Quantitative differences in evaluating soil humic substances by liquid- and solid-state C-NMR spectroscopy

We compared the quantitative responses of liquid-state (LS) and solid-state (CPMAS) ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy of four different soil humic substances. The intensities of signals for the alkyl carbons (0–40 ppm) were significantly larger in CPMAS than in LS spectra. This difference is in agreement with the pseudo-micellar model of the conformational nature of humic substances. By this view, the hydrophobic interactions holding together the heterogeneous molecules of humic micelles inhibit the molecular motions of the alkyl carbons, thereby enhancing the spin-lattice relaxation times and consequently lowering the sensitivity of liquid-state NMR. Conversely, regardless of their position in the humic conformation, a better estimation of the number of alkyl carbons can be obtained by CPMAS-NMR because of the cross-polarization of hydrogen nuclei in CH₂ and CH₃ groups. The intensity of the 40–110 ppm region is also slightly lower in LS than in CPMAS-NMR spectra, despite the hydrophilicity of the oxidized and peptidic carbons resonating in this chemical shift interval. Their molecular motion may also be reduced by either the formation of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bondings due to poorly acidic hydroxyl groups of saccharides, or the degree of conformational rigidity that a pseudo-micellar arrangement confers even to hydrophilic domains. The higher content of aromatic carbons (110–160 ppm) found in the LS spectra was attributed partly to the high degree of substitution of the aromatic ring that slows down cross-polarization in CPMAS experiments and partly to the relative overestimation of this region by LS-NMR due to a lack of signal in the aliphatic interval. The slightly lower content of carboxyl carbons estimated in CPMAS spectra as compared to LS spectra was also attributed to slow cross-polarization. This work shows that the combined use of both NMR techniques is profitable in conformational analysis of humic substances and of dissolved organic matter in general.     

Characterization and structural modelling of humic substances in field soil displaying significant differences from previously proposed structures

Humic substances (HS) often are dominant constituents of soil organic matter. In this study 28 fractions of HS were purified and chemically characterized from horizons of three Danish soils differing in texture. A commercial humic acid (HA) was included for comparison. The HS fractions were chemically characterized by CHNS analysis, pH-titration and liquid state ¹³C-NMR experiments. Amino acids and carbohydrates could clearly be differentiated from other O- and N-aliphatic compounds. The data were analysed by principal component analysis. The analysis revealed greater difference between HS fractions than between locations. The characteristics of the HS fractions were compared with several models in the literature and an average structural model for one HA and one FA fraction is proposed.     

稳定碳、氮同位素在牛肉加工过程中的分馏效应

为了探究牛肉及副产物中稳定碳、氮同位素在加工过程中的变化规律,确证稳定碳、氮同位素在牛肉加工制品产地溯源中的稳定性和有效性。本试验通过对牛肉进行不同时间的水煮、烤制和油炸3种处理,其中水煮和烤制加工时间分别为5、10、15、20、25和30 min,油炸加工时间分别为1、2、3、4和5 min;采用元素分析仪-稳定同位素比率质谱仪(EA-IRMS)测定脱脂牛肉、粗脂肪及副产物中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值。结果表明,脱脂牛肉中δ¹³C值在水煮、烤制和油炸3种加工方式不同加工时间之间均无显著差异,水煮和烤制后粗脂肪中δ¹³C值无显著变化,油炸后的牛肉粗脂肪δ¹³C值主要受植物油的影响,加工方式及加工时间对其无显著影响;水煮脱脂牛肉δ¹⁵N值在加工25、30 min时与对照组牛肉存在显著差异,但平均差值仅为0.3‰~0.9‰。牛肉稳定碳、氮同位素在不同加工过程中分馏效应较小,可有效用于牛肉加工半成品及成品的原产地溯源。     

土壤腐殖质氮结构的X-光电能谱研究

X－ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) was applied to examine the N structures of soil humic substances and some of their analogues.It was found that for soil humic substances XPS method gave similar results as those obtained by ^15N CPMAS NMR (cross-polarization magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance) method.70%-86% of total N in soil humic substances was in the form of amide,and 6%-13% was presented as ammes,with the remaining part as heterocyclic N.There was no difference in the distribution of the forms of N between the humic substances from soils formed over hundreds or thousands of years and the newly formed ones.For fulvic acid from weathered coal and benzoquinone-(NH4)2SO4 polymer the XPS results deviated significantly from the ^15N CPMAS NMR data.     

