香螺卵母细胞营养方式的研究

利用电子显微镜观察香螺卵子的发生情况,在香螺卵子发生过程中,靠近卵母细胞的滤泡细胞生命非常旺盛.滤泡细胞的内质网非常发达,呈环状,中心有脂滴产生.滤泡细胞和卵母细胞之间的膜有小泡产生.卵母细胞内部的内质网不发达;线粒体的嵴退化,内部有脂滴产生,因此推断香螺卵母细胞的营养方式为自体合成和异体合成两种.     

PTF 11kx: a type Ia supernova with a symbiotic nova progenitor

There is a consensus that type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) arise from the thermonuclear explosion of white dwarf stars that accrete matter from a binary companion. However, direct observation of SN Ia progenitors is lacking, and the precise nature of the binary companion remains uncertain. A temporal series of high-resolution optical spectra of the SN Ia PTF 11kx reveals a complex circumstellar environment that provides an unprecedentedly detailed view of the progenitor system. Multiple shells of circumstellar material are detected, and the SN ejecta are seen to interact with circumstellar material starting 59 days after the explosion. These features are best described by a symbiotic nova progenitor, similar to RS Ophiuchi.     

2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌的分离与初步分类鉴定

从陕西杨凌采集的昆虫病原线虫S teinernem a sp.YL 001和S teinernem a sp.YL 002肠道内分别分离到1株具有较高杀虫和抑菌活性的共生菌菌株YL 001和YL 002,并对其从形态特征、培养特性及生理生化特征等方面进行了鉴定。结果表明,YL 001和YL 002菌株分别为嗜线虫致病杆菌(X enorhabdus nem a toph ila)和伯氏致病杆菌(X enorhabdus bov ien ii)。     

Honeyguides and honey gatherers: interspecific communication in a symbiotic relationship

In many parts of Africa, people searching for honey are led to bees' nests by the greater honeyguide (Indicator indicator Sparrman). The Boran people of Kenya claim that they can deduce the direction and the distance to the nest as well as their own arrival at the nest from the bird's flight pattern, perching height, and calls. Analyses of the behavior of guiding birds confirmed these claims.     

木薯间作玉米共生期间的作物生长及根系互作

【目的】探究不同间作模式对木薯和玉米共生期间的农艺性状、根系分布、土壤理化性状和根系养分含量的影响,为优化木薯间作玉米高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】以华南9号食用木薯和特早熟糯玉808鲜食玉米为试验材料,设等行距、宽窄行单作木薯及木薯等行距间作1行玉米、宽窄行间作2行玉米共4个处理,对比分析二者共生期间的农艺性状、三维立体根系分布以及不同土层的土壤理化性状和根系养分含量。【结果】宽窄行的木薯和玉米地上部长势均优于等行距。宽窄行间作比等行距增产玉米21.1%。单株的玉米、木薯根系均以植株为中心水平对称,由里向外呈由密至疏分布;单株玉米根系呈上密下疏、上窄下宽分布,68.7%~77.3%根重、46.2%~49.4%根长、52.7%~59.3%根表面积聚集在玉米行两侧各宽10 cm、深10 cm土带内;单株木薯根系呈上密下疏、上宽下窄分布,细根的50.8%~61.4%根长、47.7%~57.2%根表面积聚集在木薯种茎基端线两侧各宽20 cm、深10 cm土带内,而粗根的35.7%~42.0%根长、39.3%~48.8%根表面积和35.9%~46.3%总根重聚集在木薯种茎基端线两侧各宽20 cm、种茎中线两侧各宽30 cm、深10 cm土块内。土壤碱解氮、速效磷钾及作物根系磷钾含量基本呈表层（0~10 cm） > 中层（10~20 cm） > 深层（20~30 cm）的分布规律,而作物根系氮含量则表现相反规律;土壤和木薯、玉米根系的氮磷钾含量基本呈间作 > 单作,其中,宽窄行间作玉米的绝大部分养分指标为最高。【结论】玉米和木薯根系虽穿插生长,但其密集生长带（块）互不重叠,为弱竞争关系,以宽窄行为优,且宽窄行木薯间作玉米有利于提高两者的根系养分、土壤养分含量和玉米产量,故生产中推荐宽窄行木薯间作玉米模式。     

