根区施用生物炭和脱硫石膏提高盐碱土壤质量及向日葵产量

为了靶向消减根区土壤盐碱障碍和定向培育健康沃土,该研究在内蒙古河套灌区开展田间小区试验,设置沙土覆盖种植孔(S)、条施生物炭+沙土覆盖种植孔(B+S)、条施生物炭+脱硫石膏覆盖种植孔(B+G) 3个处理,对比分析0～20 cm和>20～40 cm土层土壤质量及向日葵产量差异。结果表明:根区施用生物炭和脱硫石膏改变了0～40 cm±壤水溶性离子组成,主要表现为增加Ca²⁺含量而降低Na⁺含量。与S处理相比,B+S和B+G处理显著降低了0～40 cm土壤钠吸附比(sodium adsorption ratio,SAR)和>20～40 cm土层pH值,增大了土壤脱盐率(Ds);B+S和B+G处理还增加了0～40 cm土壤有机质(OM)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、有效磷(available phosphorus,AP)和速效钾(AK)含量,为向日葵出苗和生长提供了良好的土壤环境。此外,B+S和B+G处理通过调理盐碱指标(SAR,D_s,Ca²⁺和Mg     

紫云英翻压后稻田土壤可溶性有机氮迁移特性与损失风险

可溶性有机氮在氮素转化和生态环境安全方面具有重要的作用。在等氮磷钾条件下以单施化肥(CK)为对照,研究不同数量紫云英(CMV1,15 000 kg·hm^–2;CMV2,30 000 kg·hm^–2和CMV3,45 000 kg·hm^–2)翻压后灰泥田土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)和溶解性有机氮(DON)的动态变化、迁移特征及损失量。结果表明,不同施肥处理20～40 cm和40～60 cm土层SON含量分别较0～20 cm土层降低了58.50%和78.47%;施用紫云英利于SON在灰泥田土壤剖面中累积,水稻生育期0～60 cm土层CMV1、CMV2和CMV3处理SON密度分别较CK处理提高5.57%、10.11%和21.39%;不同施肥处理DON总损失量介于18.33～58.55 kg·hm^–2,占可溶性总氮的46.52%～50.16%,其中3.77～37.85 kg·hm^–2(以N计,下同)随淹水层径流损失,14.5～18.02 kg·hm^–2随渗滤液迁移损失...     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对宁夏扬黄灌区滴灌玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响

针对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤质地黏重、土壤水分匮乏等导致作物产量低下等问题,研究秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤物理性状的改良效应。本试验设计在玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田(12 000 kg/hm²)的同时配施4种纯氮施用水平(0、150、300、450kg/hm²),以秸秆不还田常规施氮225kg/hm²为对照,研究秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥对玉米产量及土壤物理性状的影响。结果表明:与处理前相比,施用纯氮300 kg/hm²和450 kg/hm²可分别降低0²0 cm土层土壤容重1.25%和3.20%,土壤孔隙度2.69%和1.89%。与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田配施氮肥300 kg/hm²和450 kg/hm²可使0～20 cm土层2～5 mm、>5 mm机械稳定性团粒结构显著增加。秸秆还田配施氮肥可显著增加土壤含水量,尤其在作物生长前期,秸秆还田配施氮肥300kg/hm²较对照可显著增加土壤含水量13.6...     

脱硫石膏与结构改良剂配合施用对龟裂碱土理化性状和水稻生长的影响

[目的]筛选出最适宜宁夏回族自治区银北灌区盐碱地水稻生长的土壤结构改良剂施用量,为中国同类型地区盐碱地的改良应用提供科学依据。[方法]设置田间定位试验,研究银北灌区龟裂碱土在施用不同剂量土壤结构改良剂(0,150,270,375kg/hm~2)与统一施用定量脱硫石膏(22.5t/hm~2)对土壤基本理化性质及水稻生长的影响。[结果]在施用不同剂量结构改良剂后,0—20cm土层的土层容重、全盐量和pH值呈降低趋势,总孔隙度和水稳性团聚体则呈增加趋势。在0—20cm土层,各处理改良效果均较显著,当深度大于40cm时,所有处理的改良效果不明显。施加改良剂增加了水稻的成活率、株高和产量,且各处理间均差异显著(p0.05)。[结论]脱硫石膏与结构改良剂配合施用能显著改善龟裂碱土理化性状,促进水稻成长。综合考虑经济因素,脱硫石膏(22.5t/hm~2)+土壤结构改良剂(270kg/hm~2)的施用量效果最佳。     

