Advances in Mapping Loci Conferring Resistance to Rice Sheath Blight and Mining Rhizoctonia solani Resistant Resources

Sheath blight (SB) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the three major diseases of rice, and now has become the most severe disease causing rice yield loss in China. Breeding and use of varieties resistant to SB is crucial in controlling the disease, but the advances achieved have been limited due to the lack of highly SB-resistant rice germplasm. Genetic analysis revealed that the SB resistance in rice was a typical quantitative trait controlled by multi-genes. Although many QTLs conferring resistance t...     

Establishment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation System for Rice Sheath Blight Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1IA

To construct the T-DNA insertional mutagenesis transformation system for rice sheath blight pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA,the virulent isolate GD118 of this pathogen was selected as an initial isolate for transformation.The conditions for transformation of isolate GD118 were optimized in five aspects,i.e.pre-induction time,co-culture time,acetosyringone(AS) concentration at the co-culture phase,co-culture temperature and pH value of induction solid medium(ISM) at the co-culture phase.Finally,a system ...     

水稻苗期纹枯病抗性鉴定微室接种技术的改良

水稻对纹枯病的抗性属于典型的数量性状,多数栽培品种的抗病水平较低,并且抗性差异较小。水稻纹枯病接种和抗性评价体系是培育抗病品种的重要基础。利用植物生长箱的控温、控光和控湿条件以及生长势相对一致的水稻秧苗,对苗期纹枯病微室接种技术进行了改进。试验品种苗期的纹枯病抗性从高到低依次为YSBR1、特青、泰粳394、日本晴和Lemont,并且与大田成株期接种鉴定的结果一致。RT-PCR分析显示,苗期和成株期接种纹枯病菌均诱导4个水稻抗病相关基因的表达。通过"叶枕高"和"苗挺高"计算的各品种苗期病级变幅分别为2.82~8.54级和1.20~3.39级。前者与大田成株期的病级变幅一致,因而"叶枕高"病级计算方法更适用于微室接种鉴定体系。     

水稻纹枯病拮抗细菌的评价与利用

 从稻田土壤、纹枯菌菌核、病斑和水稻植株上共分离获得1437个细菌分离物。在离体条件下测定它们对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗能力。其中拮抗能力强的菌株61个,占4.8％;没有拮抗作用的菌株有486个,占38.1％;其余57％的菌株是略有拮抗作用。24个菌株对水稻纹枯病的防治效果的盆栽生物测定表明,其中有9个菌株的防效在60％以上。挑选了6个菌株在田间进一步测试其防效,结果证实了B916对水稻纹枯病的防治效果最好。1994～1997年连续4年在姜堰、吴江和句容3个基点示范推广使用B916发酵液防治水稻纹枯病,累计面积为2000 hm2以上。大田示范试验结果表明,拮抗菌B916发酵液能够有效地控制水稻纹枯病的为害,防效为50.0%～81.9%。     

Morphological and Genetical Variability among Rhizoctonia solani Isolates Causing Sheath Blight Disease of Rice

Eighteen isolates of Rhizoctonia solani collected from infected rice plants in four different locations of Bangladesh were studied by using morphological characters and molecular markers. Anastomosis study with a reference isolate confirmed that all the isolates belonged to R. solani. Significant variation was observed in sclerotial size, shape and distribution. Un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean dendrogram constructed based on the Gower's general similarity coefficient showed that these isolates were grouped into four clusters at the 0.68 similarity coefficent according to morphological characters. Cluster I was a major cluster consisting of 13 isolates, while clusters Ⅱ to Ⅳ consisted of 1 or 2 isolates. Analyses by variable number of tandem repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers showed that the isolates were grouped into five and three clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.64 and 0.69, respectively. Although most of the variability was found between isolates from different regions as expected, significant variation was observed within the isolates collected from similar agro-ecological regions. Our results suggest the presence of different races of R. solani within the same local geographic regions.     

