干旱胁迫对蕨麻克隆构件的可塑性反应

研究了匍匐茎克隆草本植物蕨麻原变种(PotentillaanserineL.var．anserina)对干旱胁迫(即聚已二醇6000的浓度为0、5％、10％、15％、20％,10个重复)的表型可塑性:随着聚已二醇6000浓度的增加,实验植物的生物量显著减小;死亡率上升;基株叶片数目、基株叶片长度、基株叶片宽度具有显著的株间差异,呈二次曲线变化。因而在高寒地区的生态恢复中具有重要的意义。     

干旱胁迫对匍匐茎植物蕨麻克隆构件的可塑性反应

研究了匍匐茎克隆草本植物蕨麻原变种（Potentilla anserine L． var.anserina）对干旱胁迫（即聚已二醇6000的浓度为0、5%、10%、15%、20%,10个重复)的表型可塑性：随着聚已二醇6000浓度的增加,实验植物的生物量显著减小;死亡率上升;基株叶片数目、基株叶片长度、基株叶片宽度具有显著的株间差异,呈二次曲线变化。因而在高寒地区的生态恢复中具有重要的意义。     

不同栽培模式早稻-再生稻的能量积累与热值分析

以杂交水稻新组合Ⅱ优航1号为材料探讨了超高产栽培和常规栽培模式下早稻-再生稻的干物质积累以及热值和能量固定特征。结果表明,超高产模式头季稻完熟期干物质积累量为2 220.04 g m^-2,是常规模式的1.26倍,再生稻为1 697.62 g m^-2,是常规模式的1.29倍。超高产模式下的热值,叶为14 848.7~18 494.9 J g^-1,籽粒为15 810.3~17 438.0 J g^-1,鞘为14 029.1~17 039.6 J g^-1,茎为14 405.4~17 576.5 J g^-1,叶和籽粒的热值显著高于茎、鞘,各器官及稻株的热值在不同栽培模式间无显著差异。在完熟期,超高产模式头季稻、再生稻的能量积累量分别为35.71 MJ m^-2和26.24 MJ m^-2,依次比常规模式高出27.4%和29.6%;籽粒能量分配比例头季稻为52.7%,比常规模式高1.2%,再生稻均为51.5%,不同栽培模式间无显著差异。灌浆过程中,超高产模式头季稻叶、茎、鞘的总能量表观转化率为39.7%,显著高于常规模式(23.1%),再生稻的叶、茎、鞘的总能量表观转化率为16.9%,也高于常规模式(14.7%),超高产模式下水稻群体能流更顺畅。同时,超高产模式头季稻黄熟过程根系的能量输出为7.9%,远低于常规模式(78.2%),保证头季稻灌浆和再生稻萌发的顺利进行;超高产模式再生稻籽粒贮能表观上25.9%来自稻桩的再转运,对后期光合的依赖比较小,保证了再生稻的稳产和高产。     

不同栽培模式下春玉米物质积累与转运特性的研究

为解析不同栽培模式下产量形成差异,密、肥合理调控和选择最佳栽培模式提供理论指导,以‘先玉335’和‘金山27’为供试品种,在西辽河平原研究了农户模式(NH)、高产模式(GC)和再高产模式(ZGC)下春玉米物质积累与转运特性的研究。结果表明,春玉米各生育时期单株干物质积累量均表现为NH>GC>ZGC,且3种模式间的差异随着生育进程推移而增大;春玉米群体干物质积累量则表现为ZGC>GC>NH,且在成熟期不同模式间差异均达到显著或极显著水平。春玉米单株干物质最大积累速率表现为NH>GC>ZGC,群体干物质最大积累速率的大小顺序则与之相反。春玉米各营养器官干物质转移量、转移率及其对籽粒的贡献率总体上表现为NH>GC>ZGC。从各器官的转运情况来看,2个品种叶的转移率高于茎鞘和穗部营养体,且以穗部营养体最小;器官物质转运贡献率‘先玉335’表现为茎鞘>叶片,而‘金山27’则表现为叶片>茎鞘;穗部营养体物质转运对籽粒的贡献率‘先玉335’大于‘金山27’。     