13C NMR of humic substances: pH and solvent effects

Since the concentration of free radicals in humic subtances increases at high pH the use of basic solutions for ¹³C NMR spectroscopy may cause broadening and loss of aromatic signals, with distortion of intensity distributions. No such effects were found in ¹³C spectra of soil humic and fulvic acid, an aquatic fulvic acid, and two phenolic polymers run in aqueous solutions at different pH values, and in dimethylsulphoxide. With increasing pH, the peak in the carboxyl region shifted in a manner consistent with greater dissociation of carboxyl and phenolic groups, and also certain features in the aliphatic and carboxyl regions were enhanced under some solution conditions. Elevated solution temperature (70°C) caused only slight improvement in the resolution of some lines. Chemical shifts were determined for some known phenolic and benzenecarboxylic acid compounds in DMSO and NaOD. The range for phenolic carbons extended to 173 ppm in NaOD, while some aromatic carbons occurred around 105 ppm, in the same region as anomeric carbons. Thus, even under quantitative acquisition conditions, relative areas may be used only to estimate proportions of different types of carbons and functional groups.     

花生油生产过程中稳定同位素变化规律及影响因素研究

花生油的稳定同位素特征研究是该技术应用于花生油掺假检测的基础,为探究花生油生产过程中碳、氢、氧的稳定同位素比值变化规律及其受产地、年份的影响,本试验收集了3个年份6个省份的花生样品,利用稳定同位素比值质谱仪(IRMS)测定油脂中3种元素的稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ²H和δ¹⁸O)。结果表明,不同产地花生样品中,油脂的δ¹³C、δ²H和δ¹⁸O值均不相同。以δ¹³C为例,平均值由大到小依次为湖北>辽宁>广东>山东>河南>江苏,部分省份之间差异显著(P<0.05);因年份不同油脂稳定同位素特征也存在差异。另外,研究结果表明不同生产阶段的油脂中稳定同位素特征几乎一致,加工工艺的差异未改变油脂的稳定同位素分馏。可见,油脂中保留了花生的稳定同位素特征。本研究结果为花生油掺假检测技术研究提供了理论基础与应用可行性。     

元素分析-同位素比值质谱法同时测定蔬菜中碳、氮同位素的前处理方法优化

为探究过筛目数和热风干燥对蔬菜中碳、氮同位素的影响规律,本试验在验证了基于CO₂稀释的元素分析-同位素比值质谱(EA-IRMS)法可靠性的基础上,研究了过筛目数(20、40、60、80、100、200目)、杀青(105℃,30 min)与未杀青处理、热风干燥温度(45、60、75℃)对6种蔬菜(菠菜、豇豆、韭菜、莲藕、茄子、马铃薯)δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值的影响。结果表明,以89%CO₂稀释比例下EA-IRMS同时测定δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值的标准偏差满足检测精度要求;当过筛目数超过80目时,6种蔬菜样品的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值均趋于稳定且达到测定精度要求;以真空冷冻干燥处理所测的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值为参照,采用不同热风干燥温度(45、60和75℃)处理的茄子、菠菜、莲藕和杀青后韭菜中δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值均无显著差异,但未杀青的韭菜在45℃热风干燥后其δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值与参照值之间有显著差异(P<0.05),且热风干燥处理的豇豆(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值)和马铃薯(δ¹³C值)与参照值相比也表现出不同程度的差异。因此,采用89%CO₂稀释比例下EA-IRMS法同时测定蔬菜中δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值是可行的;蔬菜样品在进行碳、氮同位素测定前应以不低于80目的过筛处理。茄子、菠菜、莲藕和韭菜蔬菜样品在制备过程可采用热风干燥方式,其中韭菜需进行杀青处理,而豇豆、马铃薯则建议采用真空冷冻干燥方式。本研究为蔬菜样品中碳、氮同位素同时测定及样品制备提供了一定的参考。     

