酵母培养物对泌乳初期奶牛泌乳性能、表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

试验研究酵母培养物(YC)对泌乳初期奶牛泌乳性能、血清生化指标和表观消化率的影响.选取泌乳天数(20±3)d,胎次3.20±0.84的荷斯坦奶牛30头,随机分为两组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头牛.对照组为基础日粮,试验组(YC组)在基础日粮中添加酵母培养物30 g/(头·d).预试期7d,正式试验期90 d.结果显示...     

饲粮酵母培养物水平对湖羊生长育肥性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平酵母培养物对湖羊生长性能和营养物质表观消化率的影响。采用单因素试验设计,按照同质性原则将60只体重(20.70±2.82)kg接近、日龄相似的湖羊公羔按照日粮中酵母培养物(YC)不同添加水平随机分为4个处理组：对照组(CON组)、0.5%YC组、1%YC组和2%YC组,每组15个重复,每个重复1只湖羊,试验期为70 d。结果表明,1%～2%YC组湖羊中性洗剂纤维(NDF)和酸性洗剂纤维(ADF)表观消化率显著高于CON组(P<0.05),随着YC添加量的增加有提高湖羊末体重(FBW,P=0.151)和干物质采食量(DMI,P=0.836)及降低料重比(F/G,P=0.110)的趋势。综上所述,在日粮中添加2%YC能够提高湖羊的生产性能和饲料纤维物质的表观消化率。     

不同真菌培养物对热应激期间泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

试验旨在探究热应激条件下日粮中添加不同真菌培养物（酵母培养物和米曲霉培养物）对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛采食量、产奶量及粪筛数据的影响。选取120头产奶量、胎次、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分成3组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头奶牛。对照组奶牛饲喂基础日粮,试验1组奶牛补喂100 g/(头·d)的酵母培养物,试验2组奶牛补饲100 g/(头·d)的米曲霉培养物。结果显示,在试验阶段,奶牛舍内温湿指数始终大于72,表明奶牛处于不同程度的热应激状态。试验1组和试验2组奶牛的平均日采食量分别比对照组提高了3.08%、2.31%,产奶量分别比对照组提高了7.15%和5.91%(P<0.05)。与前期相比,试验后期对照组粪便上层筛上物占比明显增加,试验1组和试验2组均有小幅度下降。研究表明,饲喂米曲霉培养物和酵母培养物可显著提高泌乳奶牛的采食量和饲料利用率,进而提高奶牛的生产性能。     

酵母铬和二氢吡啶对热应激奶牛营养物质消化率及血液生理生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究酵母铬和二氢吡啶对热应激奶牛营养物质消化率及血液生理生化指标的影响。选取胎次、体况、泌乳期相近的荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分成3组,即对照组(基础饲粮)、酵母铬组[基础饲粮中添加酵母铬80 mg/(头·d)]、二氢吡啶组[基础饲粮中添加二氢吡啶3.0 g/(头·d)],每组8头奶牛。预试期6 d,正试期48 d,整个试验期间温湿指数(THI)高于72。在试验第23～27天进行消化试验,用于测定营养物质消化率;在不同THI(76.7、77.5、78.0、81.0、88.1、85.7、78.9)下采集血样,分别测定血液热休克蛋白70(HSP70) mRNA的表达量,血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)与四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)含量、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)与肌酸激酶(CK)活性以及钠离子(Na+)、钾离子(K+)、氯离子(Cl-)浓度与电解质平衡值。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,酵母铬和二氢吡啶均能显著提高热应激奶牛的干物质采食量和粗蛋白质的消化率(P0.05),而且酵母铬还能显著提高干物质和中性洗涤纤维的消化率(P 0. 05)。2)与对照组相比,酵母铬有上调不同THI下血液中HSP70 mRNA表达量平均值的趋势(P=0.06),并在THI为81.0和88.1时显著提高HSP70 mRNA表达量(P0.05);二氢吡啶也有上调不同THI下血液中HSP70 mRNA表达量平均值的趋势(P=0.09),并在THI为81.0和85.7时显著提高HSP70mRNA表达量(P0.05)。3)酵母铬和二氢吡啶对热应激奶牛血清中T3、T4含量和ALP活性没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,在THI为77.5和88.1时,二氢吡啶和酵母铬能显著降低血清中CK活性(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,在THI为81.0时,酵母铬和二氢吡啶均能显著提高血清中K+浓度(P0.05);在THI为78.0时,酵母铬能显著提高血清中Na+浓度(P0.05);二氢吡啶对血清中Na+浓度无显著影响(P0.05);酵母铬和二氢吡啶对血清中Cl-浓度均无显著影响(P0.05);在THI为78.0时,酵母铬能显著提高血清中电解质平衡值(P0.05);二氢吡啶对血清中电解质平衡值无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,酵母铬和二氢吡啶能提高热应激奶牛的采食量及营养物质消化率,降低血清中CK活性,维持电解质平衡,缓解热应激。     

热应激对泌乳盛期奶牛的采食量和饲料中营养物质消化率的影响

[目的]探讨热应激对奶牛采食量和饲料中营养物质消化率的影响。[方法]通过采用单因子水平随机设计。[结果]奶牛热应激时采食量显著下降,在轻微和中度热应激期采食量分别下降3.65%和13.46%;营养物质的消化率也显著下降(P0.05),奶牛在轻度和中度热应激期粗脂肪的消化率分别降低了6.17%、13.03%;钙的消化率分别降低了25.09%、34.97%;磷的消化率分别降低了22.77%、36.27%。[结论]奶牛热应激时采食量显著下降(P0.05);饲料中营养物质消化率粗脂肪、钙、磷的消化率与非热应激期相比,差异显著(P0.05)。     

酵母培养物对奶牛产奶量的影响

产前选择体质量相似的36头头胎牛,体质量和产奶量分别相似的18头2胎牛,体质量和产奶量分别相似的18头3胎牛;随机将36头头胎牛分为对照组和试验组,每组18头牛;18头2胎牛和18头3胎牛分为对照组和试验组,每组2胎和3胎牛各9头.试验从分娩开始至泌乳期160 d结束,试验期间基础日粮相同,试验组奶牛每天每头饲喂20 g酵母培养物,以研究酵母培养物对不同胎次奶牛产奶量的影响.研究表明,整个试验期头胎牛试验组较对照组每天平均产奶量提高0.4 kg,多胎牛(2胎和3胎)试验组较对照组每天平均产奶量提高1 kg.结果表明,酵母培养物可提高奶牛产奶量.     

酵母培养物对泌乳奶牛生产性能、表观消化率及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

文章旨在探究日粮中添加酵母培养物(YC)对泌乳奶牛生产性能、表观消化率及瘤胃发酵参数的影响,试验以30头生产性能相似的泌乳中期奶牛为研究对象,分为对照组(15头)和试验组(15头).对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加YC100 g/d·头.结果表明:(1)试验组奶牛DM与NDF消化率显著高于对照组;(2)试验组...     

日粮添加酵母培养物对奶牛生产性能、营养物质表观消化率及瘤胃发酵参数的影响

试验在荷斯坦奶牛日粮中添加酵母培养物,研究其对奶牛生产性能、养分消化率及瘤胃发酵参数的影响.试验选取40头体况良好、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的奶牛,按单因素设计,分成4个处理组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头奶牛.各组日粮添加酵母培养物的剂量为0(对照组)、1％、2％、3％.试验期30 d.结果 显示,添加2％和3％酵母培养...     

烟酸对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率及血清生化指标的影响

试验选用3头健康的泌乳后期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用3×3拉丁方设计,在基础日粮中分别添加0、8、15g/d烟酸,研究日粮添加不同水平烟酸对热应激奶牛干物质采食量、营养物质表观消化率和部分血液生化指标的影响。试验期为63d。结果表明:(1)添加8、15g/d烟酸分别使奶牛的干物质采食量显著提高12.71%和11.20%(P0.05);(2)添加8g/d烟酸能使奶牛营养物质消化率显著提高(P0.05),添加15g/d烟酸对奶牛营养物质消化率有提高的趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);(3)日粮添加烟酸能够维持奶牛血清皮质醇水平的基本恒定、降低血清胆固醇、甘油三酯水平的趋势。综合分析试验奶牛的干物质采食量、营养物质表观消化率和血液生化指标变化,夏季给奶牛补饲烟酸有助于缓解热应激,适宜的添加量为8g/d。     

Effects of selenium yeast on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and feed digestibilities in lactating dairy cows

The objective was to evaluate the effects of selenium-yeast (SY) supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and feed digestibilities in dairy cows. Twenty-eight multiparous (2.5 ± 0.3 parity) Holstein dairy cows, averaging 625 ± 18.2 kg of BW, 63 ± 3.0 days in milk and average daily milk production of 26.2 ± 0.5 kg/cow were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Treatments were: control, LSY, MSY and HSY with 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg selenium yeast (Sel-Plex®, 1 g/kg selenium, produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) per kg of diet dry matter (DM), respectively. Experimental periods were 45 days with 30 days of adaptation and 15 days of sampling. Ruminal pH was lower for MSY than for control and was linearly (P = 0.03) decreased, whereas total VFA concentration was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) increased with increasing SY supplementation, with the least for control, followed by LSY and HSY, and the highest for MSY. Ratio of acetate to propionate was lower for LSY, MSY and HSY than for control, and was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) decreased as SY supplementation increased due to an increase in molar proportion of propionate. Ruminal ammonia N content was lower (P ≤ 0.01) for MSY and HSY than for control and was linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) with increasing SY supplementation. Dry matter intake, proportions and yields of milk fat, protein and lactose were not affected (P > 0.05). Milk yields and 4% FCM were higher (P ≤ 0.05) for LSY and MSY than for HSY and control. Milk selenium content was linearly and quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) increased as increasing SY supplementation, with the least for control, followed by LSY and MSY, and the highest for HSY. Digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), aNDF and ADF in the total tract were higher (P < 0.01) for LSY and MSY than for control and HSY. The results indicate that supplementation of diet with SY improved rumen fermentation, milk yields, milk selenium, and feed digestion. It was suggested that the SY stimulated the digestive microorganisms or enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental conditions of this trial, the optimum selenium-yeast dose was about 300 mg per kg diet DM.     

日粮阴阳离子平衡对泌乳中后期奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选择泌乳中后期奶牛15头,随机分成3组,每组5头,采用3×3重复拉丁方设计,分别饲喂3种不同阴阳离子平衡水平的日粮。其中对照组A(DCAB为DM 77 m eq/kg),B组(DCAB为DM 175 m eq/kg),C组(DCAB为DM 325 m eq/kg)。结果表明,DCAB对热应激奶牛的生产性能具有显著影响,其中B组和C组的产奶量分别比对照组提高6.6%(P>0.05)和0.1%(P>0.05);而4%标准乳产量则分别提高8.3%(P<0.05)和0。DCAB对奶牛的乳脂率和乳蛋白率无显著影响。说明在泌乳中后期当DCAB为175 m eq/kgDM,饲喂效果最佳。     

小肽与酵母培养物对舍饲牦牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响

为研究添加小肽与酵母培养物对舍饲育肥牦牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响,试验选取36头年龄为4周岁左右、体重水平相当、健康状况良好的麦洼牦牛随机分为4个处理组,对照组(TMR全混合日粮)、试验Ⅰ组(TMR+1%酵母培养物)、试验Ⅱ组(TMR+0.75%小肽)和试验Ⅲ组(TMR+1%酵母培养物+0.75%小肽)。结果表明:(1)小肽与酵母培养物可以显著提高舍饲育肥牦牛日粮中营养物质的表观消化率,其中粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),试验Ⅲ组的OM、CP、NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率较对照组分别提高了10.87%、13.79%、17.52%、11.19%。(2)与对照组相比,各试验组平均日采食量(DMI)、平均日增重(ADG)和F/G差异极显著,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组DMI较对照组分别提高了12.20%、6.51%、12.20%;ADG分别提高25%、10.74%、28.09%;F/G则分别降低了11.74%、5.39%、13.26%(P<0.01)。(3)与对照组相比,试验组尿素氮(UN)、甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖(Glu)、球蛋白(GLB)差异不显著(P>0.05);总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)差异显著(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组TP较对照组分别显著提高了13.02%、7.55%、18.48%;ALB分别提高了12.04%、5.41%、12.23%(P<0.05)。综上所述,小肽与酵母培养物组合可提高舍饲牦牛的生产性能与养分表观消化率,并改善血清中生化指标的含量。     

不同淀粉水平日粮中添加酵母培养物对奶牛干物质采食量和瘤胃发酵功能的影响

文章旨在研究不同淀粉水平日粮中添加酵母培养物对奶牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵功能的影响。试验选择16头荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验日粮采用2×2多因素方差设计,两个淀粉水平(23%和29%),两个酵母培养物水平(0和25 g/d),试验共进行28 d。结果显示:日粮添加酵母培养物后显著提高了产奶量、3.5%标准乳、能量校正奶(P <0.05)。无论是在低或高淀粉水平日粮中添加酵母培养物均显著提高乳脂含量(P <0.05)。高淀粉水平日粮或添加酵母培养物显著提高了乳蛋白含量(P <0.05)。高淀粉水平日粮中添加酵母培养物较对照组显著降低了血浆结合珠蛋白的含量(P <0.05)。高淀粉水平日粮中添加酵母培养无较对照组显著降低了淀粉表观消化率(P <0.05),低淀粉水平日粮组显著提高了乙酸含量(P <0.05)。高淀粉水平日粮组显著提高了瘤胃乳酸含量(P <0.05)。高淀粉水平日粮组较低淀粉水平组显著降低了氮沉积量(P <0.05),添加酵母培养物使氮沉积量显著升高(P <0.05)。高淀粉水平日粮中添加酵母培养物组氮摄入量和乳氮含量最高(P <0.05)。结论 :在本试验条件下,高淀粉水平日粮中添加15 g/d酵母培养物可以降低奶牛代谢紊乱症的发生,提高纤维消化率及微生物蛋白的产量,进而改善泌乳性能。     

Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition

An experiment was conducted in Nicaragua to determine the effect of feeding different levels of foliage from Moringa oleifera Lam (synonym: Moringa pterygosperma Gaertner) to dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and milk composition. The treatments were: Brachiaria brizantha hay ad libitum, either unsupplemented or supplemented with 2 kg or 3 kg of Moringa on a dry matter (DM) basis. Six Bos indicus cows of the Creole Reyna breed, with a mean body weight of 394 ± 24 kg were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Supplementation with Moringa increased (P < 0.05) DM intake from 8.5 to 10.2 and 11.0 kg DM day^− 1 and milk production from 3.1 to 4.9 and 5.1 kg day^− 1 for B. brizantha hay only and supplementation with 2 kg and 3 kg DM of Moringa, respectively. Milk fat, total solids and crude protein and organoleptic characteristics, smell, taste and colour, were not significantly different between the diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF increased (P < 0.05) in the diets supplemented with Moringa compared with B. brizantha hay alone. The results showed that the inclusion of Moringa as a protein supplement to low quality diets improved DM intake and digestibility of the diet and increased milk production but did not affect milk composition.     

裹包TMR饲喂对泌乳中期奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率及血液生化指标的影响

为了研究裹包全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂方式对泌乳奶牛生产性能、养分表观消化率和血液指标的影响,本试验选择24头泌乳天数为(124±20)d的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2个处理组,进行为期10周的饲养试验。对照组采用传统的精粗分开饲喂方式,试验组采用裹包TMR饲喂方式,精粗分开饲喂组和裹包TMR饲喂组的日粮配方组成和比例均相同,日粮精料比例为50∶50,裹包TMR水分含量调整为50%。结果表明,1)饲喂裹包TMR,可以显著增加干物质采食量(P<0.05),提高产奶量7.69%并提高3.5%标准乳产量5.20%(P>0.05);2)裹包TMR饲喂方式与精粗分开饲喂方式对乳成分含量和产量的影响差异不显著;3)裹包TMR饲喂可以显著提高粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率(P<0.05),干物质消化率有提高的趋势(P<0.1);4)裹包TMR饲喂显著降低了血清中尿素氮的含量(P<0.05),但对其他血液指标影响2组间差异不显著。裹包TMR技术可以作为一种有效的全混合日粮供给方式,可在我国中小规模奶牛养殖场和个体养殖户中推荐使用,以期提高奶牛生产性能和综合收益。     

日粮不同精粗比对9月龄后备奶牛甲烷排放与生长性能及营养物质消化率的影响

研究旨在用六氟化硫(SF_6)示踪技术在自然状态下跟踪研究日粮中不同精粗比对9月龄后备奶牛甲烷(CH_4)排放与生长性能及营养物质消化的影响。试验采用单因素试验设计,选用15头[体重=(274.4±24.4)kg,月龄=9.4±0.56]后备奶牛随机分成三组(A、B和C),分别饲喂精料水平为30%(A)、40%(B)、50%(C)的全混合日粮(TMR)。试验期18 d,其中预饲期10 d,正试期8 d。试验期第10 d和18 d分别称重。正试期第4、6、8 d采集饲料样和粪样,采用酸不溶法测定营养物质表观消化率;记录正试期每天采食量。结果表明:(1)随着日粮精粗比增加,CH_4日排放量、单位代谢体重CH_4排放量、单位干物质采食量CH_4排放量、单位有机物采食量CH_4排放量、单位中性洗涤纤维CH_4排放量、甲烷能、甲烷能占总能的比例皆显著降低(P0.05);(2)日增重和料重比随精粗比增加无显著变化(P0.05);干物质采食量(DMI)随精粗比增加显著提高(P0.05);(3)干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和粗脂肪(EE)的表观消化率随日粮精粗比增加无显著变化(P0.05);粗蛋白质(CP)的表观消化率C组显著高于A和B(P0.05),然而NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率C组显著低于A(P0.05)且两组皆与B无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,提高日粮精粗比,能够有效降低后备牛CH_4排放量和甲烷能/总能的比值,并能提高DMI和CP的表观消化率。     

柴胡提取物对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液代谢的影响

为了研究日粮中添加不同剂量的柴胡(Radix bupleuri)提取物对热应激奶牛生理指标、生产性能和血液代谢的影响,采用完全随机区组试验设计,根据产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次将48头健康的泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.5、2.5、5.0g·kg~(-1)的柴胡提取物,试验期10周。结果表明,添加柴胡提取物对直肠温度、采食量、产奶量、乳蛋白产量和体细胞评分呈二次方程的影响(P0.05),采食量、产奶量和乳蛋白产量在0.5g·kg~(-1)添加水平时数值最大,直肠温度和体细胞评分在0.5g·kg~(-1)添加水平时数值最小。随着柴胡提取物添加剂量的增加,乳尿素氮、乳脂率、总固形物和血液中白蛋白、尿素氮、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和β-羟丁酸浓度均线性降低(P0.05),甘油三酯浓度线性增加(P0.01)。与对照组相比,2.5和5.0g·kg~(-1)组的血浆尿素氮浓度显著增高(P=0.05),5.0g·kg~(-1)组的总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度显著高于对照组和0.5g·kg~(-1)组。因此,本研究建议柴胡提取物在热应激奶牛上的适宜用量为0.5g·kg~(-1),低于5.0g·kg~(-1)的剂量为安全用量。     

Effect of feeding different levels of foliage from Cratylia argentea to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and milk composition

The effect of feeding different levels of foliage from Cratylia argentea (Desvaux) O. Kuntze to dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and milk composition was studied in the dry tropics in Nicaragua. The treatments were sorghum silage ad libitum, either unsupplemented or supplemented with 2 kg or 3 kg of Cratylia on a dry matter (DM) basis. Six Bos indicus cows of the Creole Reyna breed, with a mean body weight of 386 (SD 19) kg were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design. Supplementation with Cratylia increased (p < 0.05) DM intake from 6.6 to 7.8 and 8.7 kg DM/day and milk production from 3.9 to 5.1 and 5.7 kg/day for sorghum silage alone and supplementation with 2 kg and 3 kg DM of Cratylia, respectively. Milk fat, total solids and crude protein and organoleptic characteristics (smell, taste and colour) were not significantly different among diets. The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were not affected significantly by supplementation with Cratylia. However, crude protein (CP) digestibility increased (p < 0.05) in the diets supplemented with Cratylia compared to sorghum silage alone. In conclusion Cratylia given as a protein supplement to a low-quality diet improved DM intake and CP digestibility of the diet and increased milk production, but did not affect milk composition.     

＂增奶灵＂对奶牛产奶量影响的研究

用不同添加剂量的“增奶灵”饲喂36头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛,其中对照组12头,试验A组、B组和C组各8头。试验各组牛在基础日粮中分别添加占精料量的0.05%、0.1%和0.15%的“增奶灵”,经47天的饲喂试验,结果发现,和对照组比,试验A组产奶量增加了0.45%,试验B组增加0.70%,试验C组增加1.36%;乳汁中体细胞数显著(P<0.05)下降;各组受试牛的乳脂率没有变化;此外,试验组牛蹄的质量明显改善。