红壤中重金属的复合污染及污染指数

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn and As coexisting in red soil on growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mung bean(Vigna rabiata(Linn.) Wilczek),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.),Slash pine(Pinus elliottii Engelm.)and aspen(Populus L.).Results showed that rice,mung bean and alfalfa were significantly influenced by combined poollution of the heavy metals,the contents of Pb,Cd and As in rice grains greatly exceeded the National Standards for Food Hygiene of China.Heavy metals at a high concentration seriously retarded growth of mung bean and alfalfa,but not so obviously with slash pine and aspen.The composite index is suggested for evaluating the relativity of combined pollution with heavy metals in soil.     

Distribution of heavy metals in soils of the Yellow River Delta: concentrations in different soil horizons and source identification

Purpose

The Yellow River Delta, an active land-ocean interaction area, will develop into a large eco-economic region in East China during the coming decade. It is necessary to assess the geochemical features of heavy metals in the soils. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the concentrations and distribution of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd) in soil profiles of the area and to identify their sources.

Materials and methods

Horizon samples were collected based on pedogenic features from bottom to top in each profile to a depth of 120 cm and a total of 92 samples were collected. The sampling sites were grouped into four lines from inland to coastal area with three land use types (cotton field, cereal field, and wetland). The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Iron oxide fractions in the soil were extracted by oxalate-oxalic acid and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the mineral composition of the soils. Multivariate statistical analysis and historical data were employed to identify the possible sources of these heavy metals.

Results and discussion

The mean concentrations of heavy metals were elevated along the Yellow River region and in the southern part of the delta; however, they were generally lower than the Chinese guideline values. As for the depth distribution of heavy metals in soil profiles, the maximum values of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd in middle horizon of cotton field were almost twice than those in surface horizon. The iron oxides and XRD analysis indicated that the trace elements accumulation appeared to be related with the contents of crystalline iron oxide and layer silicates. Historical data from suspended sediments of the Yellow River and principal component analysis (PCA) implied that most of the metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) were sourced from natural alluviation and sedimentation.

Conclusions

The Yellow River Delta soils were slightly polluted by heavy metals the Yellow River Delta. The special pedogenic horizon characterized by higher iron oxides and layered silicates minerals in the middle and lower part of the soil profile was found with heavy metals enrichment, which required to be studied further. Suspended sediments transported by the Yellow River were suggested to be one of the major sources for the heavy metals accumulation in the basal soils of this region.     

贵阳市城区土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

调查了贵阳市不同功能区表层土壤中重金属含量及其分布特征,以基线为参比值,采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,贵阳市城区土壤重金属(Hg、Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn)主要来源于工业、交通以及燃煤等活动,其平均含量分别为0.108、0.320、20.53、22.17、35.71、64.87、48.65、217.90mg/kg,除Cr外,均显著高于相应基线。工矿区土壤中Pb、Zn含量显著高于其他功能区(p0.05)。Hg和Cd是主要的生态危害因子,其污染已达强生态危害水平,其余均显示为轻微生态危害水平;不同功能区土壤重金属污染均已达强生态危害水平,且污染程度依次是:商务区工矿区文教区居民区城市绿地交通区。     

用固定剂减少污泥中重金属污染土壤的研究

该研究将加有重金属固定剂的污泥装入废弃塑料容器制成施肥器,利用人工淋水或自然降水,使污泥中的养分从施肥器中流入土壤,而重金属被固定在污泥中,减少重金属土壤污染,再收集处理残渣,防止二次污染。通过淋滤试验和种植油麦菜、蕹菜的盆栽试验得出以下结论：硫酸钾作为固定剂和污泥混合,不仅肥效好,作物产量高,而且污泥重金属被水淋出量少,植物体内重金属的含量低。该文为污泥合理农用提供了新方法,同时充分利用了废弃塑料容器等废弃物,成本低而收效显著。     