我国有机茶稳定同位素特征与δ15N标识相关性研究

为探明我国有机茶稳定同位素分布情况及δ¹⁵N标识的相关因素,本研究收集了全国不同地区申请有机茶认证企业的145个样品,采用元素分析-稳定同位素比率质谱仪测定稳定同位素比率(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O),结合单因素方差分析和正态分布模型探究稳定同位素特征分布规律。结果表明,有机茶样品δ¹³C分布于-31.0‰ ~ -23.7‰之间,不同产地间差异不显著。δ²H和δ¹⁸O范围分别为-107.1‰ ~ -24.8‰和17.2‰ ~ 32.0‰,均存在显著地域差异。我国有机茶δ¹⁵N正态分布范围为-4.6‰ ~ 7.0‰,平均值为1.2‰。其中有机茶生产面积大的地区样品δ¹⁵N范围为1.6‰ ~ 5.8‰,显著高于生产面积小的地区(-2.5‰ ~ 0.4‰,P<0.01),表明δ¹⁵N指标作为有机茶标识特征与产区生产面积之间存在一定的相关性。本研究为基于稳定同位素技术的有机茶真伪鉴别提供了研究基础,为有机茶的认证与监管提供了一定的理论依据。     

稳定同位素比质谱用于不同进口国大豆溯源技术研究

为探讨锶(Sr)、碳(C)、氮(N)稳定同位素比质谱应用于我国进口大豆产地溯源的可行性,本试验利用热电离质谱检测进口大豆中⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr,利用稳定同位素比质谱仪检测进口大豆中的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N,利用SPSS软件对进口自巴西、美国和阿根廷的大豆⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N进行统计分析。结果表明,不同产地国大豆样本中的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N呈正态分布;方差分析和事后多重比较分析结果表明,不同产地国大豆样本中的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N有显著差异(P<0.05);利用大豆样本中的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N对进口大豆产地国进行判别分析,进口自阿根廷的大豆样本与进口自美国和巴西的大豆样本判别正确率达100%,3个主要大豆进口国大豆样本总体判别正确率达到82.4%。综上所述,利用⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr比值、δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N能够初步对进口自不同国家的大豆进行产地溯源和判别,为我国进口大豆产地国鉴别提供技术支持。     

稳定同位素技术鉴别库尔勒香梨产地可行性研究

为开展碳、氮、氢、氧(C、H、O、N)稳定同位素鉴别库尔勒香梨产地的可行性研究,明确新疆库尔勒香梨δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值,本研究以甘肃香梨和陕西红香酥梨作为对照,采用稳定同位素比值质谱仪(IRMS)分析新疆库尔勒香梨与对照样品的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值,并采用正交校正的偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA) 鉴别新疆库尔勒香梨产地真实性。结果表明,新疆、甘肃两个产区香梨与陕西产区红香酥梨的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值存在显著差异(P<0.05)。新疆产区的66份库尔勒香梨判别准确率为95.45%;甘肃产区的20份香梨样品判别准确率为60%;陕西产区的23份红香酥梨样品判别准确率为95.65%。C、N、H、O 4种稳定同位素可有效鉴别新疆库尔勒香梨和陕西红香酥梨,但在新疆库尔勒香梨与甘肃香梨鉴别方面,误判率较高,如果能结合其他鉴别技术,则有可能出现较好的鉴别效果。本研究为库尔勒香梨产地真实性鉴别提供了科学依据。     

不同产地羊肉稳定同位素特征差异及其溯源应用

为了探讨稳定同位素碳、氮、氧、氢对羊肉产地溯源的可行性,本研究分别从内蒙古、新疆、宁夏、新西兰、意大利5个地区采集羊肉样品,利用稳定同位素比率质谱仪(IRMS)测定脱脂羊肉的碳、氮、氧、氢稳定同位素比值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O),结合多元统计学方法对不同地区间脱脂羊肉的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值组成特征及变化规律进行分析。结果表明,δ¹³C值在5个地区间均存在显著性差异,而δ¹⁵N值和δ¹⁸O值除了在新西兰和意大利2个地区差异不显著外,在其他地区差异均显著;δ²H值仅在宁夏和新疆地区间以及内蒙古和新西兰地区间差异不显著。结合Fisher判别分析发现,利用δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值可以实现对羊肉产地区分,且利用δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值组合指标对羊肉产地的初始判别的整体正确率和交叉验证的整体判别正确率均达100%。本研究结果为δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值在羊肉产地溯源中的应用提供了参考。     

