柑橘渣青贮过程中营养物质和苦味物质含量的动态变化规律研究

为了研究柑橘渣青贮过程中营养物质和苦味物质含量的动态变化规律,本文按筛选出的柑橘渣青贮适宜配方制作柑橘渣青贮饲料,在青贮3个月内每15 d采集一次样品,测定青贮柑橘渣的常规营养物质和苦味物质含量。试验结果表明,随着青贮时间延续,青贮柑橘渣的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量逐渐上升,真蛋白质、无氮浸出物、柚皮苷和柠檬苦素含量逐渐下降,干物质、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分和总磷含量基本没有变化。试验结果显示,青贮提高了鲜柑橘渣的营养价值,改善了适口性,解决了贮存难题,从而提高了饲用价值。     

重庆市三峡库区柑橘渣的营养物质和苦味物质研究

本文对重庆市三峡库区柑橘渣的营养物质和苦味物质含量进行了系统检测。结果表明,重庆市三峡库区的柑橘渣无氮浸出物、消化能和钙含量较高,氨基酸组成全面,但粗蛋白质和总磷含量低,水分、粗纤维和苦味物质含量高,作为潜在的饲料资源,经过适当处理可以大量开发作畜禽饲料。     

柑橘渣生产蛋白饲料的发酵工艺筛选

试验旨在研究柑橘渣最佳发酵工艺条件。试验以柑橘渣为原料,以发酵产物中的粗蛋白含量为考核指标,采用单菌发酵试验预筛选产蛋白量较高的优势菌株,将预筛选的优势菌株按1∶1∶1∶1进行混合发酵;对发酵基质比例、菌液的接种量、发酵时间进行正交分析,优化柑橘渣的发酵工艺条件。结果显示：黑曲霉、热带假丝酵母、植物乳杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌为单菌种发酵试验的较优菌种;在黑曲霉∶热带假丝酵母∶植物乳杆菌∶枯草芽孢杆菌按1∶1∶1∶1比例接种,尿素添加量为1.5%条件下,柑橘渣发酵最适工艺条件为发酵基质柑橘渣与麸皮的比例7∶3、接种量20%、发酵时间8 d。研究表明,在此优化工艺条件下,柑橘渣发酵所得的蛋白质饲料产物的粗蛋白质含量较高,能够提高柑橘渣的利用价值和经济效益。     

不同菌种有氧发酵对柑橘渣营养价值的影响

本试验旨在研究不同菌种有氧发酵对柑橘渣有机酸、总黄酮、营养成分含量的影响。选用地衣芽孢杆菌、葡萄牙棒孢酵母、黑曲霉进行单菌、双菌、三菌组合,对柑橘渣有氧发酵7 d。结果表明：1）与未发酵柑橘渣相比,各发酵柑橘渣的pH均显著降低（P<0.05）。2）与未发酵柑橘渣相比,黑曲霉单独或组合发酵柑橘渣的柠檬酸、乳酸、总有机酸含量显著提高（P<0.05）,而苹果酸含量显著降低（P<0.05）,以三菌组合发酵组发酵柑橘渣的柠檬酸含量最高。3）与未发酵柑橘渣相比,各发酵柑橘渣的粗蛋白质和总黄酮含量均显著提高（P<0.05）;黑曲霉单独或组合发酵柑橘渣的粗纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、钙含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而碳水化合物含量显著减少（P<0.05）;三菌组合发酵组发酵柑橘渣的总黄酮、粗脂肪、磷含量最高。4）与未发酵柑橘渣相比,黑曲霉单独或组合发酵柑橘渣的苏氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸含量和必需氨基酸/总氨基酸比值显著增加（P<0.05）,但脯氨酸含量和非必需氨基酸/总氨基酸比值显著降低（P<0.05）;三菌组合发酵组发...     

柑橘加工副产品中常规饲料营养物质的测定

对南方盛产的柑橘在加工榨汁后形成的大量副产品进行不同方式的处理,形成能供不同畜禽利用的系列产品。分析测试了柑橘皮,柑橘皮渣,鲜柑橘皮渣青贮产品的概略养分、各种氨基酸及部分矿物质。结果表明,鲜柑橘加工副产品经过处理,是可以开发利用的优良饲料资源。     

酵母固态发酵过程中营养物质变化的研究

以秸秆、豆粕、酒糟、淀粉等农副产品为基质,酵母菌为试验菌株,采用固态发酵的技术,对其发酵过程中的酵母菌数和营养物质进行分析测定。结果表明:①酵母固态发酵过程中随着时间的延长,酵母菌数呈现上升趋势,32~48 h趋于稳定,48 h后开始下降;②随着发酵时间的延长,总酸和低分子肽含量逐渐上升,pH值和还原糖含量呈现下降趋势;③经过固态发酵之后,反应物分子量90~66 kD的蛋白质几乎已经全部降解。粗蛋白含量比发酵前提高了27.2%,其他饲料成分也有了不同程度的提高。     

柑橘渣青贮配方研究

为了筛选柑橘渣青贮的适宜配方,本文设计4个柑橘渣青贮配方并分别制作柑橘渣青贮饲料,评定了不同配方青贮柑橘渣的pH、感官品质和营养物质含量。试验结果显示,配方3和配方4的青贮柑橘渣pH下降较配方1和配方2快,90天时的pH较低;配方1～配方4的总体评分呈梯度增加;配方4的粗蛋白质和粗脂肪含量最高。综合青贮柑橘渣的pH、感官品质和营养物质含量,筛选出柑橘渣青贮的适宜配方为:鲜柑橘渣75.9%、麦麸15%、酒糟8%、添加剂A 0.5%、添加剂B0.5%、添加剂C 0.1%。     

饲料发酵前后营养物质含量变化分析

该文通过分析饲料原料在发酵前后的营养物质含量变化,确定饲料经发酵后营养物质的盈亏,为饲料发酵技术的科学应用提供理论依据。试验以湿豆渣为主要原料,按照湿豆渣:玉米面:麸皮为6∶1∶1的比例混合发酵,在发酵第7 d、17 d、27 d和37 d时分别采样分析发酵饲料pH及常规营养成分的变化。结果表明:饲料发酵后pH、干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、无氮浸出物(NFE)及粗纤维(CF)显著降低(P0.05),同时Ca的含量与发酵前相比有降低的趋势(0.05P0.1),而粗脂肪(EE)、粗蛋白(CP)、总能(GE)及磷(P)含量显著升高(P0.05)。     

双菌混合发酵过程中营养物质变化的研究

为研究益生茵双茵混合发酵过程中营养物质的变化,本研究以麦麸、豆粕、玉米粉为基质,纳豆芽孢杆菌和啤酒酵母为试验菌株,采用固态发酵的技术,对其发酵过程中的活茵数和营养物质进行分析测定.结果表明:发酵后纳豆芽孢杆茵数为1.74×1010cfu/g,啤酒酵母数为1.76×109 cfu/g,蛋白酶活力达到3361.3 U/g,α-淀粉酶活力达到200 U/g,粗蛋白质含量比发酵前增加了2.6%,肽和氨基酸舍量均为发酵前的2倍.     

柑橘加工副产品中饲料营养物质的测定

对南方盛产的柑橘在加工榨汁后形成的大量副产品进行不同方式的处理 ,形成能供不同畜禽利用的系列产品。分析测试了柑橘皮 ,柑橘皮渣 ,鲜柑橘皮渣青贮产品的概略养分、各种氨基酸及部分矿物质。结果表明 ,鲜柑橘加工副产品经过处理 ,是可以开发利用的优良饲料资源。     

柑橘渣在动物生产中的应用研究

柑橘渣是柑橘加工业的主要副产物,约占鲜重的45%￣60%,是优良的反刍动物饲料,在单胃动物的营养和免疫方面也具有开发价值。文章主要从3个方面综述了国内外关于柑橘渣作为饲料资源开发的研究进展:①柑橘渣的不同加工处理方法对营养成分的影响;②柑橘渣在牛、羊、猪、家禽生产方面,特别是在反刍动物饲料中的应用;③柑桔渣作为添加剂在饲料加工业中的研究和应用。     

Effect of citrus pulp silage feeding on concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma and milk of dairy cows

