玉米单倍体诱导系对不同母本资源诱导效果的比较

以农大高诱1号、农大高诱5号、MT1号和MT2号为诱导系,对不同母本资源进行诱导,比较其诱导效果。结果表明,4个诱导系的单倍体诱导率存在显著差异,农大高诱5号平均诱导率为9.76%,显著高于农大高诱1号、MT2号和MT1号。在4个诱导系诱导下,兰卡斯特所得到的平均诱导率最高,为7.04%,与瑞德、旅系之间差异不显著,显著高于塘四平头和热带种质。     

农大高诱1号对玉米不同种质类群诱导单倍体的效果初探

利用农大高诱1号对玉米不同种质类群S1代进行单倍体诱导,结果表明：不同种质类群平均单倍体诱导率为3．2％,不同类群间存在显著差异,对Lancaster群授粉所产生的群单倍体诱导率最高为4．6％,比Reid、唐四平头和旅大红骨类群诱导率高,达到5％显著水平,对热导地方种质群最低为1．8％,达到1％极显著水平。因此,最优诱导单倍体类群为Lancaster群。对5个基础种质群进行诱导,都表现为单倍体雌稳自然育性恢复较高,果穗结实株率平均达到92．9％。雄稳自然育性恢复极低,不同基因型材料诱导产生出的单倍体雄穗育性存在很大差异,5个基础种质群单倍体平均散粉率7．4％,旅大红骨和Lancaster群中诱导出的单倍体的散粉株率最高。获得的13个DH系在株高、散粉期和果穗特性等农艺性状表现一致,并且试配参加田间试验。     

几个不同来源玉米单倍体诱导系诱导效果的研究

研究5个不同来源的玉米单倍体诱导系(高诱1号、高诱2号、Y01、Y02、Y04)对不同遗传基础材料单倍体诱导能力的差异。结果表明,5个诱导系中单倍体诱导率最高的是Y04,达到8.90%;最低的是高诱2号,为6.16%。同一诱导系对不同遗传基础材料的诱导率也不同,一般瑞德血缘的诱导率较高,5个诱导系平均达到了8.54%;兰卡斯特血缘的诱导率最低,平均为6.38%。     

两个单倍体诱导系对玉米不同材料诱导效果的研究

利用两个单倍体诱导系高诱一号和MT诱导系-2对不同基础材料进行单倍体诱导。结果表明,高诱一号和MT诱导系对不同基础材料均可诱导产生单倍体,平均诱导率分别为2.25%和4.44%,这两个诱导系对所选定的基础材料间诱导率都没有显著的差异。通过浸种法加倍,有助于提高单倍体的鉴别效率。     

辽诱系列玉米单倍体诱导系的选育

采用多个测验种逐代跟踪测定诱导率的方法,利用俄罗斯引进的单倍体诱导系资源,经过5年7代选育出辽诱系列玉米单倍体诱导系辽诱1号、辽诱2号、辽诱3号和辽诱4号。对22个品种的诱导效果试验表明,辽诱1号、辽诱2号、辽诱3号和辽诱4号的综合诱导率分别为6.85%、7.53%、6.66%和6.03%,比对照高诱五号分别高出0.6倍、0.8倍、0.6倍和0.4倍。诱导基因检测结果表明,辽诱系列诱导系具有诱导率高、花粉量大、抗病、抗倒、易繁殖等优良特性,且存在和高诱五号共同的诱导基因GRMZM2G471240,是开展玉米单倍体育种的理想诱导系。     