Impacts of Soil Management Practices on the Organic Matter Structure - Investigations by CPMAS 13CNMR-Spectroscopy

Humus properties of 42 soil samples or humic extracts of Ap horizons of Cambisols and Luvisols, from different field plots, kept for a long time under continuous management conditions, have been studied by quantitative CPMAS ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy. The shift range of the spectra were divided into 8 regions, with carbon absorptions from 0–45 (aliphatics), 45–60 (OCH₃), 60–80 (CO? CN), 80–110 (anomeric carbons), 110–140 (aryl—C), 140–160 (O-aryl-C) and 160–210 (COOH? C?O) ppm, respectively. Although soil samples and humic extracts were obtained from plots from different locations and sometimes widely differing organic carbon contents, variances in the relative absorptions of the selected ranges were rather small. Several absorptions were significantly correlated among each other or with soil carbon and microbial biomass contents. These correlations were discussed with the applied management and with other results about humus formation and properties. CPMAS ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy allows a reliable and comprehensive characterization of soil organic matter from soils without previous fractionation.     

明胶骨原料碳、氮稳定同位素的地域性差异研究

为探讨不同地域来源的明胶骨原料中碳、氮稳定同位素的分布特征及其相关性,本试验采用元素分析-稳定同位素比率质谱仪测定了广西、内蒙古和山东3个主产区的牛骨样品及当地牧草饲料样品中的¹³C和¹⁵N同位素组成,并结合线性回归讨论了牛骨样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的相关性与牛食谱组成的关系。结果表明,广西地区骨样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的相关性较好(R²=0.401 8),而内蒙古和山东地区骨样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的相关性较差(R²<0.1),反映了3地牛食物的来源稳定性及主要成分存在明显差异,对各地牛食谱结构推测的结果与实际牧草饲料样品中δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N值的地区分布规律也较为一致。本研究初步揭示了明胶骨原料中碳、氮稳定同位素产生地域性差异的原因,不仅为动物生态学研究提供了有益信息,更为动物制品产地溯源研究提供了新思路。     

茶叶与产地环境中稳定同位素和矿物元素特征及其相关性研究

为探究茶叶与茶园土壤、灌溉水源等产地环境中稳定同位素和矿物元素特征及其相关性,采用元素分析同位素质谱联用仪(EA-IRMS)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对山东日照和崂山的茶叶、栽培土壤及灌溉水源中4种稳定同位素比率(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δD和δ¹⁸O)和23种矿物元素含量(Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca和Sr等)进行测定。结果显示,两地区中稳定同位素和矿物元素具有区域性特征,通过对茶叶中4种稳定同位素与栽培土壤(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)、灌溉水源(δD和δ¹⁸O)分别进行线性相关分析,结果表明,茶叶与栽培土壤中的δ¹⁵N相关性最大,R²为0.450 7,其次分别为栽培土壤中的δ¹³C(R²=0.289 5)、灌溉水源中的δ¹⁸O(R²=0.156 2)和δD(R²=0.021 4);同时,利用热图技术对茶叶与栽培土壤、灌溉水源中稳定同位素和矿物元素进行差异性及多重相关性分析,结果表明,茶叶与栽培土壤中δ¹³C呈较强负相关,而与灌溉水源中δ¹⁸O则无明显相关性。同时茶叶与栽培土壤中矿物元素也存在一定差异性,而茶叶中Cd、Li、Co、Sr、Mo与栽培土壤中相应矿物元素相关性较大。本研究初步揭示了稳定同位素在茶叶与栽培土壤、灌溉水源间的分馏情况以及与矿物元素的相关性,对研究农产品与环境因素间同位素分馏和元素累积规律具有一定的参考价值。     