Citrus pulp is known to contain a functional molecule of beta‐cryptoxanthin which is one of the carotenoids showing anti‐oxidative capacity. Influences of citrus pulp silage feeding to dairy cows on beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration in plasma, other blood properties and milking performances were investigated. Four Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing citrus pulp silage 20% dry matter (DM) for 2 weeks with free access to the TMR. Dry mater intake, milk production and milk components 2 weeks later were not altered compared with those of the control group without citrus pulp silage. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma were not affected by feeding of citrus pulp silage. Concentrations of protein, albumin, sulfhydryl residue, ascorbic acid, thio‐barbituric acid reactive substance and urea nitrogen in plasma were also not altered by citrus pulp silage feeding. Concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma was increased approximately 20‐fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Content of beta‐cryptxanthin in pooled milk fat fraction was also increased approximately three times compared with that of the control group. Feeding of TMR containing citrus pulp silage 15% DM for 30 days to eight dairy cows also increased plasma beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration 30‐fold compared with that before feeding.     

Effects of urea treatment of potato pulp and inclusion levels of potato pulp silage in supplements on digestibility and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers fitted with a ruminal cannula were used in a split‐plot design experiment comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized blocks design (subplot) to determine the effect of the treatment of potato pulp (PP) with urea and the effect of inclusion levels of PP silage in feed supplement on digestibility, ruminal in situ degradation and ruminal fermentation. The whole plot consisted of 20%, 50% and 80% PP silage (dry matter (DM) basis), with PP silage replacing formula feed. The subplot included untreated or 0.5% (on an as‐fed basis) urea‐treated PP. The treatment of PP with urea showed no effect on DM intake and digestibility. The percentage of the rapidly degradable DM fraction of the urea‐treated PP silage was higher (P < 0.01) and the percentage of its slowly degradable DM fraction was lower (P < 0.01) than for the untreated PP silage. Ruminal ammonia concentration was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed urea‐treated PP silage than that for steers fed the untreated PP silage. The treatment of PP with urea caused a decrease in the molar proportion of acetate and an increase in the proportion of propionate in ruminal fluid after feeding. The rate of DM degradations in hay (linear, P < 0.01) and in PP silage decreased (linear, P < 0.01) as the inclusion level of PP silage increased. Increasing the inclusion level of PP silage in supplement decreased the effective degradability of DM in hay (linear, P < 0.05) and in PP silage (linear, P < 0.05). An increase in the amount of PP silage increased the molar proportion of acetate (linear, P < 0.01) and decreased the butyrate proportion (linear, P < 0.05) in ruminal fluid. The results suggest that urea treatment of PP facilitates microbial access to starch of PP silage in the rumen and that surplus level of PP silage in supplement have adverse effect on ruminal digestion.     

Nutritive value of dry citrus pulp and its effect on performance in geese from 35 to 70 days of age

The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition nutritive value of dried citrus pulp (DCP) and its effect as a feed supplement on the performance of geese. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the DM, GE, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, calcium, and total phosphorous of DCP were 90.75%, 3.60 Mcal/kg, 6.17, 3.51, 15.69, 23.37, 21.49, 3.60, and 0.13%, respectively. The content of methionine, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine, glycine, proline, serine, cystine, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine and aspartate, and tryptophan was 0.02, 0.22, 0.24, 0.33, 0.18, 0.20, 0.22, 0.19, 0.10, 0.25, 0.51, 0.21, 0.02, 0.28, 0.54, 0.15, 0.46, and 0.05%, respectively. In Experiment 2, the digestibility of energy and amino acids of DCP were analyzed using an emptying followed by force-feeding method. The AME of DCP was 2.05 Mcal/kg, and the true total tract digestible methionine, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine, glycine, proline, serine, cystine, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine and aspartate, and tryptophan contained in DCP by geese were 0.01, 0.10, 0.12, 0.19, 0.09, 0.12, 0.14, 0.13, 0.06, 0.14%, 0.42, 0.13, 0.01, 0.15, 0.31, 0.08, 0.28, and 0.03%, respectively. In Experiment 3, 210 35-day-old male Sichuan white geese were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, and each treatment group was fed one of 5 experimental diets containing 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% DCP until 70 d of age. Geese that were fed diets containing 4% DCP exhibited greater ADG compared to the other 4 groups. Geese fed diets supplemented with 16% DCP had increased ADFI (P < 0.05) and a higher FCR (P < 0.05) than those fed the diet containing zero to 12% DCP. Moreover, inclusion of DCP in the diet did not affect the yields of breast meat, leg meat, subcutaneous fat and skin, and abdominal fat across the 5 treatment groups. In conclusion, DCP appears to be a potential feedstuff for geese, and DCP can be included in diets below 12% without negative effects on growth performance and carcass yield in geese.     