高风险重金属污染土壤识别研究方法综述

高风险的重金属污染土壤的识别和探测是土壤健康风险评价及管理的基础,也是有效控制土壤污染、保障环境安全和农业可持续发展的重要前提。本文综述了高风险重金属污染土壤识别的方法及各自优缺点,主要包括元素剖面分布对比、与环境标准和背景值对比、同位素示踪、探索性统计分析、GIS制图和空间分析、多元统计分析、地统计学、空间统计分析和高精度曲面建模方法。将高精度曲面建模(HASM)与GIS空间分析、多元统计分析以及空间统计分析相结合,不仅可为土壤和土地资源普查和污染调查提供方法和理论上的借鉴,而且还可直接为土壤污染现状评价和风险管理、区域环境质量改善和土地利用规划等提供科学依据,是未来高风险重金属污染土壤识别研究的重要方向之一。     

Plant heavy metal concentrations and soil biological properties in agricultural serpentine soils

Abstract

Soils developed on serpentinitic rocks have serious limitations for agriculture. They have high levels of magnesium (Mg) and heavy metals [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)] and are deficient in some macronutrients. In parts of Northwestern Spain, serpentine soils have been subjected to intensive management, based on the use of manure and harvesting residues. Although these practices have allowed the growth of crops, plants may have accumulated high amounts of metals. This study was carried out to assess the effect of the management practices on the uptake of heavy metals by crops, and to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of these metals in plants, and soil properties. Moderate levels of Ni and Mn and low levels of Cr and Cu were found in soil extractable fractions of these metals. In spite of this, analysis of plant tissues revealed high levels of Cr and Ni and moderate contents of Mn. Concentrations of Mn and Ni in foliage were correlated to soil extractable contents, whereas simple linear regression between concentration of Cr in plants and the soil‐extractable Cr showed a poor relationship, possibly because the availability of this metal, as Cr(VI), is determined by temporal environmental conditions. To assess the effects of the management on the uptake of heavy metals by plants, a complementary bioassay experiment was carried out in the laboratory in which Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera were sown on serpentine soil with low organic matter content, and amended with peat and/or lime. This experiment confirmed that there is a reduction in heavy metal concentration in plants after organic amendment and suggested that the lower metal availability is partly due to the higher soil microbial activity, produced as a consequence of addition of organic matter.     

Statistical evaluation of the relationships between spatial variability in the organic carbon content in gray forest soils, soil density, concentrations of heavy metals, and topography

The spatial variability in the organic carbon content (C_org) in the gray forest soils was studied in relation to topography, soil density (D); and concentrations of Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn measured at 47 points in the upper (0–10 cm) and lower (10–20 cm) layers by the X-ray fluorescent method. The study area (48 by 104 m) under meadow vegetation included the break of slope of a river valley with strongly eroded gray forest soils and active development of erosional processes. Methods of geomorphometry were used for the quantitative characterization of topographic conditions. Statistical relationships between the studied characteristics were investigated by multiple regression methods with verification of the models according to specially developed criteria. The obtained statistical relationships were used to develop 3D cartographic models of the C_org and D distribution in the two soil layers. It was shown that the content of C_org in the upper layer increased on south-facing slopes, whereas the content of C_org in the lower layer gained its maximum of southwestern slopes, and the reasons for this distribution were determined. The major characteristics of topography affecting the distribution of C_org in the different soil layers were identified. The C_org content in any soil layer was most tightly correlated with the D values; a less tight correlation was observed between the C_org and Mg contents. The Zn and Cu contents correlated with the C_org in the lower (10–20 cm) layer, whereas the Ca and Fe contents correlated with the C_org in the upper (0–10 cm) layer. The interpretation of the observed regularities involved data on the stability of metal complexes with humic acids under different conditions of the soil acidity; the effect of the erosional processes was also taken into account.     

The use of microbial parameters in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals

Microbial parameters appear very useful in monitoring soil pollution by heavy metals, but no single microbial parameter can be used universally. Microbial activities such as respiration, C and N mineralization, biological N₂ fixation, and some soil enzymes can be measured, as can the total soil microbial biomass. Combining microbial activity and population measurements (e.g., biomass specific respiration) appears to provide more sensitive indications of soil pollution by heavy metals than either activity or population measurements alone. Parameters that have some form of internal control, e.g., biomass as a percentage of soil organic matter, are also advantageous. By using such approaches it might be possible to determine whether the natural ecosystem is being altered by pollutants without recource to expensive and long-running field experiments. However, more data are needed before this will be possible. Finally, new applications of molecular biology to soil pollution studies (e.g., genetic fingerprinting) which may also have value in the future are considered.     

矿区复垦土壤种植小麦的重金属安全性

为分析矿区充填复垦土壤种植农作物的生态安全性,以中国徐州市柳新矿区复垦场地为例,对照当地农田土壤,对充填场地种植小麦不同部位As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn 7种重金属元素含量进行检测,分析了Cd、Cr在成熟小麦不同器官中的分布、富集情况,并利用单项污染指数法和综合指数法对小麦籽粒进行了风险评价。结果表明,三场地中Cd 和Hg在未成熟苗中的含量小于成熟茎中的含量,Cr、Cu和Zn则与之相反,Pb和As的含量规律性不太明显;复垦场地小麦未成熟根的重金属含量都小于成熟根中的含量;比照地中除Cr 和Zn之外,其余元素在未成熟根中的含量均大于成熟根的含量;参照粮食污染限量标准,小麦籽粒中Cd和Cr含量均超标。风险评价显示三场地小麦籽粒中Cd、Cr单项污染指数达到轻度至重度水平,综合污染指数处于轻度污染至中度污染水平之间。该研究对矿区粮食安全的监控具有重要的实际应用价值。     

不同栽培方式菜田耕层土壤重金属状况

【目的】评价不同栽培方式(温室、大棚和露地)菜田土壤重金属状况,为菜田土壤质量改善和蔬菜高效安全施肥提供一定的理论依据。【方法】针对我国北方3个区域(东北、黄淮海、西北地区)和南方4个区域(华中、西南、华东、华南地区)主要蔬菜种植区不同栽培方式的典型菜田耕层土壤展开调查,选择的主要菜区不同栽培方式的菜田均为远离城郊的未受到工业“三废”、汽车尾气等污染的农村菜田,取样时间是2013年作物收获后或蔬菜施肥前或生长后期,共采集503个土壤样品,对温室、大棚和露地三种栽培方式下土壤重金属状况进行了研究。【结果】1)采样区设施(温室和大棚)菜田土壤重金属Cu、Zn和Cd总量总体上均高于露地菜田土壤,较露地菜田土壤平均分别高12.2%、21.7%和30.4%。2)随着种菜年限的增加,菜田土壤重金属Cu、Zn和Cd总量呈显著增加的趋势。不同栽培方式菜田土壤中均可能存在几种重金属同时污染的复合污染现象,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd等之间的相关性均达到极显著水平。3)采样区不同栽培方式菜田土壤Cd的二级超标率在19.2%~22.3%之间,温室、大棚和露地菜田土壤Cd的单项污染指数平均分别为0.97、0.98和0.70;土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As和Hg的二级超标率在0~14.6%之间,单项污染指数在0.06~0.52之间。【结论】设施菜田N、P2O5和K2O总量及有机肥用量均显著高于露地菜田,可能是造成设施菜田土壤中重金属Cu、Zn和Cd积累显著高于露地菜田的重要原因。采样区设施(温室和大棚)菜田土壤Cd总体上处于污染警戒级状态,露地菜田土壤总体上未受到Cd的污染;设施和露地菜田土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As和Hg总体上均未构成对土壤的污染。     

Characterization of contamination levels of heavy metals in agricultural soils using geochemical baseline concentrations

Journal of Soils and Sediments - It is currently very difficult to accurately evaluate the soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) attributed to the unavailability of local geochemical background...     

Assessment of background concentrations of heavy metals in soils of the northeastern part of European Russia

The assessment of background concentrations of heavy metals in soils of the southern regions of the Komi Republic has been performed. Within the accumulative landscapes, soils are enriched with virtually all the studied heavy metals in comparison with the eluvial landscapes. A database of the content of heavy metals has been developed using GIS technologies, and maps showing the distribution of heavy metals in soils of the southern part of the Komi Republic have been obtained.     