基于溶解无机碳中碳氧同位素及化学组分的瓶装饮用水产地真实性鉴别

为了鉴别我国市场上销售的瓶装饮用水的产地和产品类型,本试验分析了瓶装饮用水溶解无机碳(DIC)中的δ¹⁸O_DIC和δ¹³C_DIC、水中的δ¹⁸O和δ²H值、矿物元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Sr)含量、阴离子(Cl^-、SO₄^2-、HCO₃^-)含量、pH值与电导率等水化学指标,结合费希尔判别分析(Fisher-DA)建立模型,对瓶装饮用水的类别和产地进行鉴别。结果表明,不同产地瓶装饮用水的δ¹⁸O_DIC、δ¹³C_DIC、δ¹⁸O、δ²H值均具有显著差异,而且矿物元素与阴离子的含量变化范围广,具有不同的地域性特征。产地溯源判别模型对不同产地瓶装饮用水的判别准确率高达100%,且采用水化学指标还能区分瓶装饮用水的类型。正态化重要性分析显示,对产地具有指示效应的前五项重要指标分别为K、Cl^-和δ¹³C_DIC、δ²H和pH值。综上所述,通过稳定同位素指纹信息和水化学指标的差异进行融合分析,结合多元统计模型可有效鉴别市场上瓶装饮用水的真实性,保护消费者的合法权益,维护市场公平。     

加工方式对木姜叶柯甜茶速溶粉稳定同位素指纹的影响

为了研究加工方式对甜茶速溶粉稳定同位素指纹的影响,进而验证δ¹³ C、δ¹⁵ N用于甜茶及其速溶粉产地溯源的可行性,本试验分别以烘箱烘干和微波杀青2种烘干方式制备甜茶老叶和嫩叶4种原料,采用热水浸提、离心并干燥(喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥)的方法制备甜茶速溶粉,得到喷雾干燥速溶粉(ITSD)、冷冻干燥速溶粉(ITFD)和速溶粉副产物(ITBP)三类加工样品,并采用元素分析-同位素比率质谱仪(EA-IRMS)测定样品中的δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值。结果表明,不同产地(湖南、四川、江西)甜茶杀青嫩叶δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N值存在显著差异(P<0.05),烘箱烘干法与微波杀青法制得的原料茶δ¹⁵N值存在差异,且 δ¹³C、 δ¹⁵N值在速溶粉加工产品(原料、速溶粉及副产物)间存在显著差异(P<0.05),但不同烘干原料制备的所有样品δ¹³ C、δ¹⁵N值之间存在极显著相关(P<0.01)。本研究结果为基于δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N溯源指纹进行甜茶原料或速溶茶粉的产地溯源提供了理论依据。     

60Co-γ辐照模式下玉米中赤霉烯酮和品质的变化及对绵羊定时人工授精的影响

为研究经赤霉烯酮(ZEN)自然污染与⁶⁰Co-γ辐照处理后的玉米对绵羊定时人工授精中澳洲白种公羊、湖羊母羊的生殖性能的影响,本试验选取含ZEN玉米样本,分别用0、3、5、8、10 kGy剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ辐照,并测定辐照后玉米主要营养成分变化。然后分别将未污染玉米(Ⅰ对照组)、经10 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ辐照的污染玉米(试验Ⅱ组)、污染玉米(试验Ⅲ组)饲喂定时人工授精的绵羊,检测澳洲白种公羊的精液质量,测定湖羊母羊的繁殖性能指标。结果表明,未经⁶⁰Co-γ辐照的玉米含ZEN 2 153 μg·kg^-1,在10 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ辐照剂量下,玉米中ZEN降解率为83.7%;当⁶⁰Co-γ辐照剂量低于10 kGy时,玉米淀粉表面结构无变化,主要营养成分无显著变化。试验Ⅱ组澳洲白种公羊的采精量、精子活力、精子密度与试验Ⅲ组相比显著升高(P<0.05),与Ⅰ对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05);试验Ⅲ组澳洲白种公羊第30天精子畸形率与试验Ⅱ组、Ⅰ对照组相比均显著升高(P<0.05),显微镜下观察可见双尾精子、双头精子、无尾精子等现象,其中双尾精子头部、尾部不完整;试验Ⅱ组湖羊母羊同期发情率、受胎率、产羔率和羔羊始重等指标与试验Ⅲ组相比显著升高(P<0.05),与Ⅰ对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,使用经10 kGy ⁶⁰Co-γ辐照后ZEN含量低于2 153 μg·kg^-1的玉米饲喂繁育绵羊,对绵羊定时人工授精无不利影响。本研究结果为⁶⁰Co-γ辐照模式下玉米中赤霉烯酮和品质的变化对绵羊定时人工授精的影响研究提供了理论依据。     

