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1.
Assessing progenies of potato for resistance to skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) in the glasshouse
Summary Crosses were made between six parents differing in susceptibility to skin spot and glasshouse-grown tubers from true seedlings
of the nine resulting progenies assessed for resistance to the disease. The assessment was evaluated by a two-year comparison
with the behaviour of field-grown tubers of the progenies and their parents. The correlations between progenies in the glasshouse
and field were r=0.911 and 0.753 and those between the mid-parental values and the progeny means were high (r>0.864), indicating
that parental differences were heritable. It is concluded that correlations were sufficient for glasshouse-grown tubers to
be used for assessing large numbers of progenies in genetical studies and for eliminating highly susceptible progenies at
an early stage in a breeding programme.
R.L. Wastie died 16.01.96. 相似文献
2.
Summary This contribution presents highlights of the oral and poster presentations in the various sessions of the 14th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research, held in Sorrento, Italy, May 1999. It is based on the
reports of the session chairpersons and the book of abstracts. The paper reports the progress made in many aspects of potato
research, but also stresses the need for further collaborative work, especially in the fields of molecular physiology, marker
assisted breeding, control of late blight, potato tuber moth and other pests and diseases, stress physiology and stress resistance,
and sustainable cropping systems with both short and long cycle potato crops. 相似文献
3.
Summary Tests for resistance toPhytophthora infestans were done twice in each of 2 years on field- and glasshouse-grown tubers of ten cultivars. The cultivar rankings, were almost
identical for the means of the four glasshouse tests and the means of the four field tests. However, for the field tests but
not for the glasshouse tests there were cultivar x harvest date and cultivar x year interactions. It is concluded that resistance
can be assessed on glasshouse-grown tubers and that such assessments should prove more consistent over years than those done
on field-grown tubers.
R.L. Wastie died 16.1.96 相似文献
4.
C. M. Menzel 《Potato Research》1985,28(2):263-266
Summary In potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Sebago), benzyladenine (BA) promoted tuberization at high day/night temperatures (32°/18°C), while gibberrellic acid
(GA) and chlorethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) reduced tuberization at low day/night temperatures (22°/18°C). These results are
consistent with the hypothesis that temperature exerts its influence on tuber formation by altering the balance between endogenous
gibberellins, cytokinins and inhibitors, but not ethylene. 相似文献
5.
Summary TwoPythium spp. were isolated from diseased tubers exhibiting rots at harvest, in summer stores and also in refrigerated storage. Symptoms
shared features described for both pink rot caused byPhytophthora erythroseptica and leak caused byPythium spp.
The causal agents were identified asPythium aphanidermatum andP. ultimum by morphological and physiological observations and by fingerprinting using oomycete specific primers to amplify the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS1) within ribosomal DNAs. The optimum temperatures for infection were 30°C forP. aphanidermatum and 25°C forP. ultimum, corresponding to the optimum temperatures for growth in vitro. The optimum concentration for infection of tubers inoculated
by dipping in a suspension of oospores or hyphal swellings after wounding was found to be 103 reproductive organs/ml, whereas the infection threshold was 10 reproductive organs/ml. 相似文献
6.
Summary A heat balance method for measuring sap flow in actively growing plants was tested on three potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Monona, Norchip and Atlantic. The method is based on applying a known heat source to the stem of an intact
plant: by measuring the axial and radial heat dissipation the magnitude of sap flow can be quantified. The technique shows
promise as 24 h accumulated sap flow measurements were highly correlated (r2=0.935, n=36) with gravimetric measurements of transpiration and produced an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 20 g
d−1. The accuracy of the method improved as daily accumulated flow increased. Under low daily flow rates overall RMSE increased,
supporting the need for a heat storage term in the heat balance equation. Short term flow rates were less significantly correlated
(r2=0.764, n=1572) and produced an average RMSE of 2.89 g h−1. Identification of these short term flow rates during high flow periods may be difficult. The presence of water potential
gradients and the likelihood of re-hydration during high flow events may have also affected the short term performance of
the method. At low flow rates, many different errors may be introduced. 相似文献
7.
