不同脱毒剂脱玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的试验

研究6种脱毒剂(1号、2号、3号、4号、5号和6号)的体外脱毒效果,采用竞争性直接酶联免疫吸附测试方法(ELISA)分别测定脱毒前后霉变玉米中呕吐毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮的含量,并计算其相应毒素的下降率,旨在为饲料厂家选择优质脱毒剂提供参考依据。试验结果表明,6种脱毒剂脱玉米赤霉烯酮的效果从好到差依次为5号、4号、3号、2号、6号和1号;6种脱毒剂脱呕吐毒素的效果从好到差依次为5号、2号、4号、3号、6号和1号。     

玉米赤霉烯酮及呕吐毒素的危害有多大

黄曲霉毒素是世界上研究较为彻底的一种毒素,也是对食品及饲料安全危害最严重的一种毒素.研究表明,饲料中黄曲霉毒素浓度的高低与动物疫情流行有着密切的关系.如：美国20世纪80年代,由于霉菌毒素的暴发而导致了随后的猪大肠杆菌病在该区域的流行;2003年底到2004年秋天,亚洲各国均发生了大规模的动物疫情,究其原因与2003年天气异常而导致谷物大面积发霉有直接关系,这场疫情使中国养猪生产损失达200亿元以上.黄曲霉毒素的主要危害表现为对动物多系统的直接破坏,高强度地抑制动物的免疫系统,降低动物对病原的抵抗力及对疾病的易感性,因而会诱导或增强动物疫情的传播.研究表明,饲料中的黄曲霉毒素在仔猪应控制在5μg/kg以下（法定范围为10μg/kg）,在种猪大猪应控制在20μg/kg以下.     

一起玉米赤霉烯酮及呕吐毒素中毒引起猪繁殖障碍的病例报告

2012年4月,山东某规模猪场暴发疾病,母猪受胎率、产仔数、健仔数等繁殖性能指标显著下降,猪群表现出不同程度的霉菌毒素中毒症状。经初步调查,发现该猪场所饲喂的饲料被霉菌毒素污染,进一步采取原料玉米及饲料样品通过高效液相色谱法鉴定霉菌毒素种类及含量,结果显示,原料玉米中赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素及烟曲霉毒素含量均超标。经更换饲料和采用脱霉剂后,母猪繁殖性能指标显著恢复。     

微生物降解玉米赤霉烯酮毒素及其机制

玉米赤霉烯酮毒素是世界上污染广泛的真菌毒素之一,具有强烈的雌激素样效应及致癌性,严重威胁着人类和动物健康.为了清除玉米赤霉烯酮对粮食及其副产品的污染,避免玉米赤霉烯酮毒素中毒,需不断的研究玉米赤霉烯酮脱毒的方法,但传统的脱毒方法有一定的局限性,而目前具有无残留及特异性的生物脱毒技术成为研究热点.论文主要就降解玉米赤霉烯...     

黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的累加细胞毒性研究

由于饲料中多种霉菌毒素并存的几率比较高,本研究以仔猪肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)为模型,研究黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)和呕吐毒素(DON)的叠加细胞毒性.细胞毒性试验选用AFB1、ZEA和DON三种毒素作为响应面Box-Behnke设计的三个因素,以AFB1:10、20、30μg/L,ZEA:1...     

高效液相色谱同步检测饲料中黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮及呕吐毒素的方法

本研究旨在建立同步检测饲料中黄曲霉毒素B_1、玉米赤霉烯酮及呕吐毒素的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。样品用乙腈-水提取,经涡旋、高速离心,移取2 mL上清液加入28 mL含1%吐温-20的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS,pH 7.0),过三合一免疫亲和柱净化,用2 mL甲醇洗脱;洗脱液经50℃浓缩氮气吹干后用50%甲醇-水复溶,采用高效液相色谱仪串联光化学衍生器、荧光检测器和紫外检测器进行检测。结果表明:黄曲霉毒素B_1标准品溶液浓度在2.5～50.0 ng/mL、玉米赤霉烯酮标准品溶液浓度在50～2 500 ng/mL、呕吐毒素标准品溶液浓度在250～5 000 ng/mL时线性关系良好,平均加标回收率为81.2%～92.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.3%～9.5%。采用该方法检测了4种不同饲料样品中的黄曲霉毒素B_1、玉米赤霉烯酮及呕吐毒素含量,所有样品均检测出1种以上霉菌毒素,说明饲料中霉菌毒素混合污染较为普遍。由此可见,本试验所建立的方法准确度和精密度高,稳定性好,可作为饲料中黄曲霉毒素B_1、玉米赤霉烯酮及呕吐毒素的同步检测方法。     

玉米赤霉烯酮对哺乳动物生殖系统影响研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮对机体产生强雌激素样作用,直接损害动物的生殖系统,导致生殖机能紊乱,造成严重的经济损失。目前,虽然国内外学者做了很多研究来揭示玉米赤霉烯酮损害生殖系统的机制,但关于它影响生殖机能更详尽的机制还有待于研究。本文对近年来玉米赤霉烯酮对哺乳动物生殖系统毒性的研究进展加以综述,旨在为其生殖毒理学深入研究提供参考依据,进而为预防和治疗该毒素引起的疾病提供理论依据。     

玉米赤霉烯酮、呕吐毒素及黄曲霉毒素B1联合染毒对小鼠睾丸的影响

试验旨在探究玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、呕吐毒素(DON)和黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB₁)联合染毒对小鼠睾丸的毒性作用。选用60只8周龄SPF ICR小鼠,适应性饲养10 d后,将体重相近(38.88±0.29)g的48只小鼠随机分为4组,每组12只,低剂量霉菌毒素联合染毒组(LD组)腹腔注射10mg/kgBWZEN+1 mg/kg BW DON+0.5 mg/kg BW AFB₁,中剂量霉菌毒素联合染毒组(MD组)腹腔注射20 mg/kg BW ZEN+1.5 mg/kg BW DON+1 mg/kg BW AFB₁,高剂量霉菌毒素联合染毒组(HD组)腹腔注射30 mg/kg BW ZEN+2 mg/kg BW DON+2 mg/kg BW AFB₁,对照组(CON组)腹腔注射等量玉米油。腹腔注射24 h后处死小鼠,采集附睾精子及睾丸组织样本。结果表明：与CON组相比,LD组(P<0.05)、MD组(P<0.001)、HD组(P<0.001)精子活性均降低;与CON组相比,霉菌毒素联合染...     

玉米赤霉烯酮研究进展

玉米赤霉烯酮是霉菌毒素之一,主要由镰刀菌产生,已被证明会影响动物的繁殖能力。赤霉烯酮检测方法、防治措施和脱毒技术一直是国内外的研究热点。本文结合了最新的研究成果,详细阐述了霉菌毒素的分类、玉米赤霉烯酮对畜禽健康及产品产生的不利影响以及对消费者造成的安全隐患,并对其检测方法、防治措施和脱毒技术进行概括,为解决霉菌污染问题提供参考。     

Changes in the concentrations of fumonisin,deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in corn silage during ensilage

We assessed the production of the mycotoxins fumonisin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone during the ensiling of corn. Corn was harvested at yellow‐ripe or full‐ripe stage and separated into the stem and leaf parts and the ear parts, including bracts. Each material was ensiled under five conditions: (1) no fungus added, anaerobic conditions; (2) no fungus added, aerobic conditions; (3) mycotoxin‐producing fungus added, anaerobic conditions; (4) mycotoxin‐producing fungus added, aerobic conditions; and (5) mycotoxin‐producing fungus added to autoclaved material, aerobic conditions. After 40 days of ensilage, we analyzed the silage fermentative quality and mycotoxin concentration. The fermentative quality of all materials was good in treatments (1) and (3), because the pH < 4 increased the lactic acid content preventing mycotoxin levels from increasing. In treatments (2) and (4), fermentative quality of all materials was poor, and mycotoxin levels were slightly increased. In treatment (5), fermentative quality was poor, and mycotoxin levels were increased remarkably. These results indicate that mycotoxins are not produced under anaerobic conditions and are hardly produced under aerobic condition during the ensiling of corn. Our findings suggest that almost all mycotoxins in corn silage are produced pre‐harvest.     

The combination of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone at permitted feed concentrations causes serious physiological effects in young pigs

This study was to investigate the effects of the combination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) on pigs. Twenty-four weaning piglets were divided into a control group fed a diet free of mycotoxins and a toxin group fed a diet containing 1 mg/kg DON and 250 µg/kg ZON. The results showed that supplementation of DON and ZON in diets had extensive effects on pigs. More specifically, DON and ZON caused levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin in sera to decrease (p < 0.05) by 14.5%, 6.5% and 11.3%, respectively, and at the same time increased (p < 0.05) the serum enzyme activities of γ-glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase by 72.0%, 32.6% and 36.6%, respectively. In addition, DON and ZON decreased (p < 0.05) the level of anti-classical swine fever antibody titers by 14.8%. Real-time PCR showed that DON and ZON caused the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, to decrease (p < 0.05) by 36.0%, 29.0% and 35.4%, respectively. Histopathological studies demonstrated that DON and ZON caused abnormalities in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, uterus, and kidney. The concentrations of DON and ZON used in this study are in line with the published critical values permitted by BML. Our study clearly put the standard and adequacy of safety measures for these toxins into question. The authors suggest that with the increasing availability of cellular and molecular technologies, it is time to revisit the safety standards for toxins in feeds so as to make feeds safer, providing consumers with safer products.     

Diagnostic opportunities for evaluation of the exposure of dairy cows to the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN): reliability of blood plasma,bile and follicular fluid as indicators

To investigate the usefulness of follicular fluid (FF) in relation to blood plasma and bile as indicators of exposure of dairy cows to ZEN, DON and their metabolites, a dose–response study was performed with 30 dairy cows. The cows, 10 in each group (named CON; FUS‐50, FUS‐100), received a diet with three different concentrations of Fusarium toxin‐contaminated maize. Thereby, the following dietary concentration were reached: CON (0.02 mg ZEN and 0.07 mg DON, per kg dry matter, DM), FUS‐50 (0.33 mg ZEN and 2.62 mg DON, per kg DM) and FUS‐100 (0.66 mg ZEN and 5.24 mg DON, per kg DM). ZEN, DON and de‐epoxy‐DON (de‐DON) were detected in FF. Based on the linear regression between toxin concentration in plasma and FF, it seems that about 50 % (m = 0.5) of ZEN present in plasma is present in FF while an increase of 1 ng/ml DON or de‐DON in plasma is paralleled by an increase of 1.5 ng/ml DON or 1.1 ng/ml de‐DON in FF. ZEN, DON and their metabolites, except zearalenone (ZAN), were also detected in bile. Contrary to DON and de‐DON, ZEN and its metabolites were accumulated in bile so that the concentration of ZEN and metabolites was much higher than for DON and de‐DON. The main compound was β‐zearalenol (β‐ZEL). The biliary ZEN, α‐zearalenol (α‐ZEL) and β‐ZEL concentration correlated linearly with each other with an uncertainty of <15 % (r² ≥ 0.86), whereas the ratio between ZEN: α‐ZEL: β‐ZEL was about 1.5:1:11. With the help of established linear relationship between toxin intake and toxin concentration, bile could be used as diagnostic indicator to assess the exposure of cows.     

重组玉米赤霉烯酮酶ZENC降解麸皮毒素的条件优化

重组玉米赤霉烯酮降解酶ZENC是一类酯水解酶,可水解玉米赤霉烯酮12-C的酯键,破坏玉米赤霉烯酮的结构,本研究采用正交试验法,探索ZENC对麸皮中玉米赤霉烯酮的降解条件。结果表明:当pH为6.5、含水量为50%、处理时间为24 h时,毒素降解率达到87.29%。在乳酸菌的麸皮发酵中,ZENC与植物乳杆菌菌粉复合使用效果好于与植物乳杆菌发酵液的联用,麸皮发酵48 h后,玉米赤霉烯酮的降解率最高可达53.4%。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)理化检测方法的研究

比较了检测饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)的3种方法:薄层层析法(TLC)、高效液相色谱分析(HPLC)、气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS),建立了TLC的定性检测及HPLC的定量检测相结合的方法。同时通过反复试验,结合HPLC检测,确定了以展开剂氯仿:甲醇(90∶10)展开DON毒素的R f值约为0.45。     

玉米赤霉烯酮的污染和残留及其作用机制

玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)是由镰孢真菌产生的类雌激素毒素.本文综述了ZEA的污染现状及其在动物组织中的残留现状,并且总结了ZEA的可能作用机制.     

Plasma haptoglobin and immunoglobulins as diagnostic indicators of deoxynivalenol intoxication

This study aimed to discover potential biomarkers for dioxynivalenol (DON) intoxication. B6C3F1 male mice were orally exposed to 0.83, 2.5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight (bw) DON for 8 days and the differential protein expressions in their blood plasma were determined by SELDI - Time-of-Flight/Mass Spectrometry (TOF/MS) and the immunoglobulins (Igs) G, A, M and E in the serum were investigated. 11.7 kDa protein was significantly highly expressed according to DON administration and this protein was purified by employing a methyl ceramic HyperD F column with using optimization buffer for adsorption and desorption. The purified protein was identified as a haptoglobin precursor by peptide mapping with using LC/Q-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/MS and this was confirmed by western blotting and ELISA. IgG and IgM in serum were decreased in a dose-dependent manner and IgA was decreased at 7.5 mg/kg bw DON administration, but the IgE level was not changed. To compare the expressions of haptoglobin and the Igs patterns between aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and DON intoxications, rats were orally administered with AFB1 1.0, ZEA 240 and DON 7.5 mg/kg bw for 8 days. Haptoglobin was increased only at DON 7.5 mg/kg bw, while it was slightly decreased at ZEA 240 mg/kg bw and it was not detected at all at AFB1 1.0 mg/kg bw. IgG and IgA were decreased by DON, but IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE were all increased by AFB1. No changes were observed by ZEA administration. These results show that plasma haptoglobin could be a diagnostic biomarker for DON intoxication when this is combined with examining the serum Igs.     

The fate and tissue disposition of deoxynivalenol in broiler chickens

To evaluate the fate of deoxynivalenol (DON) in broilers, DON was administered either intravenously or orally to broilers at a dose of 1 mg/kg BW. Concentrations of DON in plasma were measurable up to 4 hr and 2 hr after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the values for the elimination half-life, the volume of distribution and the clearance were 1.25 ± 0.25 hr, 7.55 ± 2.03 l/kg and 4.16 ± 0.42 l/hr/kg, respectively. The oral bioavailability was 15.46 ± 4.02%. DON was detectable in all tissues examined after oral administration. These results suggest that DON is able to penetrate into the various tissues in broilers, though poorly absorbed from their gastrointestinal tract.     

玉米赤霉烯酮与脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇联合染毒对雄性小鼠生殖毒性的影响及茶多酚的缓解作用

本试验旨在研究茶多酚对玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)与脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)联合染毒小鼠生殖毒性损伤的缓解作用。选取8周龄雄性昆明小鼠75只[体重(40±5)g],随机分成5组,每组分别灌服生理盐水(对照组)、200 mg/kg茶多酚(Ⅰ组)、1 mg/kg ZEN+0.5 mg/kg DON(Ⅱ组)、100 mg/kg茶多酚+1 mg/kg ZEN+0.5 mg/kg DON(Ⅲ组)和200 mg/kg茶多酚+1 mg/kg ZEN+0.5 mg/kg DON(Ⅳ组),每组15只。试验期28 d。在试验第1、14、28天,从每组随机抽取5只小鼠称重采样,检测小鼠精子质量、睾丸脏器系数、睾丸组织标志酶活性、血清性激素含量及睾丸组织氧化与抗氧化指标,并制作睾丸组织切片。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,Ⅱ组小鼠睾丸脏器系数、精子活率及数量、血清性激素含量显著降低(P<0.05),睾丸组织碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GGT)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著降低(P<0.05);精子畸形率、血清丙二醛(MAD)含量显著上升(P<0.05)。添加茶多酚后,小鼠的睾丸脏器系数、精子活率及数量、血清性激素含量、睾丸组织AKP、LDH、γ-GGT、CAT、SOD及GSH-Px活性显著上升(P<0.05),精子畸形率、血清MAD含量显著降低(P<0.05)。随着时间的推移,与第1天相比,Ⅰ组小鼠睾丸组织GSH-Px活性显著升高(P<0.05),Ⅱ组小鼠睾丸脏器系数、精子质量、睾丸组织标志酶活性、血清性激素含量、睾丸组织氧化与抗氧化指标均发生显著变化(P<0.05),Ⅲ组小鼠睾丸组织CAT及GSH-Px活性显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅳ组小鼠睾丸组织CAT活性显著降低(P<0.05)。2)睾丸组织病理切片显示染毒组小鼠睾丸生精小管基膜不完整,细胞排列紊乱,数量减少,体积缩小,细胞之间空泡化,管腔内精子数量减少,经茶多酚保护后得到改善。综上,茶多酚能有效改善ZEN与DON联合染毒小鼠精子质量与睾丸组织内标志酶活性,提高血清性激素含量及睾丸组织抗氧化功能,显著降低生殖毒性。