不同土层土壤有机质含量对速效氮分配的影响

为广西东兰县退耕还林地的肥料管理提供理论依据。采用典型抽样的方法设置土壤剖面,分A、B层采集土壤样品,利用重铬酸钾法测定土壤有机质的含量,碱解扩散法测定土壤中的速效氮,采用等级法和方差分析方法,比较每一种立地类型A、B层之间的有机质和速效氮含量的显著性差异。A层或B层的土壤有机质和速效氮含量在7种立地类型间存在着显著性差异,A层的土壤有机质含量对速效氮的分配影响呈明显的正相关,B层的土壤有机质含量对速效氮的分配关系影响不明显。B层土壤有机质和速效氮的含量相对较少,对于种植深根性的植物,应在深耕的同时多施用农家肥或无机氮。     

不同栽培条件下大豆主要叶部性状与产量关系的研究

为探讨不同栽培条件下大豆主要叶部性状与产量的关系,以垦农4号大豆为试验材料,设置5个不同的处理,分别测定了在5个不同生育时期的叶片干重、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量3项主要叶部性状指标。试验结果表明：单位土地面积上的3种主要叶部性状均与产量呈正相关。各处理不同生育时期群体的中部、中上部节位的叶干重与产量的相关性达到显著或极显著水平;R1期与R5期的叶面积指数与产量达显著正相关,R6期叶面积指数和全生育期的平均叶面积指数与产量达极显著正相关;在R5期,单位土地面积上的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素(a+b)的含量与产量达到了显著正相关。     

不同栽培模式对早稻—再生稻头季稻籽粒灌浆特性和ATP酶活性的影响

为了揭示不同栽培措施对再生稻产量的影响,阐明超高产栽培模式实现高产的生理原因,采用超高产栽培模式并以常规栽培模式作为对照进行比较试验,研究不同栽培模式下早稻—再生稻头季稻籽粒灌浆特性和ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明,与常规栽培模式相比,超高产栽培模式头季稻强、弱势粒的生长潜势强,灌浆最大生长速率出现的时间早,灌浆速率在整个灌浆期的前、中、后3个阶段均较高,活跃灌浆时间较短,强、弱势粒较早进入灌浆盛期,同时,整个灌浆期头季稻强、弱势粒的Mg2 -ATP和Ca2 -ATP酶活性超高产栽培模式也都较常规栽培模式的高,尤其是在籽粒灌浆的快速增长阶段,超高产栽培模式的明显高于常规栽培模式,因而其头季籽粒灌浆呈现出灌浆起动快、灌浆强度大、灌浆后期“拉力”足的特点,从而有利于有机物质向穗部运输,这是超高产栽培模式头季实现大穗、多穗、粒饱、结实率高的籽粒灌浆特性和生理原因。     

干旱胁迫对不同品系紫甘薯光合特性及干物质积累的影响

为了筛选抗旱品系,以14个紫甘薯品种(系)为材料(徐薯28为对照),采用盆栽模拟干旱胁迫的方法,分析评价干旱胁迫对紫甘薯光合特性及干物质积累的影响。干旱胁迫20 d时对其叶片光合特性及干旱胁迫70 d时对其产量进行测定分析。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,参试紫甘薯品种(系)的叶绿素含量指数(CCI)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、单株薯块鲜质量和干质量表现出不同程度的降低;CCI和Pn值较高的品种为宁紫薯1号和徐紫薯6号;烟薯0747和泰中11号受干旱胁迫影响较大;14个紫甘薯品种(系)中,徐紫薯6号、徐紫薯1号、徐薯33、徐102903、漯紫薯1号、商077-1、宁紫薯1号、徐薯28属气孔限制因素导致的光合速率降低类型,其余品种(系)属于非气孔限制因素导致的光合速率降低类型;研究结果表明:宁紫薯1号、徐紫薯6号抗旱性较强,烟薯0747、泰中11号抗旱性较弱。     

不同土壤水分条件下牡丹的生理特性研究

以盆栽牡丹朱砂垒为试材,研究了5种土壤相对含水量对牡丹叶片生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶片相对水分亏缺(RWD)加大;总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量下降,类胡萝卜素含量在土壤相对含水量85%到55%间,含量略有增加,后逐渐下降;H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量、O2产生速率都明显增加;SOD酶活性降低;POD酶活性则增加。     

