基于红外相机技术对四川荷花海国家森林公园大中型兽类多样性初步监测

2021年3月—2021年9月,利用红外相机初步监测调查四川荷花海国家森林公园内大中型兽类多样性,共布设40个监测位点,累计监测5124d,捕获到有效记录28 829条,识别到种的兽类有效记录5 723条,鉴定出兽类4目9科17种。其中偶蹄目CETARTIODACTYLA种类最多（7种）,其次是食肉目CARNIVORA(6种),灵长目PRIMATES种类最少（1种）。鲸偶蹄目和食肉目监测物种总数占总的兽类监测物种种数的76.47%。监测到的兽类种类中,国家重点保护野生动物的有11种（Ⅰ级3种、Ⅱ级8种）,其中毛冠鹿Elaphodus cephalophus是本次监测数量最多、相对指数最高和监测分布范围最广的物种。本次调查研究为森林公园成立以来首次开展红外相机监测调查,获得了森林公园内部分兽类活动影像资料,对掌握森林公园兽类多样性及其开展后续研究积累重要基础资料,并对森林公园的保护工作提出了建议。     

羚牛饲养的初步探讨

1987～1996年，陕西省珍稀野生动物饲养抢救研究中心先后抢救、收容、饲养羚牛15只。通过10年来的饲养经验，就技术方面的问题作一些初步探讨，以便更好地开展和完善这项工作。羚牛（Budorcaslaxicolor）又称扭角羚，属偶蹄目，牛科，羊亚科。羚牛有4个亚种：喜马拉雅扭角羚、不丹扭角羚、四川扭角羚、金毛扭角羚。后两个亚种是我国特有种，主产在我国四川、甘肃、秦岭一带以及尼泊尔、不丹、缅甸北部。羚牛由于稀少，特别珍贵，除有很高的观赏价值，肉有滋补作用外，它的最重要价值在于羚牛的生态特征介于山羊与羚羊之间。从其亲缘关系上…     

北京九龙山及其周边水域鸟兽多样性

【目的】调查北京九龙山,制作全面的兽类和鸟类名录。【方法】为了了解北京九龙山及周边水域兽类和鸟类多样性,本研究于2018年7月至2023年3月,在北京九龙山暖温带森林国家长期科研基地及周边水域主要采用固定样线法、辅以红外相机调查法开展了兽类和鸟类多样性调查。【结果】经鉴定,共记录到野生动物152种（隶属23目50科）,包括兽类10种（隶属6目7科）和鸟类142种（隶属17目43科）。其中,属于国家一级重点保护的野生动物有3种,分别是黑鹳、猎隼和黄胸鹀;属于国家二级重点保护的野生动物有19种,包括雁形目2种、鹰形目9种、隼形目4种、雀形目4种;属于北京市重点保护的野生动物有51种,包括兽类6种和鸟类45种;中国特有鸟类有5种。以区系组成分析,北京九龙山的兽类仅有野猪是广布种,其它9种均为古北界物种;北京九龙山及周边水域鸟类以古北界物种为主（记录81种,占鸟类总种数的57.04%）,东洋界物种和广布种数量几乎无差别。以鸟类居留类型分析,调查区域的旅鸟最多（记录49种,占39.52%）,冬候鸟最少（记录12种,占8.45%）,夏候鸟和留鸟数量相差不大。【结论】本研究表明北京九龙山及周边水域的...     

四川九顶山自然保护区兽类多样性的红外相机初步监测

2017年5月至2019年9月,利用红外相机技术对四川九顶山自然保护区内大中型兽类进行监测研究,共在49个相机位点上完成7 457个相机日的调查工作量,共捕获野生兽类照片和视频7 339份,能够准确识别到具体物种的兽类照片和视频7 231份,独立有效记录1 190次,共准确识别出野生兽类4目11科18种,其余未能准确识别到具体物种的兽类记录为啮齿目中的鼠科、松鼠科和鼬科动物。18种野生兽类中,食肉目最多,为4科7种;其次为偶蹄目和啮齿目,分别有4科6种与2科3种。从独立有效记录来看,偶蹄目是拍摄记录次数最多的类群,占独立有效记录总数的67.14%;其次为灵长目(17.14%)和食肉目(10.09%)。被列为国家一级和二级重点保护野生动物的分别为4种和5种;被IUCN红色名录评为"濒危(EN)"等级的有1种,"近危(NT)"等级的有3种,"易危(VU)"等级的有5种。物种相对多度指数(RAI)最高的物种为中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)(RAI=6.91),其次为毛冠鹿(Elaphodus cephalophus)(RAI=2.27),藏酋猴(Macaca thibetana)(RAI=1.77),川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)(RAI=0.98)和四川羚牛(Budorcas tibetanus)(RAI=0.80)。本次调查获得了九顶山自然保护区内珍贵的野生动物红外影像资料以及部分兽类物种的分布信息,为后续持续监测工作以进一步更新、修订和完善保护区物种名录积累基础数据。     