生物质炭和腐殖质对稻田土壤CH4和N2O排放的影响

为探讨生物质炭与腐殖质单独施用与配合施用对稻田土壤CH₄和N₂O气体排放以及水稻产量的影响。以浙江临安潜育性水稻土的稻田系统为研究对象,设置2个水稻秸秆生物质炭添加水平(0,20 t/hm²)和3个腐殖质水平(0,0.6,1.2 t/hm²),共6个处理,分别为:(1)B0F0(对照,不添加生物质炭和腐殖质);(2)B0F1(腐殖质用量为0.6 t/hm²);(3)B0F2(腐殖质用量为1.2 t/hm²);(4)B1F0(生物质炭用量为20 t/hm²);(5)B1F1(生物质炭和腐殖质用量分别为20,0.6 t/hm²);(6)B1F2(生物质炭和腐殖质用量分别为20,1.2 t/hm²),研究生物质炭和腐殖质输入对水稻产量、稻田CH₄和N₂O气体排放的影响。结果表明:(1)与B0F0相比,单独施用生物质炭和腐殖质或生物质炭与腐殖质配施均降低了土壤CH₄累积排放量,但增加了土壤N₂O累积排放量;(2)生物质炭处理对GWP(global warming potential)和GHGI(greenhouse gas intensity)没有显著影响(P>0.05),腐殖质处理显著降低了GWP和GHGI(P<0.05),生物质炭和腐殖质对GWP和GHGI存在显著交互作用(P<0.05);(3)与B0F0相比,单独施用生物质炭和腐殖质或者生物质炭与腐殖质配施均能在一定程度上减少单位水稻产量的温室气体排放强度(GHGI),B0F2处理的GHGI最低,表明单施腐殖质处理(腐殖质用量为1.2 t/hm²)稻田土壤的减排效果和环境效应最好。研究结果为进一步探讨稻田土壤固碳减排提供数据支撑和理论依据。     

适宜脱硫石膏施用方式改良河套灌区盐碱土提高向日葵产量

为了探究脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤的适宜施用方式,在内蒙古河套灌区进行田间小区试验,设置对照和3种脱硫石膏施用方式（穴施、条施、撒施）。经过一个向日葵生长季后,采集0～100 cm土壤剖面样品,对比分析脱硫石膏施用方式对土壤pH值、电导率和水溶性盐基离子剖面分布的影响。结果表明：与对照处理相比,3种脱硫石膏施用方式均可显著降低0～20 cm土层土壤pH值和钠吸附比,明显增加了水溶性盐基离子浓度,进而增加了土壤电导率。在向日葵种植处0～20 cm土层中,条施处理下土壤pH值和钠吸附比较对照处理分别降低了20%和41%,而电导率和水溶性Ca2+浓度分别增加了44%和509%。随着土壤深度的增加,水溶性阳离子浓度呈逐渐降低趋势,但3种脱硫石膏方式在>80～100 cm土层土壤水溶性钙离子的浓度比对照处理增加了47%～105%。此外,3种脱硫石膏施用方式在>20～100 cm土层土壤水溶性钠离子的浓度高于对照处理,导致钠吸附比也有所增加。脱硫石膏条施和穴施处理对向日葵种植处土壤的改良效果明显优于小行距中点处土壤,而撒施处理向日葵种植处和小行距中点处土壤的改良效果无明显差异。3种脱硫石膏施用方式均可显著增加向日葵出苗率和产量,其中条施的增产效果最佳。整体来看,条施脱硫石膏能集中有效成分改良向日葵根系周围土壤,可在河套灌区及同类型地区进行推广应用。     

