热应激对快速生长型肉仔鸡脂肪沉积规律的影响

将126只35日龄AA商品肉用仔公鸡随机分成高温自由采食组、适温自由采食组及适温配对试验组3组,每组6个重复,每个重复7只鸡,饲养在人工环境控制舱内的层叠式育雏笼中,研究热应激对肉仔鸡脂肪沉积的影响.56日龄时,停食12 h,从每个重复中随机抽取3只鸡进行屠宰测定.研究结果表明,在自由采食条件下,35℃高温热应激显著降低AA肉仔鸡腹脂重、右腿皮脂重、右腿肌间脂肪重、腹脂率、右腿皮脂率、右腿肌间脂肪率(P＜0.05).但是与适温配对组相比,热应激显著升高AA肉仔鸡腹脂重、右腿肌间脂肪重、腹脂率、右腿肌间脂肪率(P＜0.05),而对右腿皮脂重、右腿皮脂率两组间差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

Atmospheric ammonia alters lipid metabolism‐related genes in the livers of broilers (Gallus gallus)

Atmospheric ammonia in animal housing is reported to have adverse effects on livestock performance and animal health. Previous experiments have found that 75 ppm ammonia reduced the production performance and altered body fat distribution quality of broilers. In this study, we examined the body fat distribution, serum metabolites and lipid metabolism gene expression of broiler exposed to ammonia. A total of 400 chickens were randomly allocated to four groups with four replicates and received ammonia treatments at 0, 25, 50 and 75 ppm, respectively, for 3 weeks. The average daily feed intake and weight gain were decreased when broiler was exposed to ammonia concentration exceeding 50 ppm (p < .05). The increased abdominal fat and reduced thickness of subcutaneous adipose were found in broilers of 75 ppm group (p < .05). When ammonia exceeded 50 ppm, the content of fat in breast muscle of broiler was increased, and when ammonia was higher than 25 ppm, the fat in liver was increased (p < .05). It showed that the fat content in liver was a sensitive index for broilers exposed to ammonia. Furthermore, ammonia exposure had no significant effect on total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, but significantly increased the relative mRNA expression of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (p = .046) and malic enzyme in liver (p = .038), which indicated that ammonia exposure may increase the de novo fat synthesis in liver. In addition, ammonia increased the high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = .02) and activity of hepatic lipase in serum (p < .001), which indicated that ammonia exposure may improve the transportation of cholesterol to liver. To conclude, our results indicated that ammonia exposure might increase the de novo fat synthesis in liver and increased the transportation of cholesterol to liver. In addition, the concentration of ammonia in poultry house should be limited lower than 25 ppm based on the variation of hepatic fat content.     

Antibiotics promote abdominal fat accumulation in broilers

Antibiotics stimulate the growth of animals but result in drug residues and bacterial resistance. In this study, the negative effect of antibiotics on abdominal fat deposition was evaluated in broilers. The results showed that adding both chlortetracycline (50 g/1,000 kg) and tylosin (50 g/1,000 kg) significantly increased abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage (p < .05), and triglyceride and cholesterol levels (p < .05) in blood. Also, both products synchronously stimulated intestinal absorption and synthesis of liver fat. The expression levels of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), diacylgycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP4) genes in abdominal fat tissue significantly increased (p < .05 or 0.01) when antibiotics were added to the feed. However, no significant difference was found in expression of the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) or acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) genes. Further in vitro study results revealed that antibiotics had no effect on fat content or the related gene expression levels in preadipocytes. In summary, the antibiotics induced fat deposition in adipose tissues by activating extracellular absorption of fatty acids from intestinal absorption and synthesis of liver fat. However, it shows no direct regulation by adipose tissue.     

Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes related to triglyceride metabolism between intramuscular fat and abdominal fat in broilers

ABSTRACT

1. Lipid metabolism is an indispensable process in an organism, though little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of fat deposition in different types of adipose tissues.

2. The differentially expressed genes related to triglyceride (TG) metabolism between abdominal and intramuscular fat (IMF) of Beijing-You chickens were investigated in this study.

