MDV对雏鸡血浆MDA含量与SOD活性的影响

为探讨丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在雏鸡马立克病(MD)发病过程中的作用,研究了雏鸡在人工攻毒后血浆MDA含量与SOD活性的动态变化.结果表明,攻毒组接种马立克病病毒(MDV)后第14天,血浆中MDA的含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),第7天和第28天高于对照组,第56天时基本接近;血浆中SOD活性在第7天时对照组显著高于攻毒组(P＜0.05),第14天和第28天高于攻毒组,但差异不显著.表明雏鸡在感染MDV后血浆中MDA含量显著升高,SOD活性明显降低,对雏鸡MD的发病诊断有重要的指导作用.     

中药复方制剂对鸡红细胞免疫功能影响的研究

选择120只健康仔鸡，随机分成8组，每组15只。Ⅰ组为健康对照，Ⅱ组为接毒对照，Ⅲ～Ⅴ组分别是中药免疫对照(剂量为1％，2％，5％饲料添加)，Ⅵ组为疫苗应用对照组，Ⅶ组为中药预防对照组，Ⅷ组为疫苗与中药共同免疫，再接种禽流感病毒，中药应用剂量与方法同Ⅲ组。分别在免疫前1天、免疫后第三天、攻毒后第二天，按郭峰法测定各组鸡的红细胞免疫功能状态。结果试验表明：Ⅱ组攻毒后三天，RBC—CR1花环率和RBC—IC花环率显著降低，相对其他各组差异极显著。Ⅵ组在疫苗免疫后第三天，红细胞免疫功能出现短暂性降低，但在第九天恢复正常。Ⅶ组中药预防组虽然RBC—CR1花环率和RBC—IC花环率降低，相对Ⅰ组(正常对照组)差别不显著，且在第九天，升高到正常水平。Ⅷ组疫苗与中药同时应用，该复方制剂能消除红细胞免疫功能短暂性降低的不良反应。Ⅲ～Ⅴ组(免疫增强组)RBC—CR1花环率和RBC—IC花环率，相对Ⅰ组(正常对照组)差别显著，与其他组差别极显著。结论：接种AIV后会引起鸡红细胞免疫功能降低，该中药复方能增强机体免疫功能的同时，且能消除红细胞免疫功能降低所带来的不良反应。     

中药复方制剂对鸡红细胞免疫功能影响的研究

选择120只健康仔鸡,随机分成8组,每组15只。Ⅰ组为健康对照,Ⅱ组为接毒对照,Ⅲ-Ⅴ组分别是中药免疫对照(剂量为1％,2％,5％饲料添加),Ⅵ组为疫苗应用对照组,Ⅶ组为中药预防对照组,Ⅷ组为疫苗与中药共同免疫,再接种禽流感病毒,中药应用剂量与方法同Ⅲ组。分别在免疫前1天、免疫后第三天、攻毒后第二天,按郭峰法测定各组鸡的红细胞免疫功能状态。结果试验表明:Ⅱ组攻毒后三天,RBC-cR1花环率和RBC-IC花环率显著降低,相对其他各组差异极显著。Ⅵ组在疫苗免疫后第三天,红细胞免疫功能出现短暂性降低,但在第九天恢复正常。Ⅵ组中药预防组虽然RBc—CR1花环率和RBc—IC花环率降低,相对Ⅰ组(正常对照组)差别不显著,且在第九天,升高到正常水平。Ⅷ组疫苗与中药同时应用,该复方制剂能消除红细胞免疫功能短暂性降低的不良反应。Ⅲ～Ⅴ组(免疫增强组)RBC—CR1花环率和RBC—IC花环率,相对Ⅰ组(正常对照组)差别显著,与其他组差别极显著。结论:接种AIV后会引起鸡红细胞免疫功能降低,该中药复方能增强机体免疫功能的同时,且能消除红细胞免疫功能降低所带来的不良反应。     

加味黄连解毒汤防治IBD及对雏鸡免疫功能影响的研究

为了研究加味黄连解毒汤对人工感染传染性法氏囊病毒雏鸡的治疗效果及对雏鸡免疫功能的影响,试验选用14日龄健康艾维茵肉雏鸡180只,随机分为5组,每组36只。对前4组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组)鸡攻毒,第Ⅴ组不攻毒,出现症状后前3组分别饮服1.5,1.0,0.5 mL/只加味黄连解毒汤,第Ⅳ组不给药。结果表明:试验Ⅰ组病雏鸡的治愈率为88.9%,降低死亡率38.9%。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现为先升高后降低的变化规律,其中Ⅰ组5,7,14天极显著升高(P0.01);Ⅰ组血清中丙二醛(MAD)含量明显低于Ⅴ组(P0.01),且一直处于较低水平。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组血液中白细胞数随着时间的延长呈逐渐上升的变化规律,Ⅰ组各日龄明显高于Ⅴ组(P0.01),且一直处于较高水平。说明饮服加味黄连解毒汤可显著提高雏鸡的抗病能力,增强机体的免疫功能。     

雏鸡感染传染性法氏囊病病毒后红细胞免疫功能的观察

用经传染性法氏囊病(IBD)弱毒苗免疫和未免疫的蛋鸡为试验动物,检测了感染IBDV后雏鸡的红细胞C3b受体(RBC-C3bR)花环率和红细胞免疫复合物(RBC-IC)花环率。试验结果表明,雏鸡在感染IBDV后红细胞C3bR花环率显著(P<0.01或P<0.05)低于B组,红细胞免疫复合物(IC)花环率极显著(P<0.01)高于B组,说明感染IBDV后雏鸡红细胞的免疫调节功能受到明显抑制。     

加味玉屏风散对鸡红细胞免疫和自由基的影响

将300只1日龄艾维茵雏鸡随机分为5组。I组为加味玉屏风散（YPFP）＋环磷酰胺（CY），Ⅱ组为左旋咪唑＋CY，Ⅲ组为YPFP，IV组为CY，V组为正常对照组。检测雏鸡红细胞免疫功能、全血GSH-Px活性、血浆SOD活性、血浆MDA浓度及体重。结果显示，YPFP能显著提高正常雏鸡RBC-CR1R，增强GSH-Px和SOD活性，降低血浆MDA的浓度，并能拮抗CY诱导的雏鸡RBC-CR1R降低、RBC-ICR升高、GSH-Px和SOD活性下降以及MDA浓度升高。相关研究发现，血浆SOD活性与RBC-CR1R呈正相关，与RBC-ICR呈负相关；而MDA浓度与RBC-CR1R呈负相关，与RBC-ICR呈正相关。试验证明，YPFP能明显增强雏鸡红细胞的免疫功能，提高雏鸡体内抗氧化酶活性，具有抗自由基损伤作用；YPFP能使雏鸡生长加快，体重增加。     

感染“白点病”番鸭抗氧化功能的变化

用“白点病”病毒人工感染雏番鸭，于感染后第1、3、5、7、10和14d测定了雏番鸭血浆中丙二醛(MDA)的含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性。结果，雏番鸭感染“白点病”病毒后血浆中MDA的含量、SOD和GSH-Px活性发生明显变化，其中攻毒组雏番鸭在攻毒后第3d MDA含量开始升高，第5和第10d显著高于对照组；攻毒组雏番鸭SOD活性在攻毒后第3d开始显著低于对照组，随后在低于或显著低于对照组的范围内波动；GSH-Px的活性在攻毒后第7d开始下降，攻毒后第10d攻毒组显著低于对照组。提示，自由基可能在雏番鸭“白点病”的发病过程中起关键作用。     

传染性喉气管炎疫苗免疫对鸡红细胞免疫功能状态的影响

选择健康仔鸡40只，随机分为4组，每组10只。Ⅰ组为健康对照组，Ⅱ－Ⅳ组为不同处理的试验组。在45日龄日，Ⅱ级免疫传染性喉气管炎（ILT）疫苗，Ⅲ组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅰ，Ⅳ组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅱ。分别在免疫前1天、免疫后第3天和第9天，测定各组鸡的红细胞免疫功能状态。结果发现，试验Ⅱ组的鸡在ILT疫苗免疫后3天，RBC－CR1花环率和RBC－IC花环率显著降低，与其他各组比较差异极显著（P＜0．01）。免疫后9天，RBC－CR1花环率和RBC－IC花环率升高到正常水平；而Ⅲ和Ⅳ组，免疫后RBC－CR1花环率高于I组（P＜0．01、P＜0．05）。说明ILT疫苗免疫会引机体红细胞免疫功能的短暂性降低；疫苗免疫的同时使用中药增强剂能够消除红细胞功能短暂性降低的不良反应。     