2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌代谢产物的抑菌作用

嗜线虫致病杆菌Xenorhabdus nematophila YL001(简称YL001)和伯氏致病杆菌Xenorhabdusbovienii YL002(简称YL002)是分别从陕西杨凌土壤中筛选的2株昆虫病原线虫体内分离鉴定获得的共生菌。对这2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵液及其无菌滤液的抑菌作用进行了研究。室内活性测定结果表明,2菌株对供试的14种植物病原真菌和5种病原细菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。其中,YL001发酵液对烟草赤星菌、番茄早疫菌、辣椒疫霉菌、南瓜枯萎菌、黄瓜炭疽菌和稻瘟菌,YL002发酵液对辣椒疫霉菌、黄瓜炭疽菌、稻瘟菌和小麦纹枯菌的抑制率均在75%-100%;无菌滤液仅对辣椒疫霉菌有较强的抑制作用,EC50分别为16.65和15.19 mL/L;YL001和YL002发酵液及其无菌滤液均对水稻白叶枯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有较强的抑制作用,对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的抑制作用较弱。盆栽试验结果表明,辣椒种子用YL001和YL002发酵液处理后,对辣椒疫霉病的防治效果分别为60.6%和73.2%;100 mL/L发酵液处理土壤后,对辣椒疫霉病的防治效果分别为48.72%和74.34%。     

2株昆虫病原线虫共生菌发酵物杀虫活性研究

【目的】研究嗜线虫致病杆菌X.nematophilaYL001(YL001菌株)和伯氏致病杆菌X.bovieniiYL002(YL002菌株)发酵物的杀虫活性,为昆虫病原线虫共生菌生物农药的开发和抗虫基因工程研究提供理论依据。【方法】采用注射法、浸液法及小叶碟添加法,分别测定了YL001和YL002菌株发酵无菌滤液,对大蜡螟、粘虫、小菜蛾及棉铃虫的血腔毒性及毒杀、生长抑制和拒食活性,并对其特性进行了初步检测。【结果】YL001和YL002菌株无菌滤液对大蜡螟和粘虫5龄幼虫均具有较高的血腔毒性,用其不同培养时间的无菌滤液处理大蜡螟和粘虫,48 h后大蜡螟的死亡率均为100%,粘虫的死亡率随共生菌培养时间的延长而逐渐降低。YL001和YL002菌株的无菌滤液对小菜蛾3龄幼虫和棉铃虫初孵幼虫的毒杀活性和生长抑制活性均较低,对5龄棉铃虫幼虫的拒食活性也很低,48 h的平均拒食率分别为24.0%和29.0%。2菌株无菌滤液经50℃处理后,对大蜡螟5龄幼虫的血腔毒性无影响;经70℃处理后毒力明显降低。2菌株无菌滤液对蛋白酶较敏感。【结论】YL001和YL002菌株对害虫有较高的血腔毒性,但毒杀、生长抑制及拒食活性较低,其血腔毒素可能主要是蛋白类物质。     

应用种特异性ITS引物(SS-ITS)鉴别新菠萝灰粉蚧

[目的]研究新菠萝灰粉蚧的种特异性ITS引物,以快速准确鉴定该虫,可为口岸快速通关提供依据.[方法]采用PCR扩增方法,首次测定分析了11种粉蚧39个样品的新菠萝灰粉蚧及其他粉蚧的rDNA ITS全序列.基于ITS区序列差异设计了针对新菠萝灰粉蚧的特异性引物,通过筛选引物退火温度、优化PCR反应条件建立了新菠萝灰粉蚧的快速分子鉴定方法.[结果]种特异性ITS引物只对新菠萝灰粉蚧有扩增条带,能有效扩增出约665 bp的DNA片段,其余种类均未有扩增条带.灵敏度试验结果显示该对引物灵敏度高,其检测限可达0.1 ng/μL.[结论]采用设计的ITS区种特异性引物可以对新菠萝灰粉蚧进行快速分子鉴定,该方法可为口岸一线检测鉴定提供参考.     

菜蚜茧蜂对4种蔬菜蚜虫的控制作用研究

菜蚜茧蜂(Diaeretiella rapae)是蔬菜蚜虫的重要天敌。为了明确菜蚜茧蜂对我国常见4种蔬菜蚜虫的控制作用,通过室内试验,研究了菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜、甘蓝蚜、豌豆蚜和蚕豆蚜的寄生作用。结果表明:菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜和甘蓝蚜具有较好的控制作用,放蜂后21 d,其寄生率多在20%以上;对豌豆蚜的寄生作用较弱,放蜂后21 d,寄生率最高不超过10%;对蚕豆蚜寄生率最低,多在1%左右,只有极少数蚜虫被寄生。     

(S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine: An Aliphatic Nucleoside Analog