Summary The susceptibility of 21 potato cultivars to leak (watery wound rot) caused byPythium aphanidermatum was compared. Whole tubers were inoculated after wounding by dipping into a water suspension of 103 oospores/ml and incubated for 3 days at 25°C. The mean penetration of tissue calculated from the recording of lesion width
and depth and the qualitative assessment of rot extension were highly correlated. For 10 of 12 cultivars tested at least twice,
consistent reactions were obtained: cvs Korrigane. Superstar, Safrane and Yesmina were moderately susceptible, whereas Atlas,
Diamant, Mondial, Obélix, Spunta and Timate were susceptible to highly susceptible. Tubers originated from two locations and/or
two cropping seasons: thus, the performance of these cultivars under different production conditions reveals a satisfactory
level of agreement with the test. Moreover, ratings assigned are supported by field or store observations. 相似文献
8.
Yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptake in potato: influence of drought stress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Luisa Dalla Costa G. Delle Vedove G. Gianquinto R. Giovanardi A. Peressotti 《Potato Research》1997,40(1):19-34
Summary A lysimeter experiment was performed to study the optimal allocation of limited water supply in potatoes.
Irrigation regimes equal to 40, 60 and 80% of maximum evapotranspiration (ET) were evenly applied over the crop cycle. Other
treatments involved withholding 80 mm of irrigation, based on ET, beginning at each of three designated growth stages (tuber
initiation, early and late tuber growth). An irrigated control treatment, restoring the entire ET, was included for comparison.
Continuous drought stress reduced photosynthesis as irrigation volumes were reduced. Plant biomass and tuber yield decreased
almost proportionally to water consumption, so that WUE was roughly constant. N uptake was highest in the control and in 80%
ET treatment.
Withholding water during tuberisation severely hindered plant physiological processes and penalized tuber yield. Reductions
in photosynthesis, total biomass and yield were the greatest when drought was imposed during tuber initiation. The earliest
stress resulted in the lowest WUE and N uptake.
A new crop water stress index (SI) was proposed, which combines atmospheric demand for water and canopy temperature. 相似文献
9.
Summary Sprouts of cvs Arran Chief, Pentland Kappa and Golden Wonder were inoculated with fresh wart tissue using the Glynne-Lemmerzahl
(GL) method and results of tests carried out using five different incubation regimes were compared. When tubers of Arran Chief
and Pentland Kappa were incubated uncovered in the light. rotting of sprouts was reduced and there was more extensive development
of summer sporangia. Similar results were obtained on a range of cultivars when inoculations were done using summer or winter
spores. Winter spores, which germinate freely in distilled water, can readily be extracted from dried rotted wart tissue to
provide a reliable and continuous supply of inoculum. At the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, wart susceptibility testing
using the GL method has been done with winter spores since 1987. 相似文献
10.
M. K. Van Ittersum 《Potato Research》1992,35(3):261-269
Summary The variation in duration of dormancy within a seed tuber lot was studied over three years by harvesting individual plants
of cvs Diamant and Désirée from field plots and by storing the tubers at 18°C. The variation in dormancy within a tuber lot
was large (especially for cv. Diamant) and was mainly caused by variation within plants.
For cv. Diamant there was a close negative relation between dormancy and the cube root of tuber weight, whereas for cv. Désirée
a relation with tuber weight was almost absent.
The duration of dormancy of a seed lot comprising tubers with a narrow range in weight can be well described by two parameters.
It is proposed to maintain the moment of 80% sprouting as the criterion for the end of dormancy of a tuber lot and to characterize
the spread in dormancy duration by the time lapse between 10% and 90% sprouting. 相似文献
11.