不同IBD疫苗对IBDV超强毒株NN1172感染的免疫保护试验

为了评估不同传染性法氏囊病疫苗对广西地方品种鸡的免疫保护效果,试验将1日龄后备种鸡分成4组,分别用A、B、C三种商品疫苗对Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鸡接种免疫,Ⅳ组鸡在C疫苗免疫的基础上于14日龄用D疫苗进行第二次免疫。在免疫前(1日龄)及免疫后的第7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56日龄每组分别采集血清30份,进行传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)抗体的测定;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鸡在21日龄,Ⅳ组鸡于28日龄分别用IBDV超强毒地方分离株NN1172进行攻毒,并分别在攻毒后的3,7,10天观察各组雏鸡的临床症状、死亡情况、发病鸡剖检病变,统计免疫保护率。结果表明:各免疫组雏鸡抗体滴度均呈现先降再升的趋势,其中Ⅳ组在免疫后期呈现比较平稳的上升趋势;免疫攻毒保护率结果表明,Ⅱ组的保护率最低(73.3%,11/15),Ⅰ、Ⅲ组均为80%(12/15),Ⅳ组保护率最好(86.7%,13/15)。说明不同疫苗对广西地方品种鸡免疫效果存在一定差异,而二次免疫可以对雏鸡提供更好的免疫保护。     

中药免疫增强剂对鸡ILT疫苗免疫和强毒攻击的影响

选择健康仔鸡 70只 ,随机分为 7组 ,每组 10只。 1组为健康对照组 (不免疫、不攻毒 ) ,2～ 4组为不同处理的免疫试验组。在试验仔鸡 45日龄时 ,2组免疫传染性喉气管炎 (ILT)疫苗 ,3组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅰ ,4组免疫ILT疫苗同时肌肉注射中药免疫增强剂Ⅱ。 5、6组为非免疫试验组。在仔鸡 5 2日龄时 ,5组肌肉注射中药免疫增强Ⅰ ,6组肌肉注射中药免疫增强Ⅱ。 7组为单纯强毒攻击组。 5 5日龄时 ,2～ 7组全部用ILT强毒 (EID50 =10 -5 33/ 0 1ml)攻击。结果显示 :试验 2组在免疫后 3d ,RBC -CRl和RBC -IC花环率显著降低 ,免疫后第 9d ,上述两个花环率恢复到正常值。试验 3、4组 ,RBC -CRl和RBC -IC花环率在免疫后升高 ,且高于 1组和 2组。强毒攻击后 5d、10d ,试验 2～ 6组 ,RBC -CRl、RBC -IC花环率仍然保持在攻毒前的水平。 7组的RBC -CRl和RBC -IC花环率显著降低 ,与其他各组比较差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,在攻毒后第 10d(试验 2、3、4组免疫后 2 0d) ,体内ILT抗体检测结果为 ,试验 1组ILT抗体全部阴性 ,其他试验组的ILT抗体效价为 :2组、3组、7组为 1∶8;4组、5组为 1∶32 ;6组为 1∶2 5 6。说明ILT疫苗免疫或强毒攻击 ,均会引起机体红细胞免疫功能降低 ;中药免疫增强剂能够消除ILT     

Anesthesia of growing pigs with tiletamine-zolazepam and reversal with flumazenil

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine/zolazepam and the effect of flumazenil on the recovery from tiletamine/zolazepam anesthesia in the pig. Six Landrace and Yorkshire cross-bred pigs (three females and three males, 3-4 months old) weighing 35.8 ± 1.7 kg were used in this study. Pigs were given tiletamine/zolazepam intramuscularly at a dose of 4.4 mg kg(-1) (2.2 mg kg(-1) tiletamine and 2.2 mg kg(-1) zolazepam) of body weight. Twenty minutes after the administration of tiletamine/zolazem, the pigs were given saline solution (control, Group TZ) or given flumazenil intravenously at a dose of 0.08 mg kg(-1) of body weight (Group TZF). Anesthesia and recovery times, scores of anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory variables were recorded for each pig. There was a significant difference between the duration of tiletamine/zolazepam anesthesia with and without the antagonist. Flumazenil significantly shortened the recovery time. A significant difference in blood gas variables was observed between the two groups. The anesthetic effects induced by tiletamine/zolazepam could be reversed successfully and safely by flumazenil alone. Therefore, flumazenil administration could be considered in cases in which quick recovery is required in pigs.     

