含障碍物多田块下旋翼无人机作业返航补给规划研究

针对同一区域内相邻多田块的无人机单机作业任务路径规划问题,从续航、负重等实际问题出发,考虑种肥药液和油电能源等消耗品的按需多次返航补给,提出并实现一套含障碍物多田块条件下单机多架次作业的农用旋翼无人机自主飞行作业的路径规划算法。在给出作业路径规划优化目标模型的基础上,提出"先路径、后航次"两步优化法,先以最短路径为优化目标规划初始作业路径,然后考虑消耗品按需返航后的补给与续作问题进行航次规划。针对变量喷播和恒量喷播2种喷播模式,分别提出两种作业航向方向安排原则、航线调度原则、补给方式和续作模式,规划出4种不同航向及航线调度组合策略下的初始作业路径,并在此基础上进一步给出4种不同组合补给续作优化策略下的航次安排方案。针对假想田块和真实田块的算例仿真测试结果表明,规划初始作业路径的4种优化策略能够稳定高效运行,算法耗时78～105 161 ms,转移路径优化效果为10.25%～33.81%;在航次优化算法方面,算法耗时略有增加,为21 170～106 393 ms,转移路径优化效果为14.00%～26.27%,补给次数的最好优化效果从15次降到10次。总体来说,相同条件下完全重置+重排续作的组合策略表现较优。     

基于改进蚁群算法的植保无人机路径规划方法

为了规划出更加高效的植保无人机路径,提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的植保无人机路径规划方法,该方法适用于多个具有复杂多边形边界与内部障碍物的三维作业区域。采用扫描方式生成水平面内的作业路径,经过离散化处理后,在三维地形曲面上插值,获得三维作业路径。在此基础上,建立作业路径生成算法,以三维作业路径总长度尽量短、作业路径数量尽量少为目标,对植保无人机作业航向进行寻优。改进蚁群算法通过附加记录作业路径进入点的机制,实现对三维作业路径的合理排序,生成总长度较短的转移路径。经过算例检验,针对同一作业区域规划出的三维作业路径与水平面内的作业路径的航向角存在较大差异,相差最大为92°,这说明考虑三维地形的必要性。算例中,将改进的蚁群算法与贪婪算法进行了对比,针对一系列相同的作业起点,改进的蚁群算法所得的转移路径总长度均较短,比贪婪算法所得结果缩短3%~28%;在未选定作业起点情况下,改进的蚁群算法与贪婪算法求得的转移路径总长度最小值分别为1661m与1763m,说明改进的蚁群算法具有良好的寻优能力。实例检验情况与算例所得结论基本一致。算例与实例中的作业区域边界与地形复杂,涵盖情况全面,表明本文提出的路径规划方法具有一定实用性。     

凸多边形田块下油菜联合直播机组作业路径规划

针对无人农场场景下油菜联合直播机组自动导航自主作业需求,提出一套对凸多边形边界田块具有普适性的油菜联合直播作业路径规划算法。在拟定油菜直播作业对路径规划算法基本要求的基础上,将作业区域分成内部方向平行作业区与外围轮廓平行作业区,对应方向平行作业路径和轮廓平行作业路径;进一步将作业路径分为工作路径和非工作路径,对后者包括的行间转移衔接路径、区域衔接路径、拐角衔接路径、进入路径和退出路径等的生成原理进行详细阐述,通过"最小跨度法"得到方向平行路径最优作业方向,通过贪婪算法与Google OR-Tools对方向平行路径行调度次序进行排序优化。综合考虑作业路径总长度、算法耗时和重漏面积等指标,针对油菜联合直播机组免少耕和旋耕播种作业,以东方红-LX804型拖拉机+2BFQ-6型免耕直播机等机组为对象,对比测试了4个实际典型田块下不同作业参数、地头转弯策略和调度策略下的算法性能。测试结果表明,规划所得路径对应的油菜播种作业面积覆盖率大于等于95.14%,重播率小于等于2.63%,有效工作路径占比大于等于57.39%,算法耗时小于等于8 003 ms,算法稳定高效,满足油菜联合直播作业对路径规划的...     