热改性坡缕石对土壤镉污染的钝化效果及对土壤镉生态毒性的影响

  目的  探究纳米材料对农田土壤镉（Cd）的钝化效果及其对土壤酶活性、作物生长的影响,以期为Cd污染农田的生态修复和农产品安全、优质生产提供参考依据。  方法  通过盆栽实验,研究了添加纳米生物炭(nBC)、纳米羟基磷灰石(nHAP)和纳米零价铁(nZVI)对土壤化学性质、有效态Cd含量、酶活性以及小白菜体内Cd含量、生长和品质的影响。  结果  添加nBC、nHAP、nZVI后土壤pH分别提高了0.73、0.72、0.16个单位;同时,nBC显著提高了土壤速效磷和速效钾含量, nHAP显著提高了土壤速效磷含量。与对照相比,nBC、nHAP和nZVI显著降低了土壤DTPA和TCLP提取态Cd含量,降幅分别为46.4%和32.0%、67.9%和41.2%、54.8%和28.9%;而纳米材料显著提高了土壤酶活性,其中脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性分别为对照的1.50 ~ 3.15倍、1.32 ~ 1.64倍和1.20 ~ 1.39倍。向土壤中添加nBC、nHAP、nZVI后,显著降低了小白菜中Cd含量,提高了小白菜干重和营养品质。其中,地上部、根系Cd含量较对照分别降低了68.4% ~ 78.7%、39.6% ~ 62.0%;可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量较对照的增幅分别为9.61% ~ 57.5%、36.7% ~ 116%、10.9% ~ 41.4%。  结论  3种纳米材料对土壤中Cd起到了良好的钝化作用,同时提高了土壤酶活性,改善了小白菜的生长状况和营养品质。     

徐州市北郊农业土壤重金属污染评价

研究评价徐州市北郊农业土壤重金属污染状况结果表明,该区农业土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cr 5种重金属平均含量均高于土壤背景值,其农业土壤Cd、Cr为重污染,土壤Zn为污染警戒级(尚清洁水平),其他2种元素为安全级(清洁水平),其综合污染指数为Cr>Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb。     

Assessment of the migration of heavy metals in soils

Qualitative and quantitative studies of the kinetics and dynamics of technogenic migration of heavy metals (HMs) have been performed in laboratory experiments. It is shown that the redistribution of HMs applied into soils in neutral form has an impulsive pattern. Soil texture does not have a decisive influence on the migration capacity of metals. An important feature of the technogenic migration of HMs is the effect of the polymetallic contamination, upon which the migration capacity of a set of heavy metals is higher than that of separate metal compounds. An index characterizing the ratio of absolute values of migration rates of ionic forms of metals estimated from electrical conductivity values to the rate of infiltration of the soil solution (v_m/v_f) is suggested to estimate the kinetics of HM migration in soils.     

稻田土壤和稻米中重金属潜在污染风险评估与来源解析

该文选择贵州省典型城市(都匀市)周边水稻种植区为研究区,系统采集了稻田土壤和稻米样品各110个,测定土壤和稻米中Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr含量,基于多元统计分析和污染风险评价等分析方法,揭示了研究区稻田土壤重金属污染的主要来源及土壤和稻米中重金属存在的潜在风险。结果表明,与贵州土壤重金属背景值相比,稻田土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr超标率分别为14.55%、40.00%、16.36%、22.72%和13.64%,主要以Hg污染问题最为突出。稻米中只存在3.64%Cd超标,Hg、As、Pb和Cr平均含量均低于国家食品安全标准限定值(GB 2762-2017),说明当地居民食用稻米存在最大的潜在威胁为Cd污染稻米。稻田土壤重金属来源分析结果表明,稻田土壤中Cd、Hg、As和Pb之间呈显著正相关关系,说明土壤中Cd、Hg、As和Pb具有相同的来源,主要来源于当地铅锌矿冶炼、火电厂等污染点源排放的污染物;Cr与其他元素相关性不显著,主要来源于成土母质,为自然来源元素。     

