B超影像学在奶牛早期妊娠诊断中的应用

应用兽用B超仪对224头奶牛在配种后30d内进行了B超扫描早期妊娠诊断,探索了应用兽用B超诊断奶牛早期妊娠的准确率,描绘了奶牛妊娠典型影像图特征。结果表明,奶牛配种30d内应用B超早期妊娠诊断,比直肠检查方法提前30d以上,诊断准确率达98.83%。本试验为牛场应用B超仪进行奶牛早期妊娠诊断提供了参考资料。     

B超在水牛早期妊娠诊断中的应用研究

利用带有 5 .0MHZ直肠探头的兽用便携式B超 ,进行 2 4 2头次水牛的早期妊娠 (≤ 6 0d)诊断 ,确诊阳性准确率为 1 0 0 %,阴性准确率 91 %。最早探测到胚囊、胚斑和胎心博动的时间分别为配种后 1 7,1 9和 31d。     

应用B型超声波鉴别马胎儿性别

通过胎儿尾部和脐带之间的生殖器结节定位进行马性别诊断，雄性胎儿准确率97．8％（182／186），雌性胎儿99．4％（160／161）。胎儿性别测定的最适时间为妊娠后59d和68d之间。妊娠中期胎儿性别诊断也非常可靠。超声波性别鉴定准确率达100％。在雄性，从100d到220d妊娠常规获得阴茎或包皮的图像；在雌性，从118d到227d妊娠马观察到胎儿乳腺和乳头。在马繁殖上常规使用的5MHz线性传感器，大多数情况下一直可用到妊娠160d。当胎位太高或其大小超过超声设备监测范围时，须使用3．5MHz探头。若掌握好性别鉴定的最适时间和认识正确的解剖结构，两种方法都是非常精确的。     

奶牛妊娠的早期诊断--实时B超法

使用 5 .0 MHz电子扇扫和电子线阵探头通过直肠内探查 ,对不同妊龄的 137头黑白花奶牛进行了妊娠检查。早期妊娠检查声像图主要表现为妊囊和 /或胚斑 ,探查到其中之一者即可确诊为妊娠。配种后 2 6～ 30 d妊娠检查确诊率高达 88.9% ,高于 5 0日龄左右的直肠检查 ;配种后 31～ 35 d时的确诊率为 97.2 % ;配种后 35 d以上者 ,确诊率均达到 10 0 %。B超诊断法快捷、简便、准确率高 ,对早期妊娠以实时图像显示 ,具有客观性 ,是一种良好的早期妊娠诊断法     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20～100d试验羊妊娠断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为100%,正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性(B超判断怀孕)的准确率为100%;部分胚胎移植后20d左右的受体羊出现假阳性,这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明,在胚胎移植(2～8细胞胚胎)30d以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况,而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据,试验说明,B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对 2 79只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和 87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后 2 0～ 10 0天试验羊妊娠诊断阴性 (B超判断未怀孕 )的准确率为 10 0 % ;正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性 (B超判断怀孕 )的准确率为 10 0 % ;部分胚胎移植后 2 0天左右的受体羊出现假阳性 ,这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明 ,在胚胎移植 (2 - 8细胞胚胎 ) 30天以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况 ,而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据 ,试验说明 ,B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

B超影像学在奶牛早期妊娠诊断中的应用

应用兽用B超仪对224头奶牛在配种后30d内进行了扫描早期妊娠诊断，探索了兽用B超诊断奶牛早期妊娠的准确率，描绘奶牛妊娠典型影像图特征。结果表明：奶牛配种30d内，应用B超法进行早期妊娠诊断，比直肠检查方法提前30d以上，诊断符合率达98．83％。本实验为牛场应用B超早期妊娠诊断提供了参考资料。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20-100d试验羊妊娠断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为100％，正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性(B超判断怀孕)的准确率为100％；部分胚胎移植后20d左右的受体羊出现假阳性，这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明，在胚胎移植(2～8细胞胚胎)30d以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况，而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据，试验说明，B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

应用B超3.5 MHz探头体表监测拉布拉多犬妊娠

在B型超声二维成像的基础上，用频率3．5MHz电子凸阵扇型体表探头跟踪检测40条拉布拉多妊娠母犬，观察其胎儿发育规律，记录妊娠胚胎的各个胚外结构（孕囊等）、胚胎外形及胚内结构（胎心等）的首次检出时间。最早检测出孕囊、胎心搏动和胎盘的时间分别为18d、23d和31d，最早36d能测定完整骨骼系统，37d能识别大部分内脏器官。3．5MHz探头不能准确判断胎儿性别，判定胎儿数目困难。     

B型超声妊娠诊断技术在波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化中的研究应用

应用B型超声断层扫描仪对279只波尔山羊胚胎移植受体白山羊和87只自然交配波尔山羊进行早期妊娠检查。在胚胎移植后20～100天试验羊妊娠诊断阴性(B超判断未怀孕)的准确率为100%;正常交配羊妊娠诊断阳性(B超判断怀孕)的准确率为100%;部分胚胎移植后20天左右的受体羊出现假阳性,这可能与胚胎移植后胎儿发育停止或出现流产或手术造成的粘连有关。试验证明,在胚胎移植(2-8细胞胚胎)30天以后进行B超妊娠检查不仅可准确判断妊娠情况,而且能得到胚胎移植羊流产或妊娠中止的数据,试验说明,B超妊娠诊断是目前波尔山羊胚胎移植产业化过程中的一个重要环节。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein