切花月季露地栽培与设施栽培成花对比研究

以切花月季红色品种萨曼莎为试材，探讨不同栽培环境对月季成花时间及品质的影响，以达到增加切花产量，提高切花质量及调节花期的目的。试验结果表明，简易设施栽培可使切花月季的始花期明显提前，可达到平衡市场供求，满足消费者需要的目的。试验还表明，在进入现蕾期尤其是液温较低的月份，满足月季适宜的温度条件，可使月季成花时间明显缩短，从而达到提高经济效益的目的。     

世界著名De切花

切花是从栽培花卉植株上,带茎叶剪切下来制作花束、花篮、花圈、盘花、壁花和饰花等观赏用品的鲜花。当前,全世界产量最大、销路最广的有切花月季、切花菊、唐菖蒲、香石竹。 切花月季:属蔷薇科的灌木,是经过多年改良的园艺品种。花色、花形丰富,香味浓,生长比较强健。生长适温:白天20——25℃,夜间13—15℃,能较好地抵抗较低的温度。花期从5月——10月,开花时间间隔短。现代流行的品种主要有:萨蔓莎、金徽章、斗牛士、     

不同修剪方式对切花月季生长的影响

针对近几年我区鲜花市场对切花月季需求量的增加，为广大花农在生产时提供必要的技术手段。此实验，在相同的栽培管理条件下，对露地栽培的切花月季进行不同程度的修剪试验，观测记录表明：采取不同时期、不同程度的修剪，影响着切花月季产花周期、切花品质和切花的产量。     

双体免充气日光温室的研制与应用

日光温室是在现代加温温室的基础上发展起来的节能型简易园艺栽培设施。由于高跨比小，后坡投影大，透光量不足，有效空间较小，难以满足花卉等高经济性作物大规模工厂化周年高效生产之需求。双体免充气日光温室是在综合多种优化模型分析的基础上提出来的。它在后墙上直接支撑双体免充气可拆式全透光整体曲面结构，其基本参数为跨度５ｍ，脊高２５ｍ，高跨比０５０，后墙高１８ｍ，后坡长１９ｍ，后坡仰角２２°，后坡投影为零，前坡１ｍ处的垂直高度１９ｍ，剖面截面积６４６ｍ２。对照试验表明：双体免充气型无明显的弱光胁地；在不覆草帘的冬季，早晨６时和中午１２时的最高温度分别比对照高２℃和６２℃；夏季５０％遮荫后，室内各点平均温度低于对照３℃；冬季保温效果则更为显著，大于８℃的有效积温分别是鞍山Ⅱ型和室外的１５倍和５３倍；秋、春两季切花月季栽培试验表明，鲜切花的产量和质量也明显高于对照，尤其是早春的盲枝发生率仅为对照的４０％。     

耐热切花月季品种在海南的配套栽培技术

为了有效缓解我国冬春月季切花供需矛盾,海南从昆明等地引进大量切花月季品种进行试种,从中筛选出适合海南栽培的金奖章(Gold Modal)、黑魔术(Black Magic)、卡罗拉(Carola)、梅朗口红(Roundelay)、芬得拉(Vendela)、坦尼克(Tineke)、萨曼莎(Samahtha)和影星(Movie star)等耐热切花月季品种,在三亚、五指山、琼海等市县试种取得成功.并总结出了土壤改良技术、配方施肥技术、灌溉降温技术、反季节花期调控技术、病虫害综合防控技术、采后保鲜技术等配套栽培技术.     

三种修剪强度对月季切花产量的影响

本试验以二年生月季切花品种，砂蒙砂，金奖章和肯尼迪为材料，比较越夏后采用三种修剪强度对月季在切花适期切花总产量的影响，试验结果表明，三种修剪强度间的切花总产量差异极显著，轻修剪总产量最高，中修剪次之，重修剪为最低产；月均温与轻修剪的参试各品种月切花产量呈显著或极显著的正相关关系，与中修剪和重修剪的月切花产量无相关关系。     

不同基质栽培非洲菊的切花产量和品质

试验对栽培于温室中珍珠岩、沸石、砂质和岩棉基质上非洲菊Ｆａｍｅ、Ｐａｒｔｙ、Ｒｅｇｉｎａ、Ｘｉｍｅｎａ进行评价,17个月的时间里测定其切花产量和品质(花柄长度和宽度)。结果表明,珍珠岩基质栽培的非洲洲菊产量最高,达75～80枝,沸石基质的产量最低,砂质与岩棉基质产量中等。相比其它品种,Ｐａｒｔｙ品种略显高产。切花品质受基质、品种和种植时间影响,第一阶段(7～8月)珍珠岩基质栽培的切花品质更好,但第二阶段各基质无差异不同基质栽培非洲菊的切花产量和品质     

不同温度条件对洋桔梗切花生长发育与品质的影响研究

以洋桔梗[Eustoma grandiflorum(Raf.)Shinners]"露西塔"品种为材料,采用不同的温度条件实验处理,测定株高、冠幅、茎粗,总花蕾数、花期及生长情况。结果表明:洋桔梗生长适温为20～25℃,在此温度区间内植株高度、花朵数量、花梗长度都要好于其他温度区间。温度长期过低或过高均会造成部分品种会发生簇生现象,特别是温度高于30℃时将造成洋桔梗植株大量簇生以及死亡,植株簇生导致生长停滞,莲座化,开花延迟甚至不能开花。温度大于25℃时有利于植株茎秆变粗且能适当提前开花,但长期高于25℃则会使花梗长度变短,是最终的切花品质下降。     

根际高温对德钦苜蓿形态特征及水分状况的影响

为探明德钦苜蓿对根际高温胁迫的响应,采用二因素随机区组设计,恒温和变温各设5个温度和5个取样时间,分析根际温度对云南地方品种德钦苜蓿形态特征和水分状况的影响。结果表明:根际高温影响德钦苜蓿的外观质量。根际温度高于25℃时德钦苜蓿的株高、总叶数和叶宽的累计增长率减小,地上部分生长受到抑制; 25-30℃时根系的长度及根毛新生显著增加,两者的增幅分别介于13. 93%-40. 69%和2 283. 31%-4 868. 58%之间; 40±胁迫72h后,植株上部叶片失水萎靡、反卷,下部叶片完全黄化、焦枯、脱落,地下部分变细、变软,停止新生根产生,40℃为德钦苜蓿生长的上限温度。叶片和根系的相对含水量随胁迫温度的升高和胁迫时间的延长而下降,但根系相对含水量降幅较叶片小;此时叶片和根系的相对电导率升高。     

切花月季折枝栽培技术

切花月季为著名的四大切花之一,市场需求量大。切花月季常规栽培所产的切花花枝短,花朵相对较小、品质较差,价格十分低廉。尤其是经过春季的旺盛生长,植株较高,不利于采花、摘芽等操作。为了保证设施栽培切花月季常年均衡产花,产量稳定,并提高切花月季的质量,     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.