3. TG content in abdominal fat (AF) (349.7 mg/g) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the breast and thigh (12.3 mg/g and 24.8 mg/g, respectively).

4. Using Agilent chicken gene-expression profiling in adipose tissues between AF and muscle (breast and thigh), certain representative genes related to fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein catabolism and esterification reactions were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

5. Genes involved in fatty acid oxidation or carbohydrate utilisation were significantly up- or downregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), including those involved with highly enriched pathways of lipid metabolism (PPAR, Wnt pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism), cell junctions (focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton) and muscle contraction.

6. Overall, higher TG levels were observed in AF tissue than in adipose tissues of breast and thigh, which could be regulated through gene expression of pathways related to lipid metabolism (PPAR, Wnt pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism), cell junctions (focal adhesion and regulation of actin cytoskeleton) and muscle contraction. These results provide clues to understanding the molecular mechanisms of TG metabolism between abdominal and IMF.     

Proteomics analysis of preadipocytes between fat and lean broilers

ABSTRACT

1. Reducing excessive chicken body fat deposition is a main goal of the poultry industry. Preadipocytes are important in adipose tissue growth and development.

2. To discover proteins related to chicken fat deposition, two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in preadipocytes derived from Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF).

3. A total of 46 differentially expressed protein spots were found in the preadipocytes between fat and lean broilers. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis showed the protein spots corresponded to 33 different proteins. The proteins were mainly related to biological oxidation, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism, molecular chaperone, protein synthesis and signal transduction.

4. From the perspective of protein expression, these results lay a foundation for further study of the genetic mechanism of broiler adipose tissue growth and development.     

纤维素复合酶对不同生长阶段肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

选用128羽1日龄AA肉鸡,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.1%和0.15%的纤维素复合酶的日粮,研究添加不同水平纤维素复合酶对肉鸡血清生化指标的影响。结果表明,1～21日龄时,与对照组相比,0.1%和0.15%纤维素复合酶显著提高了血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALP)、球蛋白(GLP)、无机磷和血脂水平,且0.1%组显著提高了谷草转氨酶(GOP)(P0.05)和谷丙转氨酶(GTP)活性(P0.05),降低了尿酸含量(P0.05);22～49日龄时,与对照组相比,0.1%纤维素酶使血清总蛋白、球蛋白、无机磷、血脂和GOP水平分别显著提高了22.04%(P0.05)、35.48%(P0.05)、115.03%(P0.05)、10.62%(P0.05)和43.51%(P0.05)。综合各项指标,以0.1%纤维素复合酶在1～21日龄添加效果最好。     

添加不同油脂对肉鸡生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究饲喂不同油脂对肉鸡生长性能及油脂酸价对采食量和体重的影响。试验选用1日龄罗斯308商品肉仔鸡2100只,随机分为7个处理组,每个组10个重复。处理1组添加豆油,处理2组添加鸡鸭油,处理3组添加精炼混合油A(酸价1 mgKOH/g),处理4～6组分别添加不同酸价的劣质混合油A、B和C(酸价分别为8、35 mgKOH/g和53 mgKOH/g),处理7组添加劣质脂肪酸。结果表明,日粮添加劣质脂肪酸组可显著增加8～21、36～42日龄及1～42日龄肉鸡日采食量和料肉比(P<0.05)。劣质混合油C组8～21日龄肉鸡的采食量显著低于其他处理组;而与豆油组比,劣质混合油B和C组8～21日龄肉鸡日增重和21日龄体重显著降低。混合油的酸价与肉鸡采食量及42日龄体重呈负相关,随着酸价的升高,1～42日龄肉鸡平均采食量和42日龄体重逐渐降低,其中劣质混合油C组采食量显著降低。     

Effects of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue of Yellow breed × Simmental cattle

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary energy level on lipid metabolism‐related gene expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue in Yellow breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that final weight, average daily gain, average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in the high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group but that the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. The glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein in the high‐energy group were significantly higher than in the low‐energy group. With dietary energy increasing the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased, whereas hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), ACC, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and adipocyte‐fatty acid binding proteins (A‐FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, and HSL and CPT‐1 gene expression were significantly decreased. These results indicated that with dietary energy increasing, the subcutaneous fat accumulation mainly increased due to adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.     

Genetic parameters for the prediction of abdominal fat traits using blood biochemical indicators in broilers

1. Excessive deposition of body fat, especially abdominal fat, is detrimental in chickens and the prevention of excessive fat accumulation is an important problem. The aim of this study was to identify blood biochemical indicators that could be used as criteria to select lean Yellow-feathered chicken lines.

2. Levels of blood biochemical indicators in the fed and fasted states and the abdominal fat traits were measured in 332 Guangxi Yellow chickens. In the fed state, the genetic correlations (r_g) of triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein levels were positive for the abdominal fat traits (0.47 ≤ r_g ≤ 0.67), whereas total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed higher negative correlations with abdominal fat traits (–0.59 ≤ r_g ≤ ?0.33). Heritabilities of these blood biochemical parameters were high, varying from 0.26 to 0.60.

3. In the fasted state, HDL-C:LDL-C level was positively correlated with abdominal fat traits (0.35 ≤ r_g ≤ 0.38), but triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, total protein, albumin, aspartate transaminase, uric acid and creatinine levels were negatively correlated with abdominal fat traits (–0.79 ≤ r_g ≤ ?0.35). The heritabilities of these 10 blood biochemical parameters were high (0.22 ≤ h² ≤ 0.59).

4. In the fed state, optimal multiple regression models were constructed to predict abdominal fat traits by using triglycerides and LDL-C. In the fasted state, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, total protein, albumin and uric acid could be used to predict abdominal fat content.

5. It was concluded that these models in both nutritional states could be used to predict abdominal fat content in Guangxi Yellow broiler chickens.     

复合益生菌制剂对肉仔鸡生产性能、血清生化指标和免疫功能的影响

为了探讨以乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌复合配制的益生菌制剂在肉仔鸡上的应用效果,试验选用健康的1日龄雄性AA肉仔鸡400只,随机分为5组,分别为基础日粮(对照组,A组),基础日粮中添加0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%的复合益生菌制剂(试验组B、C、D、E),试验为期42 d。结果表明,添加复合益生菌制剂试验组的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P <0.05),且以0.6%添加剂量的效果最佳(P <0.05),添加0.4%、0.6%和0.8%复合益生菌制剂试验组的平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P <0.05),料重比显著低于对照组(P <0.05);与对照组相比,日粮添加0.4%、0.6%和0.8%的复合益生菌制剂显著降低了肉仔鸡21日龄时血清中血糖水平(P <0.05),添加0.4%、0.6%的复合益生菌制剂还显著提高了肉仔鸡42日龄血清中总蛋白水平(P <0.05);此外,与对照组相比,0.4%、0.6%和0.8%的复合益生菌制剂显著提高了肉仔鸡21日龄和42日龄血清中免疫球蛋白G的水平(P <0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加以乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌配制的复合益生菌制剂可以显著提高肉仔鸡的平均日增重、降低料重比,改善生产性能,增强肉鸡的免疫功能,且以0.6%添加剂量的效果为最优。     

不同添加剂对热应激肉仔鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

本试验探讨不同抗热应激添加剂对热应激肉仔鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,热应激使肉仔鸡的体重下降,采食量减少,日增重降低,饲料转化率降低,从而显著降低了肉仔鸡的生产性能。各添加组对肉仔鸡抗热应激有良好的效果,有改善日增重和饲料转化率作用,其中0.5%NaHCO3+1%NH4C l对改善肉仔鸡日增重和饲料转化率效果最佳,日增重和饲料转化率分别比高温对照组增加了27.54%(P<0.05)和20.19%(P<0.05)。添加VC引起血液中的葡萄糖、糖皮质醇和醛固酮降低,肌酸磷酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶显著上升,血钠和谷丙转氨酶恢复到常温水平。添加0.5%NaHCO3+1%NH4C l,血液中的葡萄糖和血钾显著下降,血钠、肌酸磷酸激酶、乳酸脱氢酶、糖皮质醇和醛固酮不同程度的上升。添加VE,血钾和皮质醇显著下降,血清中的白蛋白和球蛋白恢复到常温水平,血液中的葡萄糖和谷丙转氨酶显著上升。     

洋葱提取物对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及肉品质的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加洋葱提取物对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化及肉品质的影响.试验选择平均体重接近的1日龄肉仔鸡512只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复32只.对照组饲喂基础日粮,T1组肉鸡饲喂基础日粮+60 mg/kg抗菌肽,T2组和T3组肉鸡分别饲喂基础日粮+200、400 mg/kg洋葱提取物,试验共进行35 d....     

五味子提取物对AA肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响

选择1日龄的艾维茵肉仔鸡200羽,公母各半,随机分为5个处理,每个处理设4个重复,每个重复10羽。各组间鸡只体重无统计学上的差异(P>0.05),试验全期56d。空白组喂给基础日粮(不添加任何药物),试验组分别在基础日粮中添加黄霉素5mg/kg、0.1%五味子提取物、0.2%五味子提取物、0.4%五味子提取物。分别于35、56日龄剖杀试验鸡,静脉采血,分离血清,测定血清生化指标。结果表明,35日龄时,与空白组相比,添加0.2%五味子提取物可显著降低血清LDL和TG含量;可显著提高血清HDL含量。56日龄时,与空白组相比,0.2%五味子提取物可显著提高HDL、TP的含量(P<0.05);显著降低了TC的含量(P<0.05)。另外,0.4%五味子提取物组与空白组、黄霉素组相比,显著提高了HDL的含量(P<0.05)。添加五味子提取物在一定程度上可降低血清中AST、ALT含量(P>0.05)。     

日粮添加芽孢杆菌制剂对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标、屠宰性能和盲肠微生物的影响

为探讨日粮中添加芽孢杆菌制剂对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标、屠宰性能指标和盲肠微生物的影响,试验选取375羽7日龄黄羽肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复25羽,试验Ⅰ～Ⅴ组日粮分别在基础日粮中添加0、150、200、250 g/t和300 g/t芽孢杆菌制剂,连续饲喂49 d。结果显示,试验V组肉鸡血清中胰岛素含量比对照组高83.79%,屠宰率比对照组高了4.28%,试验组肉鸡盲肠中大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和总需氧菌数均少于对照组,乳酸杆菌数显著高于对照组,且试验V组与对照组相比以上指数差异显著。结果表明,日粮添加300 g/t芽孢杆菌制剂,持续饲喂49 d,可显著提高黄羽肉鸡血清胰岛素含量和屠宰率,促进盲肠中乳酸杆菌的增殖,抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和总需氧菌的生长。     

Influence of amount and type of dietary fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens

This study described the relation between the type and amount of dietary fat on the deposition of abdominal fat by broiler chickens. It was hypothesized that at higher fat intakes, the well-known lowering effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the deposition of abdominal fat would be diminished. Experimental diets were formulated to contain three levels of added fat (3%, 6% and 9%). Each level had different proportions of the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) by installing the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 with the use of tallow and soybean oil. Arbor Acres chicks, aged 7 days, were fed one of the 15 experimental diets until they were aged 42 days. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. There was no systematic effect of the dietary fat type and the amount on the weight gain and the feed intake. The lowest SFA:UFA ratio of 1:5 produced the lowest feed conversion rates, irrespective of the amount of the fat in the diet. The abdominal fat deposition was similar in the birds fed on diets containing either 3% or 6% added fat, but deposition was lower than in those fed 9% fat. A decrease in the SFA:UFA ratio of the diet was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in abdominal fat, irrespective of the amount of fat in the diet. This observation leads to the rejection of the hypothesis stated above. A decrease in the dietary SFA:UFA from 1:1 to 1:4 caused a decrease in the number of the fat cells per surface unit of breast meat. It is concluded that an increased intake of soybean oil at the expense of tallow reduced the abdominal fat deposition and the number of fat cells in the breast meat of broiler chickens.     

Effects of clay on fat necrosis and carcass characteristics in Japanese Black steers

Twenty 10‐month‐old Japanese Black steers were used to evaluate the effects of clay on fat necrosis and carcass characteristics. Ten steers (Clay group) were fed the clay (50 g/day) during 10–30 months of age. The other 10 steers (Control group) were not fed it. There was no significant difference in body weight or average daily gain between the two groups (P > 0.05). The occurrence of fat necrotic mass in the Clay group (30%) was lower (P < 0.05) than that in the Control group (90%) at slaughter. The size of necrotic masses in the Clay group was smaller (P < 0.05) than that in the Control group. There was no significant difference in the marbling score, beef color, Longissimus muscle area or subcutaneous fat thickness between the two groups. These results suggest that the clay prevented the occurrence of fat necrosis and did not affect the carcass characteristics in Japanese Black steers.     

壳聚糖对肥育猪生产性能、体脂沉积及血脂的影响

选用72头体重为(54.8±3.2)kg健康的商品长荣杂交猪,按体重随机分为3个处理(分别为对照组、0.5%壳聚糖组、1%壳聚糖组),每个处理4个重复,每个重复6头猪,研究日粮中添加壳聚糖对肥育猪生产性能、体脂沉积及血脂的影响。试验期为43d,试验结束时从每个处理中选6头80kg左右的猪空腹采集血样测定血脂,并屠宰测定胴体指标。结果表明:日粮中添加壳聚糖对猪生产性能无显著影响,但可降低猪皮下脂肪及体脂沉积,提高瘦肉率;添加0.5%的壳聚糖可降低血清中胆固醇及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量。     

伊普异黄酮对不同生长阶段肉鸡生长性能和有关血清生化指标的影响

选用1日龄艾维茵肉鸡100羽,随机分成2组,试验组在基础日粮中添加伊普异黄酮5 mg/kg。试验开始3周后宰杀40羽,6周后宰杀剩余的60羽,研究伊普异黄酮对不同生长阶段肉鸡生长性能的影响。结果显示,添喂伊普异黄酮分别使生长前期公鸡和母鸡增重提高2.21%、0.95%,血清尿酸含量降低27.06%(P<0.05)、1.06%,血清T3水平升高12.4%、9.67%,血清FT3水平升高56.51%(P<0.05)、7.06%;使整个生长期公鸡和母鸡增重提高10.73%(P<0.05)、5.86%,血清尿酸含量降低35.11%(P<0.05)、14.63%,血清T3水平升高42.56%(P<0.05)、73.24%(P<0.05),血清FT3水平升高126.56%(P<0.01)、85.88%(P<0.05),同时血清碱性磷酸酶活性明显升高,血清钙、总胆固醇、甘油三酯含量均明显降低。     

Effect of dietary enzymes on the ileal digestibility and abdominal fat content in broilers

The effects of purified cellulase and a commercial feed enzyme (FE) containing cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase and so on, on the performance, abdominal fat content, digestibility of ileal contents and metabolizable energy of broilers were examined. Male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) were divided into three groups: control, cellulase (1 U/g feed) and FE (0.6 mg/g feed) with seven replicates. Chicks were raised under a temperature condition of 25°C in wire bottom cages for 12 days from 15 days of age. Feed (corn–soybean meal diet: crude protein, 21%; metabolizable energy, 3000 kcal/kg) and water were offered ad libitum. Dietary cellulase had a negative effect on the bodyweight gain and feed conversion ratio. The FE had no effect on bodyweight gain, but tended to improve the feed conversion ratio. The ileal crude protein and ash digestibilities were improved by the FE, but not by the cellulase. Furthermore, cellulase decreased the abdominal fat content and the FE increased metabolizable energy. In conclusion, digestion is enhanced and an improvement in performance is brought about by FE and, interestingly, fat metabolism is affected by cellulase by an unknown mechanism.     

共轭亚油酸对猪脂肪沉积的影响

本文就共轭亚油酸对猪脂肪沉积、脂肪组织中脂肪酸的组成、脂肪代谢的影响作一综述,并探讨共轭亚油酸可能的作用机理。