Complications and survival associated with surgical compared with medical management of horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Based on clinical observation, it is hypothesised that horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ) that are treated surgically have a shorter duration, smaller volume, and slower rate of nasogastric reflux (NGR) compared to horses treated medically, are more likely to develop diarrhoea than medically managed cases, and have a higher incisional infection rate than a sample population of horses undergoing abdominal exploration for gastrointestinal disease other than DPJ. OBJECTIVES: To compare: 1) duration, volume and rate of NGR and the percentage of horses with diarrhoea between medically and surgically treated DPJ cases; and 2) incisional infection rate in horses with DPJ undergoing abdominal exploration to a sample population of horses undergoing abdominal exploration for gastrointestinal disease other than DPJ. METHODS: Medical records of cases with DPJ diagnosed 1995-2006 were reviewed. Information obtained included subject details, presenting clinical findings, treatment category (medical/surgical), complications (diarrhoea, incisional infection), and outcome (survival/nonsurvival). Data were analysed using a Chi-squared test and a mixed model analysis of variance. Level of significance was P<0.05. RESULTS: Compared to medical cases, surgical cases had significantly decreased survival, a longer duration and larger total volume of NGR, and were more likely to develop diarrhoea. The incisional infection rate for horses with DPJ undergoing abdominal exploration was 16% compared to 7% for the sample population of horses. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of horses with DPJ did not lead to resolution of NGR faster than medical treatment. Surgical cases were more likely to develop diarrhoea and did not have a significantly higher incisional infection rate than the sample population.     

Serum triglyceride concentration in dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide

OBJECTIVE: To compare serum triglyceride concentrations obtained after food had been withheld (i.e., fasting concentrations) in dogs with epilepsy that had been treated long term (> or = 3 months) with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and potassium bromide with concentrations in healthy control dogs. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 57 epileptic dogs that had been treated with phenobarbital (n=28) or with phenobarbital and bromide (29) and 57 healthy, untreated control dogs matched on the basis of age, breed, sex, neuter status, and body condition score. PROCEDURES: Blood samples were collected after food had been withheld for at least 12 hours, and serum biochemical and lipid concentrations were determined. Oral fat tolerance tests were performed in 15 control dogs and 9 dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital alone. RESULTS: 19 of the 57 (33%) epileptic dogs had fasting serum triglyceride concentrations greater than the upper reference limit. Nine (16%) dogs had a history of pancreatitis, and 5 of the 9 had high fasting serum triglyceride concentrations at the time of the study. A significant relationship was found between body condition score and fasting serum triglyceride concentration in all dogs, but serum triglyceride concentration was not significantly associated with phenobarbital dosage or serum phenobarbital concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that dogs treated long term with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide may develop hypertriglyceridemia. Fasting serum triglyceride concentration should be periodically monitored in dogs treated with phenobarbital because hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for pancreatitis.     

Defining and Dealin with Emergencies

Over the years the meaning and definition of what constitutes an emergency have evolved but still an emergency is very much in the eye of the beholder. Certainly, clients view clinical emergencies in various ways and their expectation of care for their pets has risen with advancements in emergency and critical care medicine. The emergency clinic practitioner has the challenge of satisfying their customers, both client and referring veterinarian while striving to provide the appropriate care to their ultimate customer, the patient.     