镍胁迫对玉米幼苗氮、磷、钾积累与分配的研究

研究发现吉林省黑土中镍含量逐年增加,造成土壤理化性质恶化和玉米产量、品质降低,因此,了解镍胁迫对玉米植株生长特性的影响有重要意义。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同镍浓度（0、50、100、200、400 mg/kg）胁迫处理下玉米植株各部位的生物量、生物量分配格局以及氮、磷、钾积累和分配特征。结果表明,（1）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了玉米幼苗根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量,镍浓度大于50 mg/kg时,减少了各部位生物量及总生物量;（2）各部位对镍的吸收和积累随土壤外源镍浓度的增加而增加;（3）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了各部位的钾含量和根、茎钾的积累比例,而植株中的氮、磷含量随土壤中镍含量的增加呈降低趋势。因此得出,镍浓度为50 mg/kg的处理增加了玉米植株的生物量、根茎叶中钾含量及养分积累,改变了养分在玉米植株内的分配格局,而浓度大于50 mg/kg时抑制了玉米生长,降低了根茎叶中氮和磷的含量及积累。     

Genetics of stem elongation ability in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The genetics of stem elongation ability in rice was studied in parents, F₁, F₂ and backcross generations of six crosses. Segregation analysis indicated dominance for stem elongation ability. Estimation of genetic parameters under epistatic model indicated more than one locus control stem elongation ability and both additive and nonadditive gene effects were important. Epistatic effects were predominant over additive and dominance effects with an important role of duplicate type of epistasis. The occurrence of significant additive and additive x additive types of genetic variation and the moderately high broad sense heritability indicated the possibility of selection for an increased manifestation of stem elongation ability.     

控制水稻RIL群体化感作用的QTL定位研究

此研究以“莱蒙”（弱化感）和“多拉”（强化感）水稻杂交产生的重组自交系（recombinant inbred lines,RILs）及其亲本为供体植物,并以稻田主要杂草稗草为受体植物,采用迟播共培法测定与各家系及亲本共培稗草的根长,并转化成抑制率来表征化感作用。结果表明群体及亲本根长抑制率基本呈正态分布,且用它来表征化感作用是适合的。运用分子标记技术构建了该群体的遗传图谱,共97个分子标记,覆盖水稻12条连锁群。QTL定位检测到控制水稻化感作用的5个QTL,分别位于1、1、5、9、9号连锁群,解释了23.97%、15.21%、13.89%、18.63%、6.64%的遗传变异。进一步证实水稻化感作用存在主效QTL,同时为分子育种提供依据。     

粳稻食味品质改良研究现状与展望

进入21世纪,我国北方特别是东北粳稻面积不断扩大,单产明显提高,品质稳定改善,改良食味品质是今后重要研究内容。本文主要从食味品质鉴定方法,稻米淀粉种类和含量及分子结构、蛋白质种类和含量、其他物质含量与食味品质的关系,饭粒表面和内部超微结构与食味品质的关系,食味品质相关性状遗传分析与育种应用等方面介绍了日本粳稻食味品质研究现状,认为结合东北粳稻实际深入开展食味品质育种、栽培和生物技术等应用基础研究,充分利用籼稻二次枝梗粒偏向穗轴上部分布、穗颈大维管束数和一次枝梗数多等有利基因,同时减少对食味品质的不良影响,是今后北方尤其是东北籼粳稻杂交优质高产育种的重要研究课题。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with starch paste viscosity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different environmental conditions

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 153 lines derived from a cross between indica ‘Zhongyouzao8’ and japonica ‘Toyonishiki’ rice was used to detect stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) for rapid visco analyser (RVA) characteristics under four environmental conditions. We identified 93 QTL for RVA profiles, and four pleiotropic regions harbouring stably expressed QTL were detected on chromosomes 2, 6, 7 and 11. These newly identified and stable QTL will facilitate further research into the genetic mechanism regulating RVA profiles. Amylose content (AC) was correlated with RVA traits. AC and RVA traits were unaffected by indica–japonica subspecies differentiation, suggesting that RVA profiles were mainly influenced by the Wx gene. The RIL population was divided into two subpopulations according to Wx genotypes. A total of 106 QTL associated with RVA profiles were detected in the subpopulations. These QTL differed from those detected in the whole population in terms of their genomic location, number, logarithm of odds values and amount of phenotypic variance explained. Using this strategy, we detected QTL with minor effects and eliminated false due to the Wx gene.     