基于目视遥控的无人机直线飞行与航线作业试验

为了得到在无导航目视遥控模式下农用无人机的直线飞行特性、检验农田作业航线的人为即时规划情况和评价实际作业质量及效果,设计了基于GPS的坐标采集无线传输系统,以水稻田边界直线为参照,通过目视和经验遥控无人机分别进行循直线飞行试验和基于作业幅宽的航线规划飞行试验。结果表明目视遥控模式下难以控制无人机沿直线飞行;人为即时规划的航线与理论航线偏离严重;在理想喷雾条件下估算出的作业遗漏率为17.1%,重复作业占8.2%,区域外浪费占0.7%;同时,目视遥控模式下无人机的高度及速度表现出无规律随机性。因此在无导航情况下,仅凭目视和经验遥控无人机难以做到精准作业。以GPS导航为主、能根据田块实际大小智能优化并生成作业航线的自主飞行作业模式是未来农用无人机进行精准作业的发展方向。     

基于Mapx组件的凹多边形快速分解算法的实现

在精准农业作业过程中,需要对农田地块多边形进行复杂的空间分析,如路径优化.空间分析一般是基于凸多边形,所以需要将凹多边形分解成凸多边形来处理,数目尽量最少,效率尽量高.为此,提出了一种凹多边形的分解算法,通过各凹点连接其他顶点连线的交点等信息进行判断,采用递归算法,利用Visual C++语言和Mapx组件实现该算法的实现与显示.该算法简明实用,效率高,生成凸多边形数量少.     

植保无人机精准覆盖航迹规划算法设计与验证

植保无人机作业航线规划中,应尽量降低无人机能耗、减少药液的浪费.为此,提出了一种航线规划算法,在保证无漏喷的前提下,基于贯穿线理论分析可知,以待作业区域边界为起始边进行作业航线规划时可获得较少转弯次数和冗余覆盖率;利用转弯区域的平行四边形理论,求解可完全覆盖作业区域的最小平行四边形,获得最小的冗余覆盖率;构建作业航线覆...     

基于机器学习的农用飞行器路径规划系统设计

基于作业空间模型及更新和飞行器机动性能约束,搭建了农用飞行器路径规划环境模型,并采用改进人工势能的机器学习算法,结合农用飞行器路径规划环境模型和障碍物检测模块,实现了农用飞行器路径规划的最优化。MatLab仿真结果表明:农用飞行器路径规划系统能够识别障碍物的位置和边界信息,并能快速制定出最优的飞行路径,指引农用飞行器顺利到达目标点。     

基于遗传算法的农用无人机定位系统优化

随着精细农业的发展,无人机在农业生产中的应用越来越广泛,无人机定位系统是无人机航线路径规划的关键环节。由于缺乏智能算法的应用,传统的无人机航线路径规划始终无法保证处于最优路径,经常发生误撞现象,严重影响无人机在农业生产中的持续作业,降低无人机作业效率。为此,深入研究了遗传算法工作原理、进化周期模型以及算法运算流程等理论,将遗传算法应用在无人机定位系统中,用于无人机航线路径的规划。通过确定无人机定位约束条件,按照遗传算法运算流程,定位无人机下一时刻最优运动节点,从而计算分析无人机最优航行轨迹,使无人机定位系统具有较强的定位功能,保证无人机航线路径处于最优路线,避免无人机碰撞到其他物体,使其能够在任何复杂的环境下完成飞行任务。     

基于嵌入式Linux的农用无人机视觉导航算法及应用

首先介绍了农用无人机机械结构与工作原理,接着介绍了双目视觉成像原理及视觉系统相机标定,并从图像采集和图像处理等模块介绍了嵌入式硬件平台,最后利用人工势场实现了农用无人机视觉导航算法。MatLab仿真结果表明:农用无人机在在无障碍物和有障碍物下,能够利用视觉导航算法,准确进行避障和导航,且仿真结果与预期效果一致,验证了农用无人机视觉导航算法的可行性和有效性。     

基于DTN算法的农用无人机信息检测处理系统设计

为进一步实现农用无人机信息检测与数据处理的精准性,提高其智能化作业水平,结合DTN网络控制算法,针对其信息检测处理系统进行设计。以实现信息网络路由传递顺畅、性能高效为基点,考虑农用无人机作业低速低空特性,搭建DTN算法检测模型,进行基于DTN算法的农用无人机信息检测系统硬件结构配置与软件控制布局,并进行农用无人机作业飞行试验。结果表明:农用无人机的各姿态检测角误差与DTN算法应用前误差相差不大,验证了检测处理系统设计的可行性;将DTN算法应用到机载信息检测处理系统,具备较好的容错调节机制,其机载测量湿度与实际地面测量湿度相比平均误差为2.13%,整机作业过程信息传输与转换实时准确,可为类似农机装备的信息检测模块开发优化提供较好的参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。