不同比例棉秆和甜菜渣混合发酵产物的体外产气特性及发酵参数的研究

本试验旨在利用体外发酵法评价棉秆与甜菜渣混合发酵产物的产气特性和营养品质并筛选出最佳发酵组合。甜菜渣的添加比例分别为10%、30%和50%,尿素添加比例分别为0.1%、0.2%和0.3%,菌液添加比例分别为0.05%、0.1%和0.2%,食盐添加量为0.2%的三因素三水平的正交试验设计,研究各组发酵产物的营养品质,筛选出最佳的发酵条件。结果表明,48 h累积产气量I组与K组差异极显著(P<0.01),与A、D、F组差异显著(P<0.05);G组显著高于K组56.03%(P<0.05);其他组间差异不显著(P>0.05);I组可消化有机物(DOM)和代谢能(ME)最高,分别为722.40 g·kg^-1和9.75 MJ·kg^-1;各组慢速降解参数(b),I组与K组差异极显著(P<0.01),与A、D、F组差异显著(P<0.05);G、H组与K组差异显著(P<0.05);各组快速降解参数(a)、产气速率(c)差异不显著;H组氨态氮浓度与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05),K组与D和F组差异不显著(P>0.05);H、I组可溶性糖与其他各组差异显著(P<0.05),H组显著高于B组44.06%、K组31.23%,K组与其他各组差异显著;pH值、乳酸和微生物蛋白则均无显著性差异(P>0.05);H组的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度最高,为100.31 mmol·L^-1,显著高于除G组外的其他各组(P<0.05);乙酸和丁酸浓度也最高,显著高于除G和I组外的其他各组(P<0.05);丙酸浓度则为G组最高,显著高于除H组外的其他各组(P<0.05);同时,其乙酸/丙酸(A/P)最低,显著低于A、B、C和K组(P<0.05)。通过对棉秆与甜菜渣混合发酵产物隶属函数分析及综合价值排序得出各组隶属函数平均值分别为I组(0.719)>H组(0.692)>F组(0.595)>G组(0.591)>C组(0.407)>E组(0.400)>B组(0.395)>K组(0.374)>D组(0.307)>A组(0.243)。综上,以干物质基础棉秆与甜菜渣比例50∶50,添加尿素0.1%,复合菌液0.2%,食盐0.2%的I组,其混合发酵产物的体外产气量最高,可消化有机物和代谢能最大,乙酸和丁酸浓度较高,发酵组合综合价值排序最高,为最佳发酵组合,可作为饲喂反刍动物的粗饲料。     

The effects of potato pulp and feeding level of supplements on digestibility, in situ forage degradation and ruminal fermentation in beef steers

Six ruminally cannulated Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) 387 ± 29 kg) were used in a split‐plot design experiment, comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole plot treatments were three different feeding levels of supplemental diet, fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% of BW, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Subplot treatments were two different supplemental diets: a potato pulp silage‐based diet (PPS) and a grain‐based diet (GRAIN). Chopped, medium‐quality cool‐season grass hay (predominately Timothy, Phleum pratense L) was fed daily at 0.7% BW (on a DM basis) as the basal diet. Each period consisted of 21 d, which included 11 d of adaptation to the diets and 10 d of the collection period. Chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. In situ forage degradation was measured using the nylon bag technique. The dry matter intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Digestibility was not affected by any treatments. The GRAIN diet tended to decrease the rate of in situ forage degradation as the feeding level increased, but this trend was not found in the steers fed the PPS diet. Steers fed the GRAIN diet had a lower (P < 0.1) ruminal pH compared with steers fed the PPS diet. Ruminal pH was not significantly affected by feeding level; however, it was numerically higher for steers supplemented at 0.2% per BW than that for the steers supplemented above 0.4% per BW due probably to the higher starch intake. The total volatile fatty acids concentration numerically increased as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Increasing the feeding level decreased (linear, P < 0.01) the proportion of acetate. Neither diet nor the feeding level had any effects on the proportion of ruminal propionate. The results suggested that, for steers fed the PPS diet, there are not adverse effects on forage digestion in the rumen that occur as the feeding level is increased.     

