小麦代替玉米对仔猪增重的影响

在仔猪日粮中其能量饲料主要为玉米，而青海省不是玉米主产区，其主要农作物是小麦。小麦比玉米的蛋白质和赖氨酸含量高30％以上，可利用磷的含量比玉米高，色氨酸含量约为玉米的3倍，矿物质以及维生素含量与玉米几乎没有差别，但消化能含量低于玉米。用小麦代替玉米时，可降低饲料的成本，提高经济效益，缓解能量饲料短缺的压力。由于小麦中非淀粉多糖含量高，     

金属离子对饲料酶活性影响的研究

纤维素酶和木聚糖酶是当前饲用复合酶制剂中的两个主要酶种。玉米作为我国的主要能量饲料,在其用量受到市场价格限制时,需在饲料中添加小麦、大麦、高梁、米糠和麦麸等替代部分玉米用作能量饲料,以降低成本。因这些能量饲料中含有较高的非淀粉多糖,即抗营养因子NSP,其在     

木聚糖的抗营养机理及木聚糖酶在养禽业中的应用

我国是小麦、大麦等麦类作物的盛产国。在某些季节里，麦类作物的价格低于玉米，其常规营养成分含量相对于玉米也有一定的优势。所以，开发麦类作物取代部分玉米作为能量饲料是非常必要的。然而大量试验报道，麦类作物中含有的非淀粉多糖(NSP)具有影响动物消化吸收、阻滞养分消化代谢的作用，成为麦类作物作为能量饲料利用的瓶颈。     

饲料配方中玉米替代物的应用机理与使用方法

1 玉米与小麦的比较 小麦与玉米的主要成分见表1。 从下表可以看出,小麦的粗脂肪（EE）含量比玉米低,加上非淀粉多糖的副作用,致使小麦的有效能值稍低。但小麦的粗蛋白质、赖氨酸含量较高,而苏氨酸含量与玉米相当。用小麦代替部分玉米时,饲料中豆粕、鱼粉等的用量可以降低一些。小麦的亚油酸含量也低,是玉米亚油酸含量（2％）的40％左右,一般对猪禽来讲,日粮中用50％的玉米即可满足     

小麦在家禽饲料中的应用

用玉米作为家禽配合饲料的能量原料是我国使用的典型配方。玉米的短缺和高价，对生产者来说就意味着饲料成本的提高。生产者应考虑应用价格较为低廉的谷物来抵消玉米价格的升高。近些年来，随着小麦产量的不断提高，价格走低，小麦在家禽饲料中的应用越来越广泛。小麦的代谢能是玉米的９０％。用肉仔鸡、产蛋鸡和火鸡做的试验表明，小麦可以作为家禽的主要能量饲料。但小麦有其特殊性，在家禽配合饲料中应注意其合理使用。一、小麦的特点小麦蛋白质高于玉米，赖氨酸含量较高，而苏氨酸的含量与玉米相当。用小麦替代玉米作能量饲料时，配合饲…     

小麦在奶牛日粮中应用比例不宜过高

正目前,玉米是我国奶牛日粮中常用的谷物类饲料原料,在高产奶牛精料补充料中的比例通常高达60%。随着生物燃料和淀粉工业的快速发展,玉米的需求总量不断增加,迫切需要寻找新淀粉类能量饲料来代替玉米。在欧洲和北美等小麦主产区,小麦经常作为能量饲料用于畜禽饲料中。长期以来,小麦在我国常常作为人类的粮食而很少用作饲料,这主要是由于与玉米、高粱等能量饲料相比,小麦价格不具有竞争优势。但是,当小麦的市场价格足够低及其他谷物类能量饲料短缺时,在奶牛饲料中应用小麦就成     

日粮中小麦比例和添加复合酶对猪养分消化率的影响

小麦作为一种玉米的可替换能量饲料资源，在实践中常作为饲料企业降低生产成本的选择性方案。但小麦的非淀粉多糖含量高，直接导致动物肠道的黏性增加，使养分的有效性和饲料的代谢能降低。近年来，复合酶制剂在猪饲料生产中得到广泛的应用．为高效利用小麦等日粮提供了有效途径。但含纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的复合酶在不同日粮中的应     

使用部分小麦并添加不同酶制剂对猪生长的影响

长期以来我国猪的能量饲料都以玉米为主，造成玉米供应日趋紧张，价格上扬。玉米和小麦均含有一定量不易被消化的非淀粉多糖，但小麦的戊聚糖含量比玉米高出近１倍。在小麦日粮中添加复合酶制剂，能破坏其抗营养因子，提高饲料消化率。我场进行用小麦代替部分玉米并添加不同酶制剂对１０kg～２０kg小猪和２０kg～５０kg中猪生长影响的试验，现报道如下：１材料与方法１．１试验猪的选择与分组①小猪组选择本场体重在１０kg左右的杜长大三元杂交仔猪４５头，随机分成３个组，每组１５头，试验第１组和试验第２组分别在试验猪饲粮中使用一定量…     

菌株As56对饲料中非淀粉多糖的降解研究

在畜禽饲料中,国内通常把玉米作为主要的能量饲料,很少使用小麦、大麦等麦类原料。主要是麦类饲料中含有非淀粉多糖(non-starch polvsaccharide．NSP)等抗营养因子而限制了其在饲料中的应用．但随着我国养殖规模的不断扩大和饲料工业的迅速发展,将出现玉米供应紧缺的状况。据预测．到2020年我同能量饲料缺口将达到0．83亿吨。     

小麦在家禽饲料中的应用

随着饲料工业的快速发展，小麦作为能量饲料已得到广泛应用。在前苏联、欧洲、北关等小麦主产区和加拿大，饲料中大量使用小麦作为能量饲料，而很少使用玉米，日本也将其进口小麦的四分之一用作饲料。在我国，小麦用于水产饲料已是普遍现象，随着玉米价格的攀升，小麦产量的提高及相对价格的走低，小麦在家禽饲料中的应用也越来越广泛。但小麦与典型的能量饲料玉米相比有其特殊性，在家禽饲料中应注意合理使用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.