Summary Potatoes were stored in three insulated bins having ventilation rates of 0.0190, 0.0306 and 0.0417 m3/s·t. The results showed that in the climate of northern Italy potatoes can be stored successfully at ventilation rates of
not less than 0.0306 m3/s·t resulting in product weight loss of less than 2.0% after 100 days' storage. The incidence of diseases and of sprouting
was very low at rates of 0.0306 and 0.0417 m3/s·t, but greater at 0.019 m3/s·t because of the higher tuber temperature. Laboratory tests simulating ambient conditions confirmed the validity of a thermodynamic
model simulating air-potato heat exchange. 相似文献
12.
Summary The expression of antioxidant genes has been analyzed in a potato plant and during tuber dormancy. Manganese superoxide dismutase
(MnSOD), cytosolic copper and zinc superoide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), catalase class II, cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase (APX)
and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are expressed at the RNA level in all the contexts analyzed. By contrast, the expression
of the iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) and plastidic Cu/ZnSOD seems to be limited to green tissues, as shown by northern
blots and native gels. A complex DAB-peroxidase isozyme pattern (using diaminobenzidine as substrate) has been observed in
different developmental contexts analyzed, but hardly observed in tubers. During tuber dormancy, MnSOD and cytosolic Cu/ZnSOD
activity was relatively constant in both Désirée and Bintje varieties while catalase activity decreases. Moreover, tuber dormancy
breakage did not involve significant changes in the activity of these enzymes. On the basis of these results, the possible
link between active oxygen species (AOS) metabolism and dormancy is discussed. 相似文献
13.
Summary Potato cultivars were grown in a glasshouse and plants periodically transferred to a growth chamber. When the ambient temperature
in the growth chamber was raised from 15 to 40°C in steps of 5°C per hour, net photosynthetic rate decreased at temperatures
above 20°C. At 40°C the rate was 37% of the rate at 20°C. A greater decrease in net photosynthetic rate occurred with plants
of the cultivar Up-to-Date than with cultivars R100 and BP13. Low values of leaf diffusive resistance were recorded and changes
in photosynthetic rate could not be explained by changes in this factor. When a constant ambient air temperature of 20°C was
maintained while soil temperature was increased, net photosynthetic rate decreased. 相似文献
14.
Summary Potato crops in subtropical climates are often subjected to water stress, resulting in low yields and poor tuber quality.
The yield response of potato genotypes to water supply was investigated in six trials, three each in spring and autumn plantings.
Trials were conducted under automated rain shelters, using an irrigation boom to impose five soil water regimes.
The negative effect of water stress on tuber yield was more detrimental in spring than in autumn, because of higher atmospheric
evaporative demand and higher temperatures in spring. An average yield reduction of 68% was recorded for the most severely
stressed regime in spring plantings, while the mean reduction for the same treatment in autumn was only 42%. Genotypic differences
in yield response to drought were clearly illustrated in spring, but not in autumn. This suggests that the choice of genotypes
is only influenced by the availability of water in spring, when more drought tolerant genotypes should be used. 相似文献
15.
Helen E. Stewart J. E. Bradshaw R. L. Wastie G. R. Mackay Orly Erlich L. Livescu A. Nachmias 《Potato Research》1994,37(3):257-269
Summary Progenies from crosses between cultivars varying widely in resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani Sor.), were assessed for resistance as true seedlings in a glasshouse in Scotland. The resistance of a representative sample
of surviving genotypes from each progeny was compared with samples of the same progenies not previously exposed to the fungus,
both in the glasshouse in Scotland and in the field in Israel. The exposed population was more resistant. Resistance was identified
more effectively in adult plants from tubers in the glasshouse than in true seedlings and agreement between glasshouse and
field assessment was better when progenies were compared rather than individual genotypes. The mid parent and progeny mean
scores of the unexposed population were correlated at both sites, thus confirming that the resistance is heritable. Selecting
resistant individuals at the seedling stage is suggested as a useful tool for resistance breeding, having first chosen the
best parents for crossing. 相似文献
16.