‘鸭梨’、‘新高’果实发育过程中果肉及种子有机酸含量的变化

为了研究梨种子对果实生长发育的影响,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术对‘鸭梨’和‘新高’果实发育过程中果肉和种子中的有机酸含量进行了分析。结果表明：两个品种果肉中主要的有机酸组分均为苹果酸和奎尼酸,发育初期‘鸭梨’与‘新高’果肉中各组分的比率相近,但果实成熟时‘新高’果肉中苹果酸的比率59.98%显著高于‘鸭梨’的37.51%;两个品种种子中的有机酸组分比率的动态变化相近,与果肉相反,主要表现在奎尼酸比率的增加和苹果酸比率的减少。两个品种果肉和种子中的总酸、草酸、奎尼酸,苹果酸,莽草酸,柠檬酸含量均随着果实的成熟呈下降趋势,‘鸭梨’果肉中的奎尼酸、莽草酸、柠檬酸含量高于‘新高’;‘新高’在果实成熟时种子中的总酸含量4.59mg/g显著低于‘鸭梨’13.00mg/g,‘鸭梨’成熟果实种子中的草酸、奎尼酸、莽草酸含量显著高于‘新高’;在果实发育初期,种子中的苹果酸含量极显著高于果肉,在果实成熟时则显著低于果肉。     

不同添加剂对薯渣与玉米秸秆混贮饲料发酵品质及牛瘤胃降解率的影响

研究4种不同添加剂对薯渣与玉米秸秆混贮饲料发酵品质以及牛瘤胃降解率的影响,并筛选出适宜的添加剂。试验采用密封塑料桶进行混贮,薯渣和玉米秸秆混贮水分含量控制在70%(混贮比例为1∶2),设置了对照组(CK)、微贮博士组(处理1)、青贮邦组(处理2)、拉巴克思复合添加剂组(处理3)以及亚芯组(处理4)5个处理,每个处理3个重复,贮存期60 d。采用实验室化学分析法及半体内试验测定第60天发酵品质、有氧稳定性、瘤胃降解率。结果表明各处理组和对照组(CK组)的感官评定结果无明显差异;经过发酵品质分析测定,4种添加剂处理均改善了薯渣饲料的发酵品质,其中处理4组的乳酸含量最高(P<0.01),pH和氨态氮含量最低(P<0.05);各添加剂处理均提高了薯渣混贮饲料的有氧稳定性,其中以处理4组效果最佳(P<0.01),有氧稳定时间为162 h,比CK组延长50 h,其次是处理2组(P<0.01)、处理3组(P<0.01),处理1组改善效果不明显;在瘤胃中培养48 h后,处理组干物质(DM)瘤胃降解率显著高于CK组(P<0.05),粗蛋白质(CP)瘤胃降解率极显著高于CK组(P<0.01);处理4组的NDF瘤胃降解率最高,显著高于处理3(P<0.05),但与其他处理组的NDF瘤胃降解率差异不显著(P>0.05);处理4组的ADF瘤胃降解率显著高于3组和CK组(P<0.05),与处理1组和处理2组差异不显著(P>0.05)。处理1组的淀粉瘤胃降解率比CK提高2.83%(P<0.01),其他各处理组间淀粉的牛瘤胃降解率无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,添加剂处理对薯渣与玉米秸秆混贮饲料的发酵品质、有氧稳定性、瘤胃降解率等均有改善作用,其中以亚芯组处理效果最好。