辽宁省农业科学院蝴蝶兰研发中心介绍

<正>辽宁省农业科学院蝴蝶兰研发中心始建于2002年,致力于蝴蝶兰、大花蕙兰等高档花卉新品种选育、种苗繁育和催花技术研究,以及北方地区现代温室性能测试和技术升级。中心现有温室总面积8000 m~2,包括智能连栋温室4000 m~2,组培脱毒苗生产温室1000 m~2,组培车间300 m~2,现代日光温室2500 m~2。中心作为东北地区最大的蝴蝶兰品种资源圃,拥有蝴蝶兰品种资源300多份,每年培育蝴蝶兰种苗10万株,高档盆花6万盆,在省内外辐射指     

设施蝴蝶兰栽培基质的研究现状

对设施蝴蝶兰栽培中常用的单一基质(水苔、椰糠、树皮等)及复合基质的性能及研究现状进行了综述,指出了当前设施生产中蝴蝶兰基质应用存在的问题及解决办法,并对我国今后蝴蝶兰栽培基质研究的发展方向进行展望,为今后蝴蝶兰设施栽培基质的研究提供了参考依据。     

内蒙古赤峰地区蝴蝶兰产业分析及发展建议

针对内蒙古赤峰地区蝴蝶兰产业发展现状,分析了该区蝴蝶兰产业发展的优势与存在的问题,并提出了内蒙古赤峰地区蝴蝶兰产业发展建议,包括加大科研投入、加强政府调控及积极拓展市场等方面。     

蝴蝶兰栽培技术规范

针对当前河南省蝴蝶兰产业发展形势、现状及存在的问题,总结出了蝴蝶兰栽培技术规范,包括设施要求、品种选择、环境条件、瓶苗的栽培、小苗的管理、中苗的栽培、大苗的栽培、花期调控栽培、病虫害防治等,以进一步提高蝴蝶兰栽培生产技术,促进其规模化、标准化生产。     

不同栽培基质对蝴蝶兰矿质营养积累的影响

以蝴蝶兰品种‘内山71’和‘9#’为材料,研究椰糠、泥炭基质栽培下蝴蝶兰品种营养生长及生殖生长时期中叶片、根系的氮、磷、钾及钙、镁、铁的吸收规律。结果表明,椰糠的基质物理性状适合蝴蝶兰栽培。然而,椰糠基质的养分含量不同于泥炭,在生产中需适量增加氮肥和钙肥的供应。蝴蝶兰在生殖生长时期比营养生长时期需要吸收更多的养分,对磷、钾的吸收比率显著升高。2种基质均能生产出商品性状优良的蝴蝶兰,椰糠可替代泥炭进行蝴蝶兰栽培。     

两种热带切花衰老过程中呼吸代谢的调控

以蝴蝶兰(phalaenopsisamabilis)与florijn非洲菊(gerberajamesonii)切花花瓣为材料,研究比较2种切花衰老过程中呼吸的差异,以及外源乙烯、活性氧、水分胁迫对2种切花呼吸的效应,寻找缓解2种切花衰老的技术措施,并讨论其相应的机理。实验结果表明,蝴蝶兰呼吸速率低于非洲菊,且蝴蝶兰以糖酵解途径(EMP)、抗氰氧化酶(AP)为主,而非洲菊以磷酸戊糖途径(HMP)为主;蝴蝶兰对外源乙烯的效应大于对外源活性氧的效应,而非洲菊却相反。蝴蝶兰对外源乙烯敏感性大大超过非洲菊。适当浓度乙烯抑制剂能降低呼吸速率,延缓蝴蝶兰切花衰老,而适当浓度活性氧清除剂能缓解对呼吸的抑制,延缓非洲菊衰老,延长瓶插寿命。对2种切花进行干旱胁迫18h,可加速切花衰老,瓶插寿命相应缩短,但胁迫前用0.01%TritonX-100预处理1h,能有效缓解水分胁迫效应,瓶插寿命与正常瓶插不经水分胁迫的对照切花相同。      

抽梗期激素处理对蝴蝶兰开花的影响

为了促进蝴蝶兰提早开花及提高其观赏性,以蝴蝶兰大花品种'仙女'为试材,研究在刚抽花梗时叶面喷施不同浓度的GA3、6-BA及CPPU后蝴蝶兰开花性状的变化.结果表明,一定浓度的GA3处理能有效促进蝴蝶兰提前开花及增加其单枝小花数,处理效果均优于6-BA和CPPU.其中,50 mg/L的GA3处理后蝴蝶兰提前开花和单枝小花...     

海峡两岸蝴蝶兰产业发展现状与合作前景

本文主要阐述海峡两岸蝴蝶兰产业的发展现状及存在的问题，并根据两岸蝴蝶兰产业的比较优势，分析了未来两岸蝴蝶兰产业的合作前景。     

基于B/S结构的农产品质量安全追溯系统研究

以蝴蝶兰嫩叶提取的DNA为材料,蝴蝶兰SRAP反应体系中的重要参数Mg2+、Taq酶、模板DNA及随机引物,建立了一套适合蝴蝶兰基因扩增的SRAP反应体系：25 μL的反应体系中Mg2+浓度为2.0 mmol/L,Taq酶1.0 U,DNA模板40 ng,上下游引物0.8 mmol/L。该体系扩增条带清晰,重复性好,有望在蝴蝶兰属植物的遗传育种研究中运用。     

北方地区蝴蝶兰温室的建设与管理

从温室主体结构、温室保温和供暖、通风系统、遮阳系统和水处理等其他设备方面,阐述了我国北方地区建造蝴蝶兰温室应注意的问题,为蝴蝶兰温室建造者及管理者提供参考依据。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.