农田灌溉原理研究领域几个问题的思考与探索

本文阐述了九十年代农田灌溉原理的内涵;指出了农田水分微循环机理及其节水调控原理和非充分灌溉理论的研究将是九十年代农田灌溉原理的主要研究任务;探索了节水灌溉基础研究中的几个重大理论问题;提出了建立具有综合性和学科交叉性的农田灌溉学科基础理论体系是九十年代农田灌溉原理发展的总趋势。     

草地灌溉学科研究新进展

21世纪以来,草地灌溉学科得到了较快发展,在人工饲草SPAC水分运移消耗、需水规律与需水量、节水灌溉制度优化等方面基本跟踪着国际国内灌溉学科前沿,完成了一系列饲草料作物水分高效利用理论技术研究创新,为牧区灌溉饲草料地健康发展提供了较好的保障。与水利行业其他领域相比仍严重落后,一些理论技术问题亟待研究解决,只有增加投入,加强科技创新、普及,方能满足牧区社会发展、生态保护需求。     

咸水的田间灌溉实践及措施

<正> 近几十年来,国内外学者在咸水灌溉方面作了大量的研究工作,这些工作主要为灌溉水质的研究、灌溉后土壤次生盐渍化问题及防治、不同作物的耐盐度以及灌区土壤的水盐动态等。这些工作为充分利用咸水灌溉提供了理论与实践基础。在我国干旱、半干旱地区,灌溉水质多劣于湿润地区,质量较高的水缺乏,淡水资源不足与农业生产发展的供需矛盾越来越严重,因此,很多地区为     

作物-水-盐的联合胁迫与响应模型的研究评估

将节水灌溉理论用于盐渍土和劣质水资源的利用 ,在论述土壤水盐联合胁迫过程对作物响应原理的基础上 ,对作物水盐响应模型 (MCRWS)的建模假定、建模方法及一些代表性模型的特征和应用效果进行了较系统评估 ;将 2 0世纪末期相关研究中学科前沿出现的新概念、新方法、对某些传统假设和理论提出的挑战作了重点介绍 ;并对今后有关 MCRWS的深入研究提出一些初步构想。     

农业水土工程学科路在何方

本文介绍了农业水土工程学科的内涵;从近年作者在国际交流与实际工作中遇到的尴尬和困惑分析了农业水土工程学科发展所面临的严峻挑战;在剖析国际上农业水土工程学科发展与变化特征以及国内行业发展对人才培养知识体系需求变化的基础上,提出为了生存和发展亟须对传统农业水土工程学科进行改造、拓展和提升;指出未来农业水土工程学科迫切需要发展水信息与水管理、水生态与水环境、灌溉排水机械与自动化、水经济与水文化、全球变化与农业用水应对和灌区高质量发展等领域;应通过实施大的农业水土观战略和学科领域拓展与提升战略,以及思维方式和研究方法变革推动农业水土工程学科走向更加系统综合,由传统的工程观、技术观,向与科学观、系统观、市场观、生态观、全球观、未来观综合发展;通过广泛应用信息技术、生物技术、生态环境技术、新材料技术、新能源技术、智能制造技术等高新技术,实现农业水工程学科现代化,促进面向新时代的农业水土工程学科适应性发展;提出了新时代农业水土工程学科的新作为,指出学科应用基础性研究还需更加机理、更加前沿,应用技术性研究还应更加贴近实际、更加系统综合、更加模式化和标准化;最后,介绍了中国农业大学农业水科学与工程学科实现适应性发展的创新实践,力求对相关单位学科发展有所借鉴。     

努力加强灌溉试验基础性工作

党中央、国务院高度重视节水灌溉工作。中国的国情和水情决定了缓解中国水资源短缺的根本出路在于节水。要满足经济社会快速发展和人口持续增加对水和粮食的需求 ,建设节水型农业 ,非常重要的途径就是厉行节约用水 ,大力发展节水灌溉。发展节水灌溉 ,实现农业用水的高效利用 ,必须要有科学的灌溉试验成果作依据。因此 ,加强灌溉试验基础性研究 ,做好用水定额编制 ,是当前和今后一段时期必须抓好的重要工作。1　灌溉试验工作取得的成绩及存在的问题从 2 0世纪 5 0年代开始 ,为解决广大人民群众的温饱问题 ,在各级党委、政府的领导下 ,全国开…     

抓住机遇 乘势而上 加快发展节水灌溉──关于黑龙江省发展节水灌溉的调查

干旱缺水是制约农业发展的重要因素,实践证明,发展节水灌溉是解决水资源紧缺和土地干旱双重矛盾、促进农民脱贫、改善生态环境的有效措施。通过黑龙江省西部旱区农业发展问题的调查研究,对面向２１世纪的节水灌溉发展提出了具有指导意义的意见和措施。     