Summary A reverse of the delaying effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) was observed in in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets when the medium contained 0.8×10−5 M jasmonic acid (JA). The promoting effect of JA seemed to be correlated with the initial absence of growing roots, probably
through direct activity of JA in microtuber-producing buds in the stoloniferous shoots. This is based on the fact that JA
did not inhibit root growth a posteriori. Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) synthesized by roots did not interfere with the previous
activity of JA in tuberization. The absence of a JA promoting-effect on tuberization of previously-rooted plantlets could
be related to the capacity of potato roots to synthesize endogenous GAs which might antagonize the JA effect on buds of stoloniferous
shoots. 相似文献
17.
The effect of a seaweed concentrate on the in vitro growth and acclimatization of potato plantlets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary The seaweed concentrate ‘Kelpak’ is used commercially in the greenhouse and field to improve plant quality. ‘Kelpak’ was added
to the in vitro culture medium of potato cv. ‘BP1’ and also applied as a leaf/soil drench immediately after transplanting.
The addition of 0.25% seaweed concentrate to the medium improved plantlet quality and led to better establishment in the greenhouse.
No beneficial effect of seaweed concentrate in the tissue culture medium was observed if a second cutting was part of the
micropropagation process. Additional application of 0.5% seaweed concentrate in the greenhouse to plantlet cuttings derived
from tissue culture was not beneficial. 相似文献
18.
K. Scholte 《Potato Research》1989,32(3):367-376
Summary The effects of soil-borneRhizoctonia solani on yield and quality of potato were studied by an extensive individual plant sampling procedure. From 1983 to 1986, stem
canker and stolon pruning were examined in 10 768 plants growing on a sandy soil. Tuber yield and quality and haulm yield
per plant were also recorded.
The degree of attack byR. solani depended on the cropping frequency of potato. Severe and very severe stem and stolon attacks decreased fresh yield, dry matter
yield and dry matter content of tubers and increased the number of deformed and small tubers, whereas the effect on haulm
yield and stem number was small.
Potato cultivars differed in susceptibility toR. solani, but yield response did not differ significantly between cultivars at the same levels of stem and stolon infection. 相似文献
19.
Summary Potato cultivars Chieftain and Kennebec were prewarmed at 70°C for 15 min. prior to heating at 100°C for 18 min. in a water
bath. Chieftain exhibited a large increase in fracturability upon treatment while Kennebec showed a smaller increase. Pectic
substances of the two cultivars were sequentially extracted in water, sodium hexametaphosphate (0.5%), hydrochloric acid (0.05M, 50°C), and sodium hydroxide (0.05M, 5°C). The largest fraction isolated from both cultivars consisted of hydroxide-soluble pectic substances, and was followed
by the acid-soluble fraction. Chieftain contained significantly greater amounts of the hydroxide-soluble fraction than Kennebec.
Ion exchange chromatography revealed that the extracted pectic substances from the two major fractions consisted of a charged
pectin chain with attached neutral sugars. Gel filtration chromatography revealed wide molecular size distributions for the
isolated pectic substances. Pectic neutral sugar content for the hydroxide-soluble fraction (50% of total pectic substances)
was greater for Chieftain than for Kennebec. 相似文献
20.
Effect of haulm treatments on the formation of microsclerotia ofVerticillium dahliae Kleb. on potato
Summary In four pot experiments, potato plants of cv. Element were artificially infected withV. dahliae. At an early and a late harvest haulms were killed chemically, by burning or by various other treatments, including cutting
them into pieces of different lengths and keeping the debris on the soil surface or covering with soil. After 4 weeks the
plant material was air-dried and the number of microsclerotia per mg was determined.
At the early harvest, in two experiments, the chemical treatment yielded more microsclerotia than the cutting treatments.
Covering colonised haulm tissue with non-sterilised soil was effective in inhibiting microsclerotia formation. Shorter haulm
pieces led to fewer microsclerotia at the later harvest if the material was kept on the soil surface. The variation in microsclerotial
yield and in treatment effects among the different experiments was large. 相似文献