微咸水灌溉对盐碱地土壤水盐分布与冬小麦产量的影响

  目的  探究不同水源淋洗下施用不同土壤改良材料对碱化盐土盐分离子分布的影响,为银北灌区淡水资源紧缺背景下碱化土壤水盐协同调控技术提供科学依据。  方法  通过一维垂直土柱入渗试验,研究黄河水和农田退水淋洗下施用磷石膏、磷石膏 + 腐殖酸、磷石膏 + 糠醛渣、磷石膏 + 硫酸铝、磷石膏 + 糠醛渣 + 硫酸铝等不同改良材料对碱化盐土主要盐分离子分布的影响。  结果  与黄河水淋洗相比,农田退水淋洗促进了Na ⁺ 、Cl⁻、SO₄²⁻等有害盐分离子向40 cm以下深层土壤运移,但增加了0 ~ 40 cm土层CO₃²⁻和HCO₃⁻有害盐分离子含量。在0 ~ 40 cm土层,施用改良材料结合黄河水淋洗下,“磷石膏 + 硫酸铝”处理在降低Na ⁺ 含量方面表现最优,“磷石膏”处理在增加Ca^{2 +} 含量、降低HCO₃⁻含量方面表现最优,“磷石膏 + 糠醛渣 + 硫酸铝”处理在降低Cl⁻含量方面表现最优;施用改良材料结合农田退水淋洗下,“磷石膏 + 糠醛渣”处理在降低Na ⁺ 和HCO₃⁻含量、增加Ca^{2 +} 含量、控制SO₄²⁻含量增加方面表现最优。  结论  对银北灌区碱化盐土,黄河水淋洗下,建议采用“磷石膏 + 硫酸铝”进行土壤改良,农田退水淋洗下,采用“磷石膏 + 糠醛渣”进行土壤改良。     

长期施肥对强筋专用小麦籽粒营养及磨粉品质性状的影响

【目的】分析不同施肥措施对小麦品质性状的影响,为优质小麦提供指导性建议。【方法】有机无机肥配合施用试验位于青岛农业大学莱阳长期定位试验站,始于1978年,共设9个处理,分别为不施肥对照(CK)、适量化肥氮138 kg/hm² (N1)、适量有机肥30000 kg/hm² (M1)、有机肥30000 kg/hm²+化肥氮138 kg/hm²(M1N1)、过量化肥氮276 kg/hm² (N2)、过量有机肥60000 kg/hm² (M2)、有机肥30000 kg/hm²+化肥氮276 kg/hm²(M1N2)、有机肥60000 kg/hm²+化肥氮138 kg/hm² (M2N1)、有机肥60000 kg/hm²+化肥氮276 kg/hm² (M2N2),其中N1和M1为等氮量处理,N2和M2为等氮量处理。于2021年小麦成熟期...     

聚丙烯酰胺对盐渍化土壤氮素的影响

为了研究河套地区盐渍化土壤施用聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）后葵花全生育期内土壤氮素的时空变化规律及其利用率,采用正交试验对葵花生育期内0—100 cm土层土壤碱解氮的动态变化规律及氮肥利用率进行分析。结果表明:施用PAM处理的盐渍化土壤在PAM施用层能够保持一定的碱解氮且不易使碱解氮下移,未施PAM的4个灌水处理在不同程度上均下移至40 cm左右,表明施用PAM明显抑制了氮素深层移动效应。通过正交试验处理及SPSS主效应分析选取三因素最优的适用量为:水量1 800 m³/hm²,氮素168 kg/hm²,PAM量为18.75 kg/hm²,并且PAM施用对中度盐渍化土壤氮肥利用率的影响显著。研究结果可为河套灌区盐渍化土壤合理施氮量及施用PAM对氮肥利用率的影响提供理论依据。     