基于红外相机技术的四川九寨沟国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性调查

四川九寨沟国家级自然保护区地处岷山中部，拥有丰富的野生动物资源与较高的生物物种多样性。2019年11月至2021年12月，使用红外相机技术在九寨沟保护区开展鸟兽多样性调查，共布设红外相机调查位点106个，覆盖海拔范围为2 189～3 514 m，总有效工作量76 342相机日。野生兽类、鸟类的独立有效探测数分别为11 045次和648次，共记录到分属5目13科的野生兽类25种，其中国家重点保护野生动物14种（一级4种，二级10种），种群相对多度最高的为毛冠鹿（Elaphodus cephalophus，相对多度指数RAI=48.66）；记录到分属4目10科的鸟类33种，其中国家重点保护野生动物13种（一级3种，二级10种），种群相对多度最高的为血雉（Ithaginis cruentus,RAI=2.33）。偶蹄目和鸡形目分别是红外相机记录到兽类和鸟类中的优势类群，分别占兽类和鸟类独立有效探测总数的84.92%和64.50%。调查中记录到九寨沟保护区新记录种7个，包括藏酋猴（Macaca thibetana）、亚洲狗獾（Meles leucurus）、小麂（Muntiacus reeve...     

云南永善县五莲峰市级自然保护区鸟兽多样性红外相机调查

云南永善县五莲峰市级自然保护区位于五莲峰山脉,为横断山脉凉山山系最东支,该区域生物多样性丰富,但保护区成立至今未对野生动物资源进行过全面调查。为掌握保护区内野生动物多样性现状,2019年4月—2020年3月,利用红外相机技术和公里网格方案对保护区内的兽类和鸟类开展监测。共布设40台红外相机,累计3 315个相机有效监测日,获得照片15 259张,视频5 009段,独立有效记录682次;共鉴定出兽类4目11科19种和鸟类4目11科28种。其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物两种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物17种,被《中国脊椎动物红色名录》列为濒危（EN）的物种1种,即四川山鹧鸪（Arborophila rufipectus）,易危（VU）和近危（NT）物种分别有8和10种。兽类相对丰富度指数居前五位的依次为红腿长吻松鼠（Dremomys pyrrhomerus）(RAI=3.44)、野猪（Sus scrofa）(RAI=2.47)、猪獾（Arctonyx collaris）(RAI=2.32)、毛冠鹿（Elaphodus cephalophus）(RAI=1.96)和果子狸（Paguma lar...     

罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区雌性野骆驼形态特征研究

<正>野骆驼,又名野双峰驼,偶蹄目,骆驼科,真驼属动物,在中国属于国家一级重点保护野生动物,在《世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》中被列为极度濒危物种（CR）,有陆地脊椎动物活化石之称。新疆罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区是野骆驼的主要分布区之一,也是世界上野骆驼的模式标本产地和纯血统种群分布区,是野骆驼的“种质基因库”。保护区的野骆驼主要分布在阿奇克谷地及以南区域,阿尔金山山脉及其北麓山前戈壁带是野骆驼最重要的栖息活动区域。目前保护区分布的野骆驼数量在680峰左右,约占世界野骆驼总数的2/3,     

基于红外相机技术的四川小寨子沟国家级自然保护区野生兽类种类与分布

2017年3月至2021年7月,按照公里网格抽样方案在四川小寨子沟保护区及周边区域布设红外相机,对区内大中型兽类开展持续监测。研究期间共计230个有效相机监测位点,覆盖146个调查网格,共计71 593个有效相机工作日,获得野生兽类的独立有效记录总计6 071次,共识别出野生兽类4目13科22种。其中,国家I级和国家II级重点保护野生动物分别有4种和10种,被IUCN红色名录评为“濒危（EN）”等级的有2种,“易危（VU）”等级的有6种,“近危（NT）”等级的有2种。调查记录的黄鼬（Mustela sibirica）为保护区新记录。研究发现中华斑羚（Naemorhedus griseus）、野猪（Sus scrofa）、黑熊（Ursus thibetanus）、川金丝猴（Rhinopithecus roxellana）等18种兽类的分布网格数均不低于10,而对应的网格占有率和相对多度指数RAI均排在前列,保护区不同功能区域下均拍摄到较多种类的兽类物种（18～20种）,保护区不同功能区域内均有多种兽类物种存在集群现象（7～13种）且绝大部分兽类物种存在跨海拔活动现象。本研究结果显示保护区...     

我国经济野生动物养殖业发展面临的问题及对策

我国养殖野生动的历史悠久,已被驯养为家畜家禽的猪、马、牛、羊、鸡等,都是我国古代劳动人民长期驯化饲养相应的野生动物而获得的。目前,我国所饲养（或驯养）的野生动物有两大类。一类是以保护拯救濒危物种为目的而饲养的珍稀野生动物,如大熊猫、东北虎、金丝猴、朱...     

保护野生动植物 构建和谐大自然

有着＂绿色宝库＂美誉的湖南,植被茂盛,物种丰富。全省已知植物种类4320种（含327个变种）,隶属248科1245属;脊椎动物共822种,其中陆生脊椎动物673种,水生脊椎动物即鱼纲149种。全省分布有国家重点保护野生动物83种,其中属国家一级保护动物15种,包括黄腹角雉等知名物种;二级保护动物68种,     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.