对节水灌溉工程建设的几点思考

结合大同市《21世纪初期首都水资源可持续利用规划》项目农业节水灌溉工程规划、设计和实施的实践，就节水灌溉工程建设中的若干重要问题——节水灌溉工程建设的长远规划与建设，节水灌溉工程的类型选择及节水工程建设与农民增收问题进行了研究和探讨，旨在为我国未来节水灌溉事业的健康发展提供有益的参考。     

抓住机遇 乘势而上 加快发展节水灌溉：关于黑龙江发展节水灌溉的调查

干旱缺水是制红农业发展的重要因素,实践证明,发展节水灌溉是解决水资源紧缺和土地干旱双重矛盾,促进农民脱贫,改善生态环境的有效措施,通过黑龙江省西部旱区农业发展问题的调查研究,对面向２１世纪的节水灌溉发展提出了具有指导意义的意见和措施。     

湖南省节水灌溉分区与规划

将模糊聚类方法用于湖南省节水灌溉分区，建立了湖南省节水灌溉区划模型，将系统动力学的动态仿真原理用于节水灌溉发展规划，建立了节水灌溉发展规划的动态仿真模型。据此，提出了湖南省节水灌溉区划，并对各分区及全省“九五”期间节水浇灌发展作了详细规划。     

Beyond irrigation efficiency

Parameters for accounting for water balance on irrigation projects have evolved over the past century. Development of the classic term irrigation efficiency is summarized along with recent modifications such as effective irrigation efficiency. The need for terms that describe measurable water balance components of irrigated agriculture is very important, as demands and competition for available renewable water supplies continue to increase with increasing populations. Examples of irrigation efficiency studies conducted during the past few decades are summarized along with related irrigation terminology. Traditional irrigation efficiency terminology has served a valid purpose for nearly a century in assisting engineers to design better irrigation systems and assisting specialists to develop improved irrigation management practices. It still has utility for engineers designing components of irrigation systems. However, newer irrigation-related terminology better describes the performance and productivity of irrigated agriculture. On a river-basin level, improved terminology is needed to adequately describe how well water resources are used within the basin. Brief suggestions for improving irrigation water management are presented.     

Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area,North Queensland,Australia

The Burdekin Delta is a major irrigation area situated in the dry tropics of North Queensland. It is unique in that (i) it overlies shallow groundwater systems that serve as a major water supply for the irrigation of sugarcane, and (ii) it is adjacent to the world heritage listed Great Barrier Reef. Water management practices include large recharge pits and surface spreading of water to assist with replenishment of the groundwater. This has been useful in maintaining groundwater levels to help control seawater intrusion. This technique, however, can be costly and ineffective in unconfined aquifer systems, which are subjected to large amounts of groundwater pumping for irrigation. There are more than 1800 production bores currently used for irrigation in the Burdekin Delta and the large volumes of water extracted have at times lowered the regional water tables and made it difficult to control seawater intrusion.     

经济用水灌溉制度的原理及制定方法

经济用水灌溉制度是目前灌溉研究中的热门课题。本文简述了经济用水灌溉制度的原理,从改善农田灌溉系统管理、制定科学的、合理的灌溉制度出发,提出了制定经济用水灌溉制度的方法和计算模型。     

A package of water management practices for sustainable growth and improved production of vegetable crop in labour and water scarce Sub-Saharan Africa

A package of water management practices including pitcher irrigation method and water conserving techniques of manure application and mulching is experimented for sustainable growth and improved production of cucumber crop in Makanya village in North Eastern Tanzania. The increase in total yield due to package of water management practices is 203 per cent and water use efficiency obtained is 12.06 kg m⁻³. The seasonal water requirement of cucumber crop under package of water management practices ranges from 146.30 to 198.10 mm, which is on an average 4.19 times less as compared to control treatment of can irrigation. The irrigation interval in package of water management practices is 4.9 times higher than the can irrigation method. The water and labour uses are reduced by 75.9 and 73 per cent, respectively in package of water management practices. The results showed that the self-regulative nature of pitchers and moisture retention by water conserving techniques is helpful in mitigating water stress in crop root zone. The moisture retention period in soil is increased assisting reduction of labour hours required in irrigation. In local context, the water management practices included in the package are easy to understand, adopt, operate and maintain.     

灌溉管理应用软件的研究现状及前景

灌溉用水管理是整个灌区的工作重点。决策支持系统等人工智能应用于灌溉管理,辅助管理人员及高层领导正确决策,解决知识处理中的半结构、非结构化问题,缩短预报周期,提高调度的实时性和可靠性,是二十一世纪灌溉系统管理的发展方向。最后介绍了霍泉灌区灌溉用水管理决策支持系统（简记：ＨＱＩＷＡＤＳＳ）的程序结构和主要功能     

基于SQL的智能灌溉专家系统优化设计

随着全球水资源的不断匮乏,节水形势越来越严峻。传统的灌溉技术缺乏对水资源的合理分配,导致水资源利用率十分低下,浪费现象较为严重,且不合理的灌溉模式对农作物生长也产生了一定的影响。为提高水资源利用率,保证农作物时刻具有所需的水分,基于SQL数据库技术,完成了智能灌溉专家系统的优化设计。通过分析专家系统的基本结构,建立了SQL数据库的E-R模型,并对智能灌溉专家系统的典型数据表(用户信息表、机具信息表、灌溉标准信息表和水泵信息表)进行优化设计。最后,对灌溉系统的实际灌溉情况进行试验,结果表明:基于SQL的智能灌溉专家系统可以根据农作物的生长所需合理分配水资源,使农作物具有适宜的水分环境,对大幅提高农作物产量和质量具有一定的实践意义。     

滴灌用灌水器的发展及研究

本文对滴灌技术的发展历史进行了回顾,对灌水器的发展历史以分类和工作原理进行了总结,对新型的重力滴灌做了介绍,对滴灌系统的堵塞原因及防治措施进行分析,还对灌水器的水力特性分析研究现状作了简单介绍,对今后的研究方向提出了建议,这些对于子解滴灌的历史以及研究现状都有一定意义。     

Making the user visible: analysing irrigation practices and farmers’ logic to explain actual drip irrigation performance

The actual performance of drip irrigation (irrigation efficiency, distribution uniformity) in the field is often quite different from that obtained in experimental stations. We developed an approach to explain the actual irrigation performance of drip irrigation systems by linking measured performances to farmers’ irrigation practices, and these practices to the underlying logic of farmers who operate these systems. This approach was applied to 22 farms in Morocco. Four sets of variables helped explain the gap between the actual irrigation performance and the performance obtained in experimental conditions: (1) farmers have agro-economic motivations or want to improve their social status, and for them, irrigation performance is at best an intermediate objective. (2) Irrigation performance is not a static value, but a rapidly evolving process, related to the (perceived) ability of farmers to change irrigation practices and renew irrigation equipment, but also to farmers’ aspirations. (3) The social network of farmers, supporting the introduction and use of drip irrigation, determines how farmers may share experience, information and know-how related to drip irrigation. (4) Today, there is no social pressure to irrigate carefully to save water; only the state explicitly links the use of drip irrigation to saving water. Making the drip user visible in research and policy studies would lead to more realistic assessments of irrigation performance and draw the attention of policy makers to the actual conditions in which drip irrigation is used, and as a consequence help incorporate ‘saving water’ as an objective for drip irrigation users.     

A furrow irrigation model to improve irrigation practices in the Gharb valley of Morocco

In developing countries, modernization of surface irrigation is the most common solution to water management problems in irrigated areas because it is well adapted to the socio-economical context. This solution was adopted in the Gharb area near Kenitra in Morocco where an experimental site was set up to obtain irrigation and drainage references. Meaningful improvements in irrigation efficiency and better crop yields have yet to result from the modernization effort. Different sources of heterogeneity affecting the infiltration process can hinder the improvement of irrigation efficiency even in a modernized furrow irrigation context. The respective impact of deterministic and stochastic heterogeneity sources on the advance-infiltration process is analyzed. Then, a model based on the spatial and temporal variability of infiltration is developed to simulate the impact of irrigation practices on water saving during an irrigation season. This work will later contribute to the elaboration of a modelling approach simulating fertilization and irrigation practices.     

Design principles in long-enduring institutions of Japanese irrigation common-pool resources

We examine how Elinor Ostrom’s eight design principles that characterize long-enduring, self-governed common-pool resource (CPR) institutions apply to Japanese irrigation CPR management. The eight design principles are “(1) clearly defined boundaries”, “(2) proportional equivalence between benefits and costs”, “(3) collective-choice arrangements”, “(4) monitoring”, “(5) graduated sanctions”, “(6) conflict resolution mechanism”, “(7) minimal recognition of rights to organize”, and “(8) nested enterprises”. These design principles refer to irrigation case studies in developing countries mainly and this has aroused our curiosity to examine them in Japan, which has a highly developed economy and where irrigators self-govern their irrigation CPRs (and where the irrigation institutions have been long-lasting and stable). The non-coercive strategic presence of an external entity (the central, prefectural and local government), although the external entity has a strong economy and has invested a lot, has significantly contributed to irrigators’ self-governance of their CPRs in Japan. We find that non-coercive characteristic of the external entity, while the irrigators have strong endogenous institutional arrangements, has led us to moderate design principle seven to explain Japan’s case. The design principles of monitoring (appropriators’ behavior) and graduated sanctions are quite implicit rather than explicit — as Ostrom has generally described these two principles — in Japan’s irrigation management. With all these, we have found that Ostrom’s eight design principles are basic, well configured, and unique, and when we moderate principle seven, the eight design principles together can account for the success of Japan’s long-enduring irrigation institutions that the irrigators formulate to self-govern their CPRs.