水稻秸秆炭施用对水稻土团聚体稳定性及其碳氮分布的影响

【目的】水稻长期种植过程中大量化肥施用导致土壤结构变差,研究不同用量水稻秸秆生物炭和化肥配施对水稻土结构和碳、氮分布的影响,探索稻田优化施肥管理方式。【方法】水稻田间试验在浙江衢州进行,试验设不施肥对照(CK)、常规施肥处理(NPK)以及常规施肥基础上添加22.5 t/hm² (NPK+1%B)、45 t/hm²(NPK+2%B)和90 t/hm² (NPK+4%B)水稻秸秆炭处理,共5个处理。水稻收获后采集0—20 cm土层样品,测定土壤及不同粒级团聚体(>2、0.25～2、0.053～0.25和<0.053 mm)的有机碳和全氮含量,评价团聚体的稳定性。【结果】与NPK处理相比,施用水稻秸秆炭4年后,土壤>0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量提高了2.43%～7.99%,<0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量降低了2.93%～9.63%,土壤有机碳和全氮含量分别提高了16.40%～45.16%和14.67%～36.69%,各指标的变幅均以NPK+4%B处理最大。与NPK处理相比,秸秆炭处理土壤中>2 m...     

Combined application of a straw layer and flue gas desulphurization gypsum to reduce soil salinity and alkalinity

Burying a straw layer and applying flue gas desulphurization(FGD)gypsum are effective practices to ameliorate soil salinization or alkalization and to increase crop yield;however,little information exists on the effects of such integration in saline-alkali soils.A soil column experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum on soil salinity and alkalinity.We placed a straw layer(5 cm thick)at a depth of 30 cm and mixed FGD gypsum into the 0–20 cm soil layer at application rates of 7.5,15.0,22.5,and 30.0 t ha^-1,with no straw layer and FGD gypsum as a control(CK).The soil water content in the 0–30 cm soil layer was significantly higher(>7.8%)in the treated soil profiles after infiltration than in the CK,but decreased after evaporation.The electrical conductivity(EC)of the 10–30 cm soil layer was 230.2%and 104.9%higher in the treated soil profiles than in the CK after infiltration and evaporation,respectively,and increased with increasing rates of FGD gypsum application,with Ca^2+and SO4^2-being the main dissolved salts.Compared to those in the CK,the concentrations of Na^+,Cl^-,and HCO3-decreased in the treated soil profiles at depths above 55 cm,but the other soluble ions increased,after infiltration.A similar trend occurred after evaporation for all soluble ions except for HCO3-.The p H and exchangeable sodium percentage in the treated soil profiles were significantly lower than those in the CK over the entire profile,and decreased with increasing FGD gypsum application rates.Therefore,the incorporation of a straw layer plus FGD gypsum can reduce salinity and alkalinity,but the quantity of FGD gypsum should be controlled in saline-alkali soils.     