Intramuscular anesthesia of bonito and Pacific mackerel with ketamine and medetomidine and reversal of anesthesia with atipamezole

OBJECTIVE: To determine anesthetic effects of ketamine and medetomidine in bonitos and mackerels and whether anesthesia could be reversed with atipamezole. DESIGN: Clinical trial. ANIMALS: 43 bonitos (Sarda chiliensis) and 47 Pacific mackerels (Scomber japonica). PROCEDURE: 28 bonitos were given doses of ketamine ranging from 1 to 8 mg/kg (0.5 to 3.6 mg/lb), i.m., and doses of medetomidine ranging from 0.2 to 1.6 mg/kg (0.1 to 0.7 mg/lb), i.m. (ratio of ketamine to medetomidine, 2.5:1 to 20:1). Doses of atipamezole equal to 1 or 5 times the dose of medetomidine were used. The remaining 15 bonitos were used to determine the anesthetic effects of ketamine at a dose of 4 mg/kg (1.8 mg/lb) and medetomidine at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg (0.2 mg/lb). The mackerels were given ketamine at doses ranging from 11 to 533 mg/kg (5 to 242 mg/lb) and medetomidine at doses ranging from 0.3 to 9.1 mg/kg (0.1 to 4.1 mg/lb; ratio of ketamine to medetomidine, 3:1 to 800:1). Doses of atipamezole equal to 5 times the dose of medetomidine were used. RESULTS: I.m. administration of ketamine at a dose of 4 mg/kg and medetomidine at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg in bonitos and ketamine at a dose of 53 to 228 mg/kg (24 to 104 mg/lb) and medetomidine at a dose of 0.6 to 4.2 mg/kg (0.3 to 1.9 mg/lb) in mackerels was safe and effective. For both species, administration of atipamezole at a dose 5 times the dose of medetomidine reversed the anesthetic effects. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a combination of ketamine and medetomidine can safely be used for anesthesia of bonitos and mackerels and that anesthetic effects can be reversed with atipamezole.     

Blindness in dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism: relationship with glucose, cortisol and triglyceride concentration and with ophthalmic blood flow

Pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) shows a high morbidity and blindness is one of its complications. Compression of the optic chiasm (OC) by the hypophysis adenoma is one of the causes. Another cause could be due to vascular and metabolic alterations of the PDH. Out of a total of 70 dogs with confirmed diagnosis of PDH, 12/70 showed blindness. In only 2/12 the OC was compromised. Electroretinography in dogs without the OC being compromised showed altered A and B wave patterns. Ophthalmological Doppler showed an alteration of the blood flow only in blind dogs without OC compression. Cortisol concentrations (Co), triglycerides (Tg) and glycaemia (G) were greater in 10 dogs with non-compressive blindness vs. dogs with conserved vision. Loss of vision correlated with the increase in these variables. Blindness in dogs with PDH would be related to changes in retinal blood flow, associated to higher Co, Tg and G concentrations.     

Clinical and serological follow-up in dogs with visceral leishmaniosis treated with allopurinol and sodium stibogluconate

Seven dogs with parasitologically proven clinical visceral leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum infection) were treated with a combination of allopurinol and sodium stibogluconate. The dogs received first orally 15 mg/kg of allopurinol every 12 h until the clinical signs improved, in the following 1 month period allopurinol at same dose and subcutaneously 30 mg/kg of sodium stibogluconate combination were given daily and at the end of the combined treatment, allopurinol was continued alone at the same dose till the end of 8 months. During the treatment period, dogs were supported by additional proteins, vitamins, and minerals. A long acting insecticide (collar or drop) was also used in order to prevent further parasite transmission. Follow-up was maintained by clinical, clinicopathological evaluation, and parasitological examination of lymph node, serology using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Before treatment commenced, the most important clinical signs were exfoliative dermatitis, ulcerations, peripheral lymhadenopathy, pale mucous membranes, weight loss, and ocular lesions. Clinicopathological findings included commonly anaemia, hyperproteinaemia, hyperglobulinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia. Before the treatment, amastigotes were seen in six of the seven dogs by examination of lymph node aspiration, and IFAT-titers were positive in all dogs. At the end of 8 months treatment, remission of clinical signs, restoration to normal of clinicopathological abnormalities were noticed. Lymph node aspiration was performed on three out of the seven dogs at the end of the treatment because of the very small sizes of the lymph nodes, and no amastigotes were observed. Although the mean IFAT-titer of the dogs were significantly (P < 0.001) lower compared with pretreatment, IFAT-titers of dogs were still positive. No relapses occurred during treatment period and a 6-24-month duration after the end of therapy. Based on the above results, long-term use of allopurinol combined with sodium stibogluconate together with support treatment concluded to have enough therapeutic efficacies in the treatment of dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Observations of the cases for possible relapses were still going on and insecticide application was carefully carrying on in order preventing a possible re-infection.