水稻纹枯病预测和管理模型—SIMPMRS

 SIMPMRS是一个以水稻生长发育时序为主轴，纹枯病发生、流行及其所致产量损失预测为基础， 栽培管理、药剂控制为管理措施，净收益最大为管理目标的系统模拟模型。其结构由水稻生长发育子模型、病原菌核初侵染子模型、病害流行预测子模型、菌核形成子模型、产量损失估计子模型、防治效应子模型和最优管理决策子模型组成。具预报与管理双重功能，既可进行中长期预报与远程决策，又可进行短期预报和实时决策。经有效性检验及大面积生产应用结果表明，该模型结构合理、逼真性强、应用方便，能有效地指导纹枯病大面积药剂防治和综合治理。     

水稻纹枯病对水稻产量的影响

田间试验研究了不同水稻品种对水稻纹枯病发病程度和产量的影响。结果表明,水稻纹枯病属中等偏重发生,对产量影响大,空育131病情指数最高,为26.15,产量损失最高,为28.29％。     

水稻纹枯病菌侵染稻株对褐飞虱发生的影响

病原菌侵染引发植株防卫基因表达的信号传导途径水杨酸途径(SA)与虫害(机械损伤)诱发的植物防御信号传导途径茉莉酸途径(JA)会同时存在,且两种信号途径间存在着相互抑制的拮抗作用。本试验结果表明,水稻植株受到纹枯病菌侵染之后,褐飞虱在RH的感病植株和健康植株中明显倾向于选择感染纹枯病菌的RH水稻植株;但在不同水稻品种上的取食行为以及蜜露排泄量及蜜露氨基酸含量的测定均未发现褐飞虱对于感染纹枯病的抗、感水稻品种有显著的取食趋性。说明抗、感褐飞虱的水稻品种感染纹枯病之后并未显现出更易感虫的性状。     

浙江省水稻纹枯病菌的遗传分化与致病力研究

鉴定了从浙江省各地采集的60株水稻纹枯病菌株的菌丝融合群归属情况。该60个菌株均与AG-1融合群的3个亚群AG-1-ⅠA、AG-1-ⅠB、AG-1-ⅠC的标准菌株融合,当属AG-1融合群。其中,有58株均与标准菌株AG-BⅠ融合,所有菌株与其他标准菌株均无融合现象。通过离体接种对菌株致病力进行鉴定,发现各菌株间致病力差异显著。致病力最强的TTZF-1与其中52个菌株差异极为显著。进一步的转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析显示,系统发育树的结果与融合群鉴定的结果一致,与菌株间致病力差异无相关性。     

纹枯病菌对不同水稻品种叶片中抗病性相关酶活性的影响

对优质抗纹枯病水稻品种ZH5、较抗纹枯病品种特青、感纹枯病品种Lemont及恢复系泸恢17、多系1号和GB8等水稻材料进行纹枯病菌接种,测定了水稻叶片中与抗病性相关的超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD) 的活性和丙二醛 (MDA) 的含量。不论纹枯病菌接种与否,ZH5和特青叶片中SOD活性均明显高于Lemont;纹枯病菌接种后,抗性品种ZH5和特青叶片中POD活性升高,感病品种Lemont 叶片中POD活性降低;不论是抗病还是感病的水稻材料,纹枯病菌接种后叶片中MDA含量均有所增加,但ZH5叶片中MDA含量明显低于其他参试材料。     

Rhizosphere Bacteria for Biocontrol of Bacterial Blight and Growth Promotion of Rice

Several bacterial strains were isolated from different rhizospheres. Among these, strain PDY7 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the rice bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) by the laboratory dual plate assays. The antibacterial property of the strain PDY7 was further investigated for the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), which amplified a characteristic of 629-bp DNA fragment by PCR-based screening method using phlD primers. The application of phlD positive strains was carefully evaluated for disease control and growth promotion of rice plants under field conditions. The selected strain PDY7 suppressed the rice BB by 58.83% and 51.88% under glass house and field conditions, respectively. In addition, the strain PDY7 showed significant two-fold increase in root length (18.08 cm), shoot length (29.81 cm), and grain yield (96.07 g). Strain PDY7 promoted the growth of rice plants by production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Our findings suggest that PDY7 belongs to the P. fluorescens group and can serve as potential biocontrol of BB as well as biofertilizer agent for growth promotion of rice.     