28份玉米单倍体诱导系的诱导率表现及聚类分析

以28份外引及自育单倍体诱导系为父本、粤甜28为母本,经诱导率测定及聚类分析,对诱导系改良效果进行评价。结果表明,所有外引及自育诱导系诱导率均高于原始诱导系Stock6,变幅在0.43%~3.57%,(高诱1号×EDI)×EDI?-2、(高诱1号×Zy-1)×高诱1号BC_3-5、Y04-3912、(高诱1号×Zy-1)×高诱1号BC_2F_2-19及高诱1号等5份诱导系诱导率低于1%,其余22份诱导系诱导率均高于1%,且显著或极显著高于原始诱导系Stock6。聚类分析发现,在相似系数0.58处可将28份诱导系划分为3大类,第Ⅰ大类包含25份诱导系,包含2个亚群,其中,第一亚群含20份诱导系,第二亚群含5份诱导系;第Ⅱ类包含Stock6、新选系S1-4等2份诱导系;第Ⅲ类中仅含诱导系Y04-3912。综合来看,对原始诱导系Stock6的诱导率改良较为成功,改良系与原始诱导系Stock6间存在较大的遗传差异,改良系遗传基础仍较狭窄,需进一步拓宽诱导系种质基础。     

不同加倍技术加倍玉米单倍体的研究

以具有相同遗传基础的玉米种质为基础材料,利用外引诱导系高诱1号、2号与5号为父本进行人工诱导,通过子粒外观形态鉴定,获得准单倍体子粒。选取高诱5号诱导的单倍体子粒为材料,设置秋水仙素浸种加倍、除草剂加倍与自然加倍3个试验。结果表明,3份诱导系材料的单倍体诱导率存在很大差异,诱导率最高达10.42%,最低为4.78%。0.06%浓度的秋水仙素浸种12 h处理加倍效果最好,加倍率为11.76%;80μmol/L甲基胺草磷在三叶期和五叶期用滴心法处理幼苗加倍效果次之,为8.09%;自然加倍率最低,仅为3.06%。     

两份诱导系对不同种质类群材料的单倍体试验研究

利用两份玉米单倍体诱导系CY2009和NHY2009,对10个不同类群种质材料在不同环境条件下进行单倍体诱导和人工加倍试验,分析单倍体诱导率的差异性及理想的加倍方法。结果表明,CY2009对不同类群材料的平均诱导率（3.87%）低于NHY2009的平均诱导率（4.08%）。10份不同来源玉米种质与诱导系NHY2009杂交,单倍体诱导率差异极显著,表现为黄改系材料的单倍体诱导率普遍较高,其次为REID系材料,78599类热带材料的诱导率偏低。10份玉米种质在不同环境条件下与诱导系NHY2009杂交诱导率差异极显著,海南冬繁>张家口春播。秋水仙素处理能显著提高单倍体植株的散粉率、结实率,0.06%秋水仙素浸泡幼芽（切口8 h）对单倍体在成活率、散粉率和结实率方面效果最理想。     

玉米单倍体成株诱导率和加倍率研究

利用吉诱SM6278-2对31份不同种质基础材料进行单倍体杂交诱导,在三亚南滨农场基地进行自然加倍自交试验。结果表明,不同材料单倍体诱导成株率存在差异,差异不显著;单倍体诱导成株率最高达4.7%,最低为0.3%,平均为1.0%;不同材料单倍体雄穗加倍率存在极显著差异,最高为47.1%,最低为1.6%,平均为16.7%;不同材料单倍体结实株率存在极显著差异,最高为23.5%,最低为0%,平均为6.1%;不同材料单倍体雄穗加倍形成的花粉亲和力差异极显著。单倍体雄穗加倍与自交结实密切相关,单倍体雄性的育性问题是单倍体自交结实性的关键因素。     

高诱1号及改良系对热带玉米种质的单倍体诱导研究

以高诱1号及8份改良系作父本诱导6份热带玉米材料,考察诱导率及Navajo鉴定准确率,探讨高诱1号及8份改良系在热带玉米种质中的应用潜力。结果表明,高诱1号对热带玉米种质的诱导率为0.29%~2.74%,平均1.66%;Navajo鉴定准确率11.11%~100%,平均40.57%。8个改良系的平均诱导率1.80%~4.64%,平均Navajo鉴定准确率31.3%~53.6%。4个改良系在某些性状上优于高诱1号,诱导率提高2~3倍,子粒鉴定更准确,植株更高、雄花更发达等农艺性状的改善更利于在热带种质的育种应用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.