不同覆盖方式对中度盐渍土壤的改良增产效应研究

地膜与秸秆覆盖是干旱半干旱地区防治土壤次生盐渍化,提高土壤水分利用效率的重要措施。为探索不同地面覆盖方式在盐渍土壤的应用效应及机理,在内蒙古河套灌区中度含盐土壤进行田间试验,试验共设7个处理:玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量9 000 kg·hm-2(F0.9)、玉米粉碎秸秆覆盖量6 000 kg·hm-2(F0.6)、玉米整秆覆盖(YZ)、葵花整秆覆盖(KZ)、新地膜覆盖(DM)、地膜二次使用免耕(MG)、未覆盖(CK),研究不同地面覆盖方式对中度盐渍化向日葵农田的土壤水盐运动、向日葵产量和种植经济效益等影响,分析不同覆盖措施的改良增产效应。结果表明:在0~5 cm土层,处理F0.9、YZ、DM的含盐量收获后较播前降低,土壤表层脱盐,而MG、F0.6、KZ、CK土壤表层积盐。0~20 cm土层,土壤含盐量收获后与播前相比,处理F0.9、DM土壤耕层脱盐,而F0.6、YZ、MG、KZ、CK在土壤耕层积盐。各覆盖处理主要影响0~20 cm的土壤含盐量,随着土壤深度的增加,覆盖层因素对土壤含盐量的影响趋于一致。耕层土壤含盐量相比较,F0.9的含盐量最低,抑盐效果最好,DM与F0.6抑盐效果相近,不同秸秆覆盖处理间,F0.9、F0.6强于YZ、KZ,地膜覆盖之间,DM强于MG。在0~5 cm土层及0~20 cm土层,DM的生育期平均土壤含水率高于秸秆覆盖处理,粉碎秸秆覆盖(F0.9、F0.6)的生育期平均土壤含水率高于整秆秸秆覆盖(YZ、KZ)。处理DM、F0.9较CK显著提高了向日葵生育期内0~100 cm土壤储水量均值,F0.9、DM处理显著降低了0~100 cm土壤储水量变异系数,在生育期内保持了较稳定的土壤墒情。各覆盖处理均较CK显著增产,各处理产量效应是:DMF0.9YZF0.6MGKZCK。覆盖措施通过改善农田小环境提高了作物水分利用效率,DM、F0.9、YZ处理的作物水分利用效率显著高于其他处理。处理DM、MG、YZ、F0.9、F0.6的产投比显著高于CK,增收效果明显,DM和MG的纯收入及产投比显著高于秸秆覆盖处理。对于中度盐渍化耕地,新地膜覆盖DM是最有效的覆盖方式,秸秆覆盖处理中,F0.9为最优覆盖方式,与其他覆盖处理相比较,KZ处理的保墒、抑盐、增产等效果较差,因此向日葵秸秆不适合用作地面覆盖材料。结果可为覆盖技术在内蒙古河套灌区农业生产中的应用提供理论与技术支持。     

不同措施对河套灌区重度盐渍土改良效果

为了探究不同灌溉模式施加不同改良剂对河套灌区重度盐渍土的改良效果,设置秸秆深埋(SL)、石膏+有机肥(SF)、对照(CK)3个处理,对河套灌区重度盐渍土土壤盐分在0-70 cm剖面上的分布特点进行研究。结果表明:不同灌溉模式,SL和SF处理在0-15 cm土层均有效降低土壤pH,随改良时间延长改良深度增加pH持续降低,有一定的长效性,滴灌SL与SF处理pH较CK分别下降0.35,0.49,黄灌下降0.42,1.33,对30-70 cm土层影响较小。SF处理碱化度第2年下降达43%,SL处理为40%,滴灌更利于碱化度降低。从抑制盐分积累来看,SL与SF处理能有效抑制盐分0-15 cm土层聚集,黄灌SL与SF处理较CK分别下降13.60%,7.70%,滴灌分别下降31.60%,6.90%,SL处理抑盐效果较显著。土壤盐基离子表明,不同灌溉模式,SL与SF处理均显著降低0-15 cm土层Na~+与HCO_3~-的含量,滴灌降低比例高于黄灌,随着改良时间延长效果越显著,15-70 cm土层无明显变化。石膏加有机肥的施入提高0-70 cm土层SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)及Cl~-的含量。通过对比分析,对河套灌区重度盐渍土治理而言,秸秆深埋和石膏+有机肥均能有效抑制重度盐渍土土壤积盐,有效降低pH及碱化度。整体来看,滴灌模式下石膏+有机肥改良效果优于秸秆深埋。     

Impact of flue gas desulfurization gypsum and lignite humic acid application on soil organic matter and physical properties of a saline-sodic farmland soil in Eastern China

Purpose

Appropriate land management is important for improving the soil quality and productivity of the saline-sodic farmland. A recent study has revealed that flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and lignite humic acid application enhanced the salt leaching and crop production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of applied FGD gypsum and lignite humic acid (powder) on the soil organic matter (SOM) content and physical properties.

