平菇菌糠在奶牛饲养中的应用试验

选择胎龄接近,产奶期基本一致,体质健康的荷斯坦奶牛10头,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组各5头。利用平菇菌糠代替试验组部分精料,记录日产奶情况,试验期为30d。结果表明,试验组每头奶牛日产奶36kg,对照组每头牛日产奶34kg,试验组比对照组日产奶提高4.9%(P>0.05),效益增加14.5%(P<0.05)。     

氨化麦秸饲喂奶牛的试验报告

用氨化麦秸和普通麦秸饲喂奶牛，进行对比试验，在150d试验期内，试验组平均每头奶牛日采食氨化麦秸15kg,精料9kg，日产奶23．12kg，对照组奶牛自由采食普通麦秸13.8kg，精料9kg，日产奶21．02kg，试验组和对照组日产奶差异显著（P＜0．05）。     

奶牛补饲复合添加剂舔块的效果试验

在高海拔地区选择年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳月、产奶量基本一致的泌乳奶牛12头,随机平均分为试验组和对照组,在试验组日粮中添加营养丰富的舔块.结果表明,试验组与对照组比较,每头奶牛日产奶量增加2.06 kg/头,提高了11.28%,比对照组每头日增收4.51元,效益显著.     

健宝牧草青贮饲喂奶牛的效果

将18头奶牛随机分成试验组和对照组,每组9头。两组精粗饲料的饲喂量相同。试验组玉米秸秆中每头每天减去3～4kg,替换为健宝牧草青贮9～12kg。结果表明,试验组每头牛日产奶量比对照组提高4.2kg(P<0.05),日增加收入6.72元,年增加收入1756.8元。     

用干啤酒糟代替部分精料饲喂泌乳牛

通过研究,利用干啤酒糟代替日粮中20％的精料饲喂泌乳牛对其产奶性能的影响,试验组结果表明,每头泌乳牛平均日产标准乳18．26kg,饲喂原日粮的对照组,每头泌乳牛平均日产标准乳18．56kg,饲喂原日粮的对照组,每头泌乳牛平均日产标准乳18．56kg。试验组比对照组减少产乳量1．6％,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。在30天试验期间,试验组平均每头牛每天获毛利19．44元,     

浒苔粉对奶牛产奶性能及粪便微生物菌群的影响

选择产后天数相近、产奶量相近的泌乳中期奶牛16头,随机分为4组,一组为对照组,另三组为试验组,试验组奶牛每天每头分别添加浒苔粉400、600和800 g,对照组不添加浒苔粉,正试期30 d。结果表明:3个试验组奶牛平均日产奶量分别比对照组高1.32、1.37和2.47 kg,试验3组奶牛平均日产奶量分别比试验1组、试验2组高1.15和1.10 kg,差异均极显著(P0.01),试验1组和试验2组差异不显著(P0.05);牛奶干物质含量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率各组之间差异均不显著(P0.05);添加浒苔粉对奶料比、牛粪中主要微生物菌落数影响均不显著(P0.05)。3个试验组奶牛产奶经济效益极显著高于对照组(P0.01),试验1组、2组和3组分别比对照组每天产奶收入提高2.89、2.63和5.31元(P0.01),试验3组分别比试验1组和2组每天产奶收入提高2.42和2.68元(P0.01),而试验1组和试验2组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。     

秸秆发酵剂青贮玉米对奶牛产奶量的影响

利用“青贮宝”青发酵剂贮的玉米饲喂奶牛,研究其对奶牛产奶量的影响。试验选取20头中国黑白花奶牛,分为试验组和对照组,试验组饲喂青贮宝青贮玉米,对照组饲喂普通青贮玉米。结果表明：试验组每头牛的日产奶量可提高1．14～1．21kg。     

喂牛常用的几种添加剂

瘤胃素是一种生物性的化合物,能促进肉牛增重的饲料添加剂。目前使用的制剂为瘤胃素钠,每千克饲料添加5.5~33mg。每头牛日喂50~360mg。碳酸氢钠又称小苏打,是奶牛常用的缓冲化合物添加剂。奶牛泌乳期,每头奶牛日粮中添加10g碳酸氢钠,试验组比对照组牛每头多产奶2~3kg,奶的质量亦提高。醋酸钠将制剂醋酸钠(按1L奶加30~35g)与精饲料或干草粉混合后饲喂奶牛,每头日产奶可提高0.7~1.2kg,含脂率提高0.16%~0.21%。多犊锭这种添加剂对奶牛、肉牛犊牛有明显的促进生长作用,并能提高奶牛发情受胎率及种公牛的精液品质和奶牛产奶量。其使用量为每吨配…     

复合酶对奶牛生产性能的影响

将胎次、体重、泌乳月、产奶量基本一致的健康经产泌乳牛 30头,随机分为2组(试验组和对照组),每组15头。在精料中添加复合酶(3kg/t)的为试验组,未添加复合酶的为对照组。预试期10 天,正试期30天。结果表明,正试期内,每头奶牛平均日产奶量,试验组较对照组多产1．34kg,差异显著(P<0．05)。奶料比,试验组为 1．32:1,对照组为1．28:1,试验组比对照组增加了3．03％。每头奶牛日收入较对照组增加1．52元。     

生化黄腐酸制剂——牛宝001对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

选择1～6胎、3～6个泌乳月的健康黑白花奶牛20头,按照年龄、胎次、泌乳月、泌乳量等基本一致的原则,随机分成两组。试牛混合精料由玉米、麸皮、豆饼和矿物质组成,主要营养含量为:净能7.81兆焦/千克,粗蛋白19.01％,钙 0.95％,磷0.99％,粗纤维4.02％,定量配给,试验组另加1％的生化黄腐酸制剂—牛宝001。粗饲料由玉米秸、青干草和玉米青贮组成,自由采食。试期30天。结果表明,试验组平均每头奶牛日产鲜奶21.57千克,料奶比为0.3847:1,对照组每头牛日产鲜奶20.02千克,料奶比为0.4154:1,试验组比对照组产奶量每头日增1.55千克,产奶率提高7.74％(P<0.01),饲料效率提高7.39％。每头牛日纯增收2.43元,效益显著。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …