基于多传感器人工嗅觉系统的土壤有机质含量检测方法

为了实现对土壤有机质含量的快速、方便、准确测量,本文提出了一种基于多传感器人工嗅觉系统的土壤有机质含量检测方法。选取10个不同型号的氧化物半导体式气体传感器组成传感器阵列,并采用不同浓度的硫化氢、氨气和甲烷等标准气体对传感器阵列进行了响应测试,从响应曲线可以看出,传感器阵列对不同浓度、种类的标准气体皆有响应且响应结果不同,随着标准气体浓度的增大传感器阵列的响应曲线也随之上升,表明传感器阵列具有较高的特异性和一定的交叉敏感性。提取每个传感器土壤气体响应曲线上的响应面积、最大值、平均微分系数、方差、平均值和最大梯度6个特征构建人工嗅觉特征空间。采用偏最小二乘法回归（PLSR）、支持向量机回归（SVR）和BP神经网络（BPNN）算法建立人工嗅觉特征空间与土壤有机质含量关系的预测模型,使用决定系数（R2）、均方根误差（RMSE）和绝对平均误差（MAE）评估预测模型的性能。试验结果表明,PLSR、BPNN、SVR测试集的R2分别为0.80878、0.87179和0.91957,RMSE分别为3.6784、3.1614、2.4254g/kg,MAE分别为3.1079、2.4154、2.1389g/kg。SVR算法建立的模型R2最高,RMSE、MAE最小,比PLSR、BPNN具有更好的预测性能,可用于土壤有机质含量的测量。     

基于无人机可见光影像的玉米冠层SPAD反演模型研究

叶绿素是植物进行光合作用的重要色素,利用作物光谱、纹理信息对叶绿素进行反演,为作物的实时监测和健康状况诊断提供重要依据。以大田环境下5个不同品种四叶期、拔节期的玉米为研究对象,利用无人机获取试验区可见光影像,对土壤背景进行掩膜处理,提取25种可见光植被指数、24种纹理特征,综合分析植被指数、纹理特征与玉米冠层叶绿素相对含量（SPAD）的相关性,分别建立基于植被指数、纹理特征和植被指数+纹理特征的逐步回归（SR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和支持向量回归（SVR）模型,定量估算叶绿素相对含量。在SR模型中,植被指数+纹理特征模型与植被指数模型相同,R2为0.7316,RMSE为2.9580,RPD为1.926,优于纹理特征模型;在PLSR模型中,植被指数+纹理特征模型较优,R2为0.8025,RMSE为2.4952,RPD为2.284,纹理特征模型次之,植被指数模型最差;在SVR模型中,植被指数+纹理特征模型较优,R2为0.8055,RMSE为2.6408,RPD为2.158,植被指数模型次之,纹理特征模型最差。综合分析采用基于PLSR植被指数+纹理特征模型可以实现玉米冠层SPAD快速、准确提取,为叶绿素反演提供一种新的方法,可为无人机遥感作物长势监测提供参考。     

不同粒径处理的土壤全氮含量高光谱特征拟合模型

采集新疆北疆棉田385个自然土壤样本,将筛选出的土壤样品分别过2、1、0. 5、0. 15 mm筛并测定其原始光谱反射率,利用支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)、偏最小二乘回归(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)和多元逐步线性回归(Stepwise multiple linear regression,SMLR)方法对土壤原始光谱及其12种光谱变换数据分别构建土壤全氮含量的估测模型,并对模型精度进行检验。结果表明,土壤原始光谱特征在各个波段与全氮含量相关性都较差,不同形式的数据变换均能够提高光谱反射率与全氮含量的相关性,同一种数据变换形式在不同粒径处理中最大相关系数所对应的波段位置差异不大。从不同粒径处理的拟合精度来看,过筛粒径越小对全氮含量的估测精度越高,3种方法的最优拟合模型都是过0. 15 mm筛的处理,其中SVM方法采用(lgR)'变换后,构建模型R2c为0. 898 7,RMSEc为0. 018 1,RPD为2. 704 9,PLSR和SMLR方法均采用R'变换,构建模型的R2c分别为0. 852 0和0. 819 6,RMSEc分别为0. 041 3和0. 043 6,RPD分别为2. 554 9和2. 437 4,3种方法在该过筛处理下均能够很好地估测土壤全氮含量。用未参与建模的样本对3种最优模型进行验证,SVM、PLSR和SMLR模型的检验R2分别为0. 822 9、0. 771 5和0. 705 4,SVM方法优于PLSR和SMLR,模型具有较好的精度和稳定性,从模型的预测误差来看,土壤全氮含量越低其预测误差也越大,在氮素含量较低的情况下无法直接通过光谱反射特征准确反演。     

基于随机森林模型的林地叶面积指数遥感估算

林地叶面积指数(Leaf area index,LAI)的准确估测是精准林业的重要体现。为了快速、准确、无损监测林地LAI,利用LAI-2200型植物冠层分析仪获取福建省西部森林样地的LAI数据,结合同期Pleiades卫星影像计算12种遥感植被指数,分析了各样地实测LAI数据和相应植被指数的相关性,进而使用随机森林(RF)算法构建了林地LAI估算模型,以支持向量回归(SVR)模型和反向传播神经网络(BP)模型作为参比模型,以决定系数(R~2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均相对误差(MAE)和相对分析误差(RPD)为指标评价并比较了模型预测精度。结果表明:全样本数据中,各植被指数与对应LAI值均呈极显著相关(P0.01),且相关系数都大于0.4;RF模型在3次不同样本组中的预测精度均高于同期的SVR模型和BP模型;3个样本组中RF模型的LAI估测值与实测值的R~2分别为0.688、0.796和0.707,RPD分别为1.653、1.984和1.731,均高于同期SVR模型和BP模型,对应的RMSE分别为0.509、0.658和0.696,MAE分别为0.417、0.414和0.466,均低于同期其他2种模型。     

基于无人机多光谱遥感的玉米根域土壤含水率研究

及时获取农田作物根域土壤墒情是实现精准灌溉的基础和关键。以内蒙古自治区达拉特旗昭君镇试验站大田玉米为研究对象,利用无人机遥感系统,分别在玉米营养生长期(Vegetative stage,V期)、生殖期(Reproductive stage,R期)和成熟期(Maturation stage,M期)获得7次玉米冠层多光谱正射影像,并同步采集玉米根域不同深度土壤含水率(Soil moisture content,SMC);然后,采用灰色关联法对提取的多种植被指数(Vegetation index,VI)进行筛选,选取与土壤含水率敏感的植被指数;最后,分别采用多元混合线性回归(Cubist)、反向传播神经网络(Back propagation neural network,BPNN)和支持向量机回归(Support vector machine regression,SVR)等机器学习方法,构建不同生育期的敏感植被指数与土壤含水率的关系模型。结果表明,3种机器学习方法中SVR模型在各生育期的建模与预测精度均最优,BPNN模型次之,Cubist模型最差;其中SVR模型在M期效果最优,其建模集和验证集R~2分别为0. 851和0. 875,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)均为0. 7%,标准均方根误差(Normalized root mean square error,nRMSE)分别为8. 17%和8. 32%,R期效果最差,其建模集和验证集R~2分别为0. 619和0. 517。     

基于CNN-RF模型的广州地区土壤质地识别方法

不同土壤质地直接影响土壤水分渗透程度和农作物养分吸收，进而影响农作物的产量及质量，针对土壤质地难以开展高效、精准识别等问题，基于卷积神经网络-随机森林(CNN-RF)模型算法用于实现土壤质地高效、精准识别。首先用比重法测定土壤样本中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒的百分比，然后采用自主研制的便携图像采集装置，对广州地区的土壤进行1 000个样本采集并对土壤研磨、筛选、拍摄，建立土壤样本质地和图像的数据库，提取图像中的颜色特征和纹理特征，利用CNN-RF模型并结合3种组合(颜色、纹理、颜色+纹理)方法对土壤样本中的黏粒、粉粒和砂粒百分含量进行回归预测。采用平均绝对误差(MAE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和判定系数(R²)进行模型回归性能评估。从混淆矩阵进行模型分类结果可知，预测砂粒的MAE、RMSE、R²值分别为3.37、3.71和0.99；粉粒的MAE、RMSE、R2值分别为3.48、3.79和0.98；黏粒的MAE、RMSE和R²值分别为3.38,3.76,0.99。与RF、KNN、VGG6-RF模型相比，这种CNN-RF模型得到的MA...     

基于敏感变量筛选的多光谱植被含水率反演模型研究

植被含水率是农田生态系统敏感性的重要表征，为提高近地遥感植被含水率反演效率和精度，基于无人机多光谱影像数据，提取苜蓿、玉米2种植被覆盖的光谱反射率，在此基础上引入红边波段计算改进光谱指数。将5种光谱反射率及25个光谱指数利用变量投影重要性(Variable importance in projection, VIP)分析、灰色关联度(Gray relational analysis, GRA)分析与皮尔逊(Person)相关性分析进行筛选，并建立基于反向神经网络(Back-propagation neural network, BPNN)、偏最小二乘法(Partial least squares regression, PLSR)、支持向量回归(Support vector regression, SVR)和随机森林(Random forest, RF)4种机器学习模型，以确定不同作物覆盖下的最佳植被含水率反演模型。结果表明，3种筛选算法中VIP和GRA的模型精度明显优于Person相关性分析，且反演结果波动较小；在4种机器学习算法中，SVR算法在非线性问题中相较于BPNN、PLSR、...     

北京典型耕作土壤养分的近红外光谱分析研究

以北京郊区试验田采集的72个土壤样品为实验材料,应用傅里叶变换近红外光谱技术,分析了土样的全氮、全钾、有机质和pH值养分含量。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)对光谱数据与土壤养分实测值进行回归分析,建立预测模型,以模型决定系数(R2)、校正标准差(RMSECV)、预测标准差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)作为模型精度的评价指标。分析结果:土壤的全氮模型R2为95.44%,RMSECV为0.014 1,RMSEP为0.016 8,RPD为4.68;有机质模型R2为89.63%,RMSECV为0.37,RMSEP为0.47,RPD为3.11;全钾模型R2为85.62%,RM-SECV为0.173,RMSEP为0.204,RPD为2.64;pH值模型R2为87.33%,RMSECV为0.031,RMSEP为0.053,RPD为2.81。     

基于采样点光谱信息窗口尺度优化的土壤含水率无人机多光谱遥感反演

针对空间异质性导致的土壤含水率反演误差较大的问题,分别以玉米灌浆期和小麦苗期的土壤含水率反演为例,利用无人机多光谱遥感技术获取喷灌和畦灌灌溉方式下的正射影像。将34组光谱特征变量按照滑动窗口法提取不同空间尺度的光谱信息平均值,通过极端梯度提升（Extreme gradient boosting,XGBoost）、支持向量机回归（Support vector machine regression,SVR）以及偏最小二乘回归（Partial least squares regression,PLSR）3种机器学习模型确定采样点光谱信息最优窗口尺度;然后,采用皮尔逊相关系数特征变量筛选法（Pearson correlation coefficient feature variable screening method,R）结合XGBoost和SVR模型对提取的34组光谱特征变量进行筛选,选取与土壤含水率敏感的特征变量;最后,估算土壤含水率。结果表明：喷灌方式下所选择的采样点最优光谱信息窗口尺度比畦灌小,其最优窗口尺度范围分别为11×11~21×21和15×15~29×29;采用皮尔逊相关系数特征变量筛选方法结合机器学习模型可有效提高土壤含水率反演精度;5种机器学习模型（R_XGBoost、R_SVR、XGBoost、SVR、PLSR）中R_XGBoost模型估算土壤含水率精度最优,在喷灌和畦灌方式下玉米灌浆期R_XGBoost模型的测试集决定系数R2分别为0.80、0.83,均方根误差（Root mean square error,RMSE）分别为1.27%和0.98%,小麦苗期R2分别为0.76、0.79,RMSE分别为1.68%和0.85%;土壤含水率反演模型在畦灌条件下的精度优于喷灌条件下。该研究可为基于无人机多光谱影像分析的信息挖掘和土壤水分监测提供参考。     

基于PLS-BPNN算法的土壤速效磷高光谱回归预测方法

土壤速效磷是影响作物生长发育的重要养分指标。光谱分析技术对速效磷的定量预测具有较好的应用前景,高光谱带宽窄、分辨率高,但存在数据冗余和共线性等问题。本文针对皖北砂姜黑土145个样本开展研究,提出了利用偏最小二乘回归算法(PLS-R)对土壤可见近红外高光谱数据(400~1 000 nm)进行数据降维和特征提取,根据交叉验证和变量投影重要性分别得到潜在变量和特征波长;再分别输入BP神经网络(BPNN)进行训练,得到回归分析模型对速效磷进行定量预测。结果表明:与利用全部波长数据建模的预测结果(校正集和验证集的相对分析误差M_(RPD)分别为10.27和2.09)相比,利用9个特征波长建立的回归模型校正集M_(RPD)为2.66,预测精度明显降低,而验证集M_(RPD)为2.05,近似达到利用全部波长数据建模的预测效果;利用5个潜在变量建立回归模型,校正集和验证集的M_(RPD)分别为3.10和2.29,其中验证集相对于全部波长建模的预测精度提高了9.6%。因此,基于PLS-BPNN算法进行回归建模可以有效降低高光谱数据冗余和共线性的影响,提高模型的泛化能力,且利用潜在变量进行回归建模能提高模型预测精度。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。