云南3种特色蜂蜜糖组分的稳定碳同位素比值测定与分析

为了研究云南3种特色蜂蜜的碳同位素分布规律,本试验采用元素分析-同位素比质谱法(EA-IRMS)和液相色谱-同位素比质谱法(LC-IRMS)对60份云南特色蜂蜜(苕子蜜、澳洲坚果蜜和橡胶蜜)的六项碳同位素比值,即果糖、葡萄糖、二糖、三糖、蜂蜜和蜂蜜蛋白的δ¹³C值进行了测定。对云南3种特色蜂蜜的六项碳同位素比值的分布区间、果糖与葡萄糖的差值(Δδ¹³C_{果糖-葡萄糖})、蛋白与蜂蜜的差值(Δδ¹³C_{蛋白-蜂蜜})、最大差值(Δδ¹³C_max)、果葡比(F/G)等参数进行了统计和偏最小二乘判别分析,并与现有蜂蜜掺假鉴别的指标进行了比对。结果表明,部分蜂蜜样品(占比20%)不满足现有评价标准(Δδ¹³C_max ≤±2.1‰)。通过构建偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)模型可以实现3个蜜种的有效分类鉴别,主要差异性指标为三糖的δ¹³C值、三糖含量和二糖含量。本研究结果为特色蜂蜜的鉴别和品质评价提供了技术支撑,有利于促进云南乃至我国蜂蜜品质和质量的提升。     

Mineralization of C-atrazine in an entic haplustoll as affected by selected winter weed control strategies

The effect of winter weed control (WWC) management on ¹⁴C-atrazine (6-chloro-N²-ethyl-N⁴-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) mineralization was investigated in an Entic Haplustoll in Argentina. Three WWC managements were selected: Chemical Fallow (CF) and Cereal Cover Crop (CCC), both under no-tillage, and Reduced Tillage (RT) with chisel and moldboard plow. Soil was sampled at two depths: 0–5 and 5–10 cm, to evaluate the soil stratification induced by the tillage system. To distinguish differences in atrazine degradation in soils with and without previous history of atrazine application two crop sequences were selected: continuous soybean [Glycine max L., Merr.] (CS) without previous atrazine exposure, and soybean–maize (Zea mays L.) rotation (SM) with atrazine application every winter and in alternate springs. The release of ¹⁴C-CO₂ during laboratory incubations of soils treated with ring labelled ¹⁴C-atrazine was determined. Soil organic matter (SOM) distribution was determined with depth and among three soil size fractions: 200–2000 μm, 50–200 μm and <50 μm. Previous atrazine application enhanced atrazine degrading microorganims. Atrazine mineralization was influenced by both WWC management and the tillage system. Chemical fallow showed the highest atrazine mineralization in the two crop sequences. Depth stratification in atrazine degradation was observed in the two WWC treatments under the no-tillage. Depth stratification in the content of soil organic C and relative accumulation of organic C in coarsest fractions (200–2000 and 50–200 μm) were observed mainly in no-till systems. Depth stratification of atrazine degrading activity was mainly correlated to the stratification of fresh organic matter associated with the coarsest fractions (200–2000 μm). Atrazine persistence in soil is strongly affected by soil use and management, which can lead to safe atrazine use through selection of appropriate agricultural practices.     

青海高原油菜蜜稳定同位素产地特征与环境响应机制研究

为探究青海油菜蜜稳定同位素特征及影响因素,本研究利用元素分析-稳定同位素比率质谱(EA-IRMS)建立了油菜蜜总δ¹³C值及其内源蛋白质δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O值的检测方法,分析了青海不同产地、不同年份油菜蜜及其内源蛋白质同位素特征差异,探讨了油菜蜜内源蛋白质稳定同位素与产地环境之间的关系。结果表明,青海省区域内油菜蜜内源蛋白质的δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值较稳定,不同产地、不同年份间无显著差异;不同年份油菜蜜内源蛋白质的δ¹⁸O值差异极显著(P<0.01),不同产地油菜蜜内源蛋白质的δ¹⁸O值及δ²H值均存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。在环境影响因素中,油菜蜜内源蛋白质δ¹⁸O值与生产季节降水量呈显著负相关(r=-0.822,P<0.05)。本研究结果为青海高原油菜蜜真实性鉴别与产地溯源研究提供了理论依据与技术支撑。