Materials and methods

This study was based on a field experiment of five consecutive rapeseed-maize rotations in a saline-sodic farmland soil (Aquic Halaquepts) at coastal area of North Jiangsu Province, China. The soil is sandy clay loam texture with pH of 8.43 and clay content of 185 g kg^?1. Six treatments included three FGD gypsum rates (0, 1.6, and 3.2 Mg ha^?1) and two lignite humic acid rates (0 and 1.5 Mg ha^?1). The amendments were incorporated into 0–20 cm soil depth manually every year. Soil samples were collected from each treatment and analyzed for soil organic matter, water-stable aggregates (wet sieving method), bulk density (clod method), water retention capacity (pressure plate apparatus), total porosity (calculated from bulk density and particle density), and microporosity (calculated from water content at 0.01 MPa).

Results and discussion

After 5 years, the SOM and soil physical properties were significantly (P?<?0.05) affected by the application of FGD gypsum and lignite humic acid, especially at the 0–20 cm soil depth. The highest amount of SOM with best soil physical condition was observed in the field which was treated with FGD gypsum at 3.2 Mg ha^?1 with lignite humic acid, and the SOM, total porosity (TP), microporosity (MP), mean weight diameter (MWD), water-stable macroaggregate (WSMA), and available water content (AWC) were increased by 22.8, 6.34, 23.2, 48.1, 55.5, and 15.8 %, respectively, while the bulk density (BD) was decreased by 5.9 % compared to no amendments applied. The generalized linear regression analysis showed that the SOM explained 42.9, 55.0, 48.5, and 54.2 % of the variability for BD, MWD, WSMA, and MP, respectively.

Conclusions

This study illustrates the benefits of applying FGD gypsum and lignite humic acid for increasing the soil organic matter content and improving the soil physical properties and suggests a great potential for ameliorating saline-sodic farmland soil (Aquic Halaquepts) by using combined amendment of FGD gypsum with lignite humic acid.

     

脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合对滨海盐碱土化学性质的影响

脱硫石膏(CaSO4.2H2O)是火力发电厂石膏湿法烟气脱硫的副产物。对盐碱地施用脱硫石膏可以通过Ca2+置换盐土中的Na+,达到脱盐目的。通过盆栽试验研究天津滨海盐土施用脱硫石膏并配合灌溉淋洗改良盐碱土的效果。结果表明:对于表层土壤(0-10cm),施用脱硫石膏对Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、Cl-、SO24-离子含量有显著降低作用。10cm以下土壤,脱硫石膏的脱盐能力与施用量呈正相关。脱硫石膏与灌溉耦合时,脱硫石膏施用量为3 000kg/hm2以上时改良效果较好。随着脱硫石膏施用量的增加不但降低了土壤Na+含量与土壤pH值,对灌溉量的需求也有所降低。灌溉量为田间持水量的80%时脱硫石膏对土壤Ca2+、Mg2+与K+的降低作用与CK相比差异最显著。脱硫石膏施用量的增加提高了土壤全盐量,但随灌溉量增加这种影响逐渐降低。     

Salt-tolerant forage cultivation on a saline-sodic field for biomass production and soil reclamation

Chemical reclamation of sodic and saline-sodic soils has become cost-intensive. Cultivation of plants tolerant of salinity and sodicity may mobilize the CaCO₃ present in saline-sodic soils instead of using a chemical approach. Four forage plant species, sesbania (Sesbania aculeata), kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca), millet rice (Echinochloa colona) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana), were planted in a calcareous saline-sodic field (EC_e = 9·6–11·0 dS m⁻¹, SAR = 59·4–72·4). Other treatments included gypsum (equivalent to 100 per cent of the gypsum requirement of the 15 cm soil layer) and a control (no gypsum or crop). The crops were grown for 5 months. The performance of the treatments in terms of soil amelioration was in the order: Sesbania aculeata ≅ gypsum > Leptochloa fusca > Echinochloa colona > Elusine coracana > control. Biomass production by the plant species was found to be directly proportional to their reclamation efficiency. Sesbania aculeata produced 32·3 Mg forage ha⁻¹, followed by Leptochloa fusca (24·6 Mg ha⁻¹), Echinochloa colona (22·6 Mg ha⁻¹) and Eleusine coracana (5·4 Mg ha⁻¹). Sesbania aculeata emerged as the most suitable biotic material for cultivation on salt-affected soils to produce good-quality forage, and to reduce soil salination and sodication processes.     

Improvement of degraded physical attributes of a saline-sodic soil as influenced by phytoremediation and soil conditioners

This study aimed to evaluate the use of phytoremediation and soil conditioners in the recovery of physical attributes of a saline-sodic Fluvic Neossol in Brazil Northeast. The applied treatments were: Atriplex nummularia L., as phytoremediation plant, due to its ability to extract salts from the soil; organic conditioners, such as bovine and sheep manure; gypsum and polymer, as chemical conditioners. Samples with preserved structure were collected at the time of the experiment installation and 18 months after in the layers 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm. The analyzed attributes were: water dispersed clay, dispersion index, bulk density, penetration resistance, soil porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The use of sheep manure, gypsum and polymer promoted an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity in the 0–10 cm layer from 4.51 to 16.37 cm day^?1, 11.26 to 23.95 cm day^?1 and 7.24 to 22.77 cm day^?1, respectively. Gypsum increased the macroporosity in the superficial layer by 42.6%. Atriplex and polymer were more efficient at reducing soil penetration resistance. The polymer was more efficient at improving the physical properties. However, it is necessary to consider phytoremediation with Atriplex as a more sustainable alternative that can still be used as complementary fodder in animal feed.     

不同覆盖方式对新复垦区土壤水热及春玉米产量的影响

随着城市化进程的加速发展,我国净耕地面积持续减少,合理开发利用潜在土地资源,对于保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义。为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对新复垦区土壤水热及作物生长的影响,通过2018年和2019年连续两年田间试验,研究了传统耕作(CK)、地膜覆盖(FM)、秸秆深埋(BS)和秸秆深埋+地膜覆盖(F+S) 4种处理对土壤水分、温度和春玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明:2018年,F+S、BS、FM处理玉米生育期内0～20cm及20～40 cm土层平均土壤含水率分别较CK增加24.4%、16.5%、12.6%及9.1%、3.2%、3.7%。2018年玉米苗期, 0～100 cm土壤蓄水量表现为FMF+SCKBS,明显表现为有覆膜处理(F+S和FM)的土壤蓄水量高于不覆膜处理(BS和CK)。2019年玉米苗期,土壤蓄水量则表现为F+SBSFMCK。与CK相比,春玉米全生育期不同覆盖耕作处理条件下各土层(5～25 cm)土壤温度均有所提高,具体表现为F+SFMBSCK,各处理土壤温度随土层深度表现为降低趋势。以表层5 cm土壤温度增幅最大,覆盖耕作处理的增温效应在全生育期表现为前期明显而后期弱化。各处理株高变化趋势一致,在播种后70d左右达到峰值,随后出现小幅度下降并最终保持稳定。试验期,株高和叶面积均表现为地表有覆膜的处理高于未覆膜处理(P0.05)。2018年, F+S、BS和FM处理玉米产量均显著高于CK(P0.05),2018年和2019年,各处理产量分别较CK增加17.0%、13.5%、6.6%和30.5%、23.9%、3.8%。产量构成逐步回归分析结果表明,穗长对产量的影响最大,产量与穗行数和百粒重呈正相关关系。秸秆深埋+地膜覆盖处理(F+S)可以综合发挥二者优势,有效调节土壤水热状况,改善土壤环境,促进作物生长发育,从而获得较高的产量,可作为新复垦区春玉米适宜的种植管理方式。