海南热带现代农业发展与运营模式研究——以山荣农场为例

以山荣农场为例,总结海南主要的热带现代农业产业结构,分析荔枝产业、芒果产业、林下经济、休闲农业、香蕉产业、畜牧业等的发展特征,剖析农业全产业链经营模式,提出打造荔枝文化节及荔枝风情小镇、发展林下经济、发展循环经济等创新产业的发展模式,以及关于强化品牌建设、专营专柜直销模式、整合营销平台模式、大力发展订单农业等运营模式的建议。     

海南荔枝现状及其区划意见

分析海南发展荔权的地区优势和劣势，认为冬春干旱是海南南部荔枝能开花结果的重要原因根据海南生态条件和荔枝习性，区划宜植区，次宜植区和非宜植区三类。     

海南农垦荔枝栽培技术研究进展

从荔枝品种选育、幼龄荔枝丰产栽培技术、早熟荔枝丰产栽培技术、测土配方施肥等几个方面,系统介绍海南农垦荔枝产业发展中的技术进步和研究成果,提出海南农垦荔枝栽培关键技术及技术难点。     

海南荔枝生产现状和发展对策

对海南荔枝生产现状进行剖析。根据海南荔枝的生产实际,从无公害农业生产、实施品牌战略、优化品种结构、推广科学技术、扩大市场开发,以促进产销两旺等方面,提出荔枝生产发展对策。     

海南羊山地区半野生荔枝种质的ISSR分析

对海南岛羊山地区半野生荔枝种质的遗传多样性进行分析,旨在为该地区荔枝核心种质的保护提供理论依据.从74条引物中筛选出23条多态性引物,用ISSR方法对115份海南羊山地区半野生荔枝种质进行遗传多样性分析.结果表明,115份种质的遗传距离在0.04～0.66之间,平均为0.28.在遗传距离为0.53的水平上,115份荔枝种质被分为5个类群,美品村、儒道村荔枝基因型分别单独为1个类群,苍道村、杨南村荔枝基因型覆盖其它3个类群.应作为核心种质的村庄开展进一步研究.     

树叉打孔注射农达防治橡胶树桑寄生研究

树叉打孔是指在橡胶树主技分叉部位上进行打洞。橡胶树桑寄生属桑寄生科植物,桑寄生对橡胶树的危害日益严重。2000-2004年,山荣分公司用5年时间在山荣农场1、6、7、8、11共5个队防治橡胶树桑寄生共13 683株,有效死亡11 978株,总有效率87.5 %,胶树严重药害范围3 %-14 %,桑寄生复生率小于5 %,有效控制了桑寄生对橡胶树的危害,取得了较好的防治效果。     

热区四省区共建荔枝龙眼优势区域

为期五天的第三届全国荔枝龙眼暨特色农产品交易会于26日在福建厦门落下帷幕，来自福建、广东、广西、海南等地专家学者呼吁，将共建荔枝龙眼优势产业区域。同时，四省(区)农业厅共同制定了《2005—2010年我国荔枝、龙眼优势区域发展规划》，联合签订抵制毒荔枝龙眼协定，并联合向农业部申请实施荔枝、龙眼产业技术升级等项目。本届会议还确定了明年四省(区)荔枝龙眼交易会由广东主办。     

海南中西部妃子笑荔枝营养诊断初探

为了确定海南中西部妃子笑荔枝的营养诊断时间及荔枝正常生长所需营养元素的最适范围,以海南中西部具有代表性的妃子笑荔枝种植园为试验地,对海南中西部地区妃子笑荔枝叶片9种元素含量进行测定分析,并运用标准值法对妃子笑荔枝进行营养诊断。结果表明:海南中西部妃子笑荔枝叶片元素含量在不同的生育期差别较大,初步确定盛花期为海南妃子笑荔枝营养诊断的最佳时期;妃子笑叶片盛花期适宜的元素含量范围为N 16.0~19.0 g/kg、P 0.9~1.2 g/kg、K 7.0~10.0 g/kg、Ca 5.0~11.0 g/kg、Mg 1.5~3.0 g/kg、Fe 60.0~140.0 mg/kg、Cu4.0~9.00 mg/kg、Zn 15.0~64.00 mg/kg、B 3.00~18.00 mg/kg;各元素含量适宜比例为N∶P∶K∶Ca∶Mg=1.00∶0.06∶0.51∶0.46∶0.13;Fe∶Cu∶Zn∶B=1.00∶0.07∶0.40∶0.11。     

超级杂交稻新组合创海南单产最高纪录

在袁隆平院士指导下 ,国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心新选育的超级杂交稻苗头组合P88S/0 2 93 ,于 2 0 0 3年在海南三亚该中心试验基地 (荔枝沟镇三亚警备区农场 )示范种植 773m2 ,长势十分喜人。 4月 3 0日 ,应国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心邀请 ,海南省农业厅组织海南省农科院、海南大学、海南省种子站、三亚市农业局以及国家“863”计划杂交水稻与转基因植物海南开发研究基地等单位的 7位专家组成验收小组对该组合示范丘进行了现场测产验收。实割测产 :在种植田梅花状随机取点 5个 ,每点实割 1m2 ,5个点实收干谷 (含水量 1 3 %的海南标准…     

海南农垦融入国际旅游岛建设与定位发展的思考

2009年12月31日，国务院正式批复了《关于海南建设国际旅游岛的若干意见》，把建设海南国际旅游岛纳入国家计划。从海南农垦的历史文化和资源优势、海南农垦发展旅游产业的不足与市场定位、“休闲农场”发展思路与农垦作用的发挥、以优势产业为支撑打造特色与规模型“休闲农场”等方面，探讨海南农垦融入国际旅游岛的建设与定位发展。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.