Mapping of QTLs associated with cadmium tolerance and accumulation during seedling stage in rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential element and toxic to plants. To investigate the genetics of Cd tolerance and accumulation in rice, quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with Cd tolerance and accumulation at the seedling stage were mapped using a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from a cross between a japonica JX17 and an indica ZYQ8. A total of 22 QTLs were found to be associated with shoot height (SH), root length (RL), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight (TDW) and chlorophyll content (CC), and 10 and 12 QTLs were identified under the control and Cd stress conditions, respectively. For Cd tolerant coefficient (CTC), 6 QTLs were detected on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 8 and 10. Under Cd stress, 3 QTLs controlling root and shoot Cd concentrations were mapped on chromosome 6 and 7. One QTL for shoot/root rate of Cd concentration was identified on chromosome 3. The results indicated that Cd tolerance and accumulation were quantitatively inherited, and the detected QTLs may be useful for marker-assistant selection (MAS) and identification of the genes controlling Cd tolerance and accumulation in rice.     

Anther and pollen grain culture of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Factors favouring callus proliferation and subsequent regeneration of plants from pollen grains of rice anthers (Oryza sativa L., cvx. Bahia, Girona, Balilla × Sollana and Sequial) were determined. Cultivar differences in response were found, such as a high rate of haploid plant regeneration.In addition, isolated pollen grain culture was used to induce tissue proliferation outside the anther walls. The frequency of callus formation from isolated pollen grains was very low. It was necessary to preculture the anthers before pollen grain separation, in order to accomplish a successful development later. Root differentiation was observed in some of the obtained callus.     

Inheritance of amylose content in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary The inheritance of low and very low amylose contents in six rice crosses and their reciprocals was studied by single grain analysis of parents F₁, F₂, B₁ and B₂ seeds. To minimize the environmental effects, the seeds of all generations of all crosses were produced in a single season. The results indicated different dosage effects in different crosses. One major gene was found to govern a difference of 6–12% in amylose content in low and intermediate amylose parents. Very low amylose content was similarly found to be governed by one major gene in crosses between very low- and low-amylose content parents. Minor genes and modifiers also seem to play some role. In the cross between two low amylose parents differing by about 2.5% in amylose content, the differences appeared to be controlled by some minor genes and modifiers. The selection program in different crosses has been suggested.     

籼稻米粒延伸性的遗传研究

采用包括遗传主效应和基因型与环境互作效应的三倍体遗传模型，分析了两环境下籼稻米粒延伸性的遗传基础。结果表明，米粒延伸性及其相关性状(米粒长和饭粒长)，主要受制于遗传主效应，但也受到基因型与环境互作效应的控制。在遗传主效应中又以种子基因加性效应为主，其次是母体植株的基因效应。米粒长和饭粒长的狭义遗传率都     

籼粳交稻米品质性状杂种优势的遗传分析

用胚乳性状遗传模型和分析方法对籼粳交稻米品质性状的杂种优势进行了遗传分析,结果表明：各品质性状都具有一定的杂种优势,其中碱消值和蛋白质含量的优势较强。直链淀粉含量和胶稠度的优势较弱。不同性状杂种优势的遗传原因不同,直接显性和母体显性对杂种优势的贡献大小因性状而异,但总的来说,母体显性对籼粳杂种Ｆ２籽粒品质性状的杂种优势具有重要的意义,细胞质效应对部分性状（如胶稠度、蛋白质含量）的群体平均优势有一定     

The indica-japonica classification of Asian rice ecotypes and Japanese lowland and upland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Summary Rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) belonging to five ecotypes (aus, aman, boro, bulu and tjereh) and to two groups of Japanese rice (lowland and upland) are examined with respect to KClO₃ resistance, phenol reaction and apiculus hair length. These characters have been used as available criteria to classify rice into two types indica and japonica, for the last thirty years.The findings of this study are that the aman, boro and tjereh ecotypes should be classified as typical indica; and that the Japanese lowland rice cultivars are mainly typical japonica. Some of the aus, bulu and Japanese upland rice cultivars differ from typical indica and typical japonica, so the respective terms aus type, bulu type and J.u.r. type, are proposed. Aman, boro tjereh and Japanese lowland rice are cultivated in lowland. Some of the aus, bulu and Japanese upland rice cultivars have the characteristics of upland rice. In general, lowland rice cultivars can be clearly classified into indica or japonica, while upland cultivars cannot.Abbreviations Aph dominant gene for apiculus hair length > 0.7 mm - aph recessive gene for apiculus hair length < 0.7 mm - J.u.r. type Japanese upland rice type