辽宁花生纹枯病病原鉴定及其生物学研究

本文对辽宁花生纹枯病病原学进行了较为系统的研究。根据病原菌形态学特征及致病性测定,明确辽宁花生纹枯病病原菌为立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)。病原菌生物学特性研究发现该菌最适pH值为7.0;该菌能利用供试的6种碳源和5种氮源进行营养生长,在尿素作为唯一氮源的培养基上菌丝不生长并且不产生菌核,其余碳氮源培养基均产生菌核;该菌在玉米粉和PDA培养基上生长最好;光照对菌丝的生长及菌核的产生影响不大。     

在水稻生态系统中纹枯病拮抗细菌的分布和种类

 通过对从菲律宾Laguna省水稻植株上分离获得的700个细菌菌株进行离体与生物测定发现,在水稻生态系统中,存在着大量格兰氏阴性、非致病性、对纹枯病有拮抗作用的细菌微生物。根据拮抗细菌分离来源分析结果表明,从病株和水稻生长后期能分离到比健株和生长前期更多的拮抗细菌。用Biolog的方法测定了195个细菌菌株的种类。在147个格兰氏阴性菌株中有13个属39个种,在48个格兰氏阳性菌株中有8个属13个种。在195个被测菌株中有20个菌株对纹枯病菌具有较强的拮抗作用,它们分别归属于7个属12个种。     

不同药剂不同施药次数防治水稻纹枯病田间药效试验

通过田间试验,比较分析了不同药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果。结果表明,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂1 350 g/hm~2、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂345 g/hm~2、25%丙环唑乳油600 g/hm~2对水稻纹枯病的防效均在87%以上,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂的防效为74.38%;4种药剂的田间药效比生产上常用药剂井冈霉素的防效分别提高0.79倍、0.75倍、0.69倍、0.43倍,头季和再生季每hm~2综合增收6 499元、4 042元、2 051元、1 913元。从防治效果和经济效益来看,25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、25%丙环唑乳油均可以作为本地防治水稻纹枯病的主体药剂进行推广应用。     

影响杂交水稻纹枯病发生的若干植株群体指标

 2004-2005年早季和晚季，以两系法杂交稻粤杂122为材料，设置8个氮肥处理，在广州进行连续4季田间试验，研究了纹枯病病情指数与穗分化始期茎蘖数(TILPI)、叶绿素含量(SPADPI)、抽穗期茎蘖数(TILHD)、叶面积指数(LAIHD)、叶绿素含量(SPADHD)等5项水稻群体指标的关系。结果表明，影响纹枯病病情指数的因素包括气象条件和群体条件两大类。TILPI、SPADPI、TILHD、LAIHD和SPADHD是影响纹枯病病情指数的主要群体指标，它们可以解释不同年份、不同季节、不同施氮处理纹枯病病情指数变异的44.8%。日平均温度和相对湿度是影响纹枯病病情指数的主要气象因素，它们与TILPI、SPADPI、LAIHD、SPADHD一起，可以解释不同年份、不同季节、不同施氮处理纹枯病病情指数变异的82.7%。纹枯病病情指数随着抽穗期群体透光率的提高而下降，由日平均温度、相对湿度和抽穗期群体透光率可以解释纹枯病病情指数变异的80.2%。在保证穗数的前提下尽量降低苗峰，提高成穗率，在保证光合生产能力的前提下，适当降低叶片叶绿素含量和抽穗期叶面积指数，提高群体通透性，是协调高产与防病矛盾、培育健康群体的方向。     

水稻纹枯病对水稻产量及米质的影响

水稻纹枯病是水稻的三大病害之一,由于水稻纹枯病只是一种隐性减产,并不被大多水稻生产者所重视,使该病目前危害程度愈来愈严重。本试验针对水稻纹枯病害对水稻产量及稻米品质的影响进行初步研究。探讨水稻纹枯病不同病害级别、不同病情指数对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响,得出水稻纹枯病不但影响水稻的产量,而且还严重影响水稻的稻米品质,以此引起水稻生产者对水稻纹枯病的重视。在生产上加强对水稻纹枯病的防治,确保水稻高产优质。     

Identification of New Resistance Loci Against Sheath Blight Disease in Rice Through Genome-Wide Association Study

Sheath blight (SB) caused by the soil borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most serious global rice diseases. Breeding resistant cultivar is the most economical and effective strategy to control the disease. However, no rice varieties are completely resistant to SB, and only a few reliable quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked with SB resistance have been identified to date. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SB resistance using 299 varieties from the rice diversity panel 1 (RDP1) that were genotyped using 44 000 high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Through artificial inoculation, we found that only 36.5% of the tested varieties displayed resistance or moderate resistance to SB. In particular, the aromatic and aus sub-populations displayed higher SB resistance than the tropical japonica (TRJ), indica and temperate japonica sub-populations. Seven varieties showed similar resistance levels to the resistant control YSBR1. GWAS identified at least 11 SNP loci significantly associated with SB resistance in the three independent trials, leading to the identification of two reliable QTLs, qSB-3 and qSB-6, on chromosomes 3 and 6. Using favorable alleles or haplotypes of significantly associated SNP loci, we estimated that both QTLs had obvious effects on reducing SB disease severity and can be used for enhancing SB resistance, especially in improving SB resistance of TRJ sub-population rice varieties. These results provided important information and genetic materials for developing SB resistant varieties through breeding.     

水稻纹枯病时间与空间生态位的研究

测定了水稻纹枯病时间、垂直空间和水平面空间生态位的生态位功能指数和生态位宽度指数,结果表明,在倒1叶上水稻纹枯病的时间生态位宽度指数最小,为0.1994,在倒4叶上的生态位宽度指数最大,为0.5463,整体上随着叶（鞘）位的降低,水稻纹枯病的时间生态位宽度指数增大。水稻纹枯病垂直空间生态位宽度指数在6月22日最小,为0.1250,在8月22日最大,为0.7759,整体上随着水稻的生长,水稻纹枯病的垂直空间生态位宽度指数逐渐增大。各调查时期水稻纹枯病的水平空间生态位宽度指数差异不大。讨论了生态位、生态位功能、生态位宽度等概念的内涵。     

Three Genes Related to Trehalose Metabolism Affect Sclerotial Development of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA,Causal Agent of Rice Sheath Blight

Trehalose metabolism is related to the sclerotial development of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA, the causal agent of rice sheath blight (RSB). Here, we further elucidated the functions of three genes Rstre, Rstps1 and Rstpp that encode three key enzymes trehalase (TRE), alpha, alpha-trehalose- phosphate synthase (TPS1) and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) in the sclerotial development of R. solani AG-1 IA. Due to the lack of a stable genetic transformation system for R. solani, the heterologous expression of these three genes in Pichia pastoris GS115 was performed. The results showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents and enzyme activities in R. solani decreased significantly in the treatments of the fermentation broths of Rstps1 and Rstpp transformants, and that in the treatment of the fermentation broth of Rstre transformant visibly increased. Furthermore, the fermentation broths of the transformants of all the three genes were added to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium for the cultivation of R. solani, as a result, the dry weight of sclerotia in each PDA plate containing the fermentation broths of Rstps1 and Rstpp transformants significantly increased compared with the control, and that of Rstre transformant obviously decreased. Finally, 178 proteins were found to interact with RSTPS1, and 16 of them were associated with ROS. Taken together, the findings suggest that all these three genes related to trehalose metabolism play important roles in the sclerotial development of R. solani AG-1 IA, and can be used as new targets for the development of novel high-efficiency fungicides for the controlling of RSB.