受土壤类型和金属负荷量影响的重金属形态分布

Two series of soil subsamples, by spiking copper(Cu),lead(Pb),zinc(Zn)and cadmium(Cd)in an orthogonal design,were prepared using red soil and brown soil,respectively.The results indicated that heavy metal fractions in these soil subsamples depended not only on soil types,but also on metal loading quantity as well as on interactions among metals in soil.Lead and Cu in red soil appeared mostly in weakly specifically adsorbed(WSA),Fe and Mn oxides bound(OX),and residual(RES)fractions.Zine cxisted in all fractions except organic bound one,and Cd was major in water soluble plus exchangeable(SE)one.Different from the results of red soil,Pb and Cu was present in brown soil in all fractions except organic one,but over 75% of Zn and 90% of Cd existed only in SE fraction.Meanwhile,SE fraction for any metal in red soil was lower than that in brown soil and WSA and OX fractions were higher.It is in agreernent with low cation exchange capacity and large amounts of metal oxides included in red soil.Metal fractions in soil,especially for water soluble plus exchangeable one ,were obviously influenced by other coexisting metals.The SE fraction of heavy metals increased with increasing loading amounts of metals in red soil but not obviously in brown soil,which suggest that metal availability be easily affected by their total amounts spiked in red soil.In addition,more metals in red soil were extracted with 0.20 mol L^-1 NH4Cl（pH5.40）than that with 1.0 mol L^-1 Mg(NO3)2(pH7.0),but the reverse happened in brown soil,implicating significantly different mechanisms of metal desorption from red soil and brown soil.     

Extractable heavy metals in Atlantic coast soils

Abstract

The analysis of soils, using 0.1 N HC1 as an extractant for the heavy metals, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb on “fine”; textured North Shore and “coarse”; textured Annapolis Valley soils was completed. Results show ranges of 0.012 to 0.469 parts per million Cd; 0.102 to 2.90 parts per million Cr; 0.16 to 29.25 parts per million Ni and 0.12 to 244.8 parts per million Pb. Correlation studies indicate that the heavy metal content of fine textured soils is less influenced by changes in clay content and organic matter than are coarse textured soils. Generally the surface layers (0–15 cms) are higher in extractable heavy metal content than the lower layers (15–30 cms).     

Concentrations and forms of heavy metals in Slovak soils

The risk assessment of heavy‐metal contamination in soils requires knowledge of the controls of metal concentrations and speciation. We tested the relationship between soil properties (pH, CEC, C_org, oxide concentrations, texture) and land use (forest, grassland, arable) and the partitioning of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn among the seven fractions of a sequential extraction procedure in 146 A horizons from Slovakia. Using a cluster analysis, we identified 92 soils as representing background metal concentrations while the remaining 54 soils showed anthropogenic contamination. Among the background soils, forest soils had the lowest heavy‐metal concentrations except for Pb (highest), because of the shielding effect of the organic layer. Arable soils had the highest Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations suggesting metal input with agrochemicals. Grassland soils had the highest Cd and Zn concentrations probably for geogenic reasons. Besides the parent material (highest metal concentrations in soils from carbonatic rock, lowest in quartz‐rich soils with sandy texture), pedogenic eluviation processes controlled metal concentrations with podzols showing depletion of most metals in E horizons. Partitioning among the seven fractions of the sequential extraction procedure was element‐specific. The pH was the overwhelming control of the contributions of the bioavailable fractions (fractions 1–4) of all metals and even influenced the contributions of Fe oxide‐associated metals (fractions 5 and 6) to total metal concentrations. For fractions 5 and 6, Fe concentrations in oxides were the most important control of contributions to total metal concentrations. After statistically separating the pH from land use, we found that the contributions of Cu in fractions 1–4 and of NH₄NO₃‐extractable Al, Cd, Pb, and Zn to total metal concentrations were significantly higher under forest than under grassland and in some cases arable use. Our results confirm that metal speciation in soils is mainly controlled by the pH. Furthermore, land use has a significant effect.