^-1 had mean defoliation levels from 31·5 to 62·8%. In contrast, average defoliation in the controls was 92·1%. When a single application was the spray strategy, mean defoliation ranged from 31·5 to 62·8%. These data imply that a double application of tebufenozide at 70 g in 2 litre ha^-1 was the most efficacious strategy. However, analyses of the data also show that the primary influence on deposits and defoliation was interactions between number of applications and spray. Nevertheless the two independent variables acted without significant interactions when influencing percentage reductions of spruce budworm populations. © 1998 SCI     

毛乌素沙地飞播区植被动态变化研究

对毛乌素沙地不同飞播年限的4个播区进行调查研究,通过对盖度、重要值以及生活型的研究和分析,说明飞播对沙地退化植被有明显的改善作用。分析表明:飞播后飞播植被盖度随时间逐年增加,由14%增加到33%,说明飞播后植被得到良好的恢复;飞播后在不同的沙丘部位植被盖度各不相同,但是随着飞播年限的增加沙丘各部位的盖度相差不大;各飞播植物种的盖度和重要值随飞播年限的增加而变化,在飞播后的24年中呈现出不同的消长动态。飞播改良了沙地土壤的性质,使多年生和一年生的草本植物在群落中得以生长,随着飞播年限的增长,飞播群落的结构逐渐复杂,群落更趋于稳定。     

应用无人机(UAV)低空影像监测黄兔尾鼠鼠洞初探

黄兔尾鼠是新疆北部地区荒漠草原的主要危害鼠种之一。其灾害调查长期以人工地面调查为主。为探究无人机(UAV)低空遥感在黄兔尾鼠鼠洞调查中的适用性,选择巴音沟牧场典型鼠害区进行航拍试验,采用小型无人机作为低空遥感平台,获取研究区可见光航拍影像。采用极大似然法和面向对象分类方法提取鼠洞,通过混淆矩阵结合地面样方对分类结果进行精度评价。结果表明,应用UAV监测黄兔尾鼠洞穴的空间分辨率应不低于1.5 cm;极大似然法鼠洞分类精度为69%,而面向对象分类方法分类精度达91%,面向对象分类方法识别鼠洞正确率更高。UAV低空遥感在黄兔尾鼠灾害调查中表现良好,具有很好的应用和推广价值。     

Aerial seed germination and morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings in Commelina benghalensis L.

Seed germination, seedling emergence, and the morphological characteristics of juvenile seedlings of Commelina benghalensis L. were observed. For aerial seeds collected in September and October, seedling emergence peaked in April and June for large seeds and from June to August for small seeds, whereas seedling emergence for large seeds collected in November showed peaks in March and April under natural rainfall conditions, and in April and June under irrigation conditions. Seedlings from small seeds emerged intermittently over a longer period from April to August under both conditions. Aerial seeds of C. benghalensis germinated on wet filter paper on the second day after seeding (DAS) for large seeds and the fourth DAS for small seeds. The germination percentage for large seeds was higher than that for small seeds by the 14th DAS. The germination percentage for large aerial seeds showed no significant difference between light and dark conditions. However, the percentage for small aerial seeds was higher under light than under dark conditions. Seedlings from large aerial seeds emerged on the third DAS at 0–50 mm soil depths. The percentage of emergence at 0 and 1 mm soil depths increased until the 30th DAS, whereas those at soil depths of 5–50 mm showed no change after the 9th DAS. There was no emergence at a soil depth of 100 mm. Seedlings from small aerial seeds emerged on the 6th DAS at 0–1 mm soil depths, with the percentage increasing until the 30th DAS. Although seedlings at 5 and 10 mm soil depths also emerged on the 6th DAS, there was no change in the percentage after the 12th DAS. There was no emergence at soil depths of 20–100 mm. The hypocotyl and taenia (part of the cotyledon connected to the seed) in juvenile seedlings that emerged from soil depths of 50 mm were longer than those in seedlings emerging from a soil depth of 1 mm.     

Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter

BACKGROUND

Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.

RESULTS

A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM . It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG-1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2–4.9 m s⁻¹, ground speeds of 2.1–2.9 m s⁻¹ and cross-wind speeds of 0.04–2.2 m s⁻¹. The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.

CONCLUSION

In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8–5 m s⁻¹ when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

飞防助剂对植保无人飞机喷施除草剂雾滴分布的影响

通过仪器分析结合田间试验方法,研究了不同飞防助剂对3种剂型除草剂沉积率、雾滴粒径、物理指标及田间药效,系统地分析飞防助剂对植保无人飞机喷施除草剂的增效作用及增效机理.结果表明,4种飞防助剂均有显著的增效作用.其中迪翔对3种除草剂的作用效果最为显著,可降低雾滴谱相对宽度至0.62,使雾滴均匀分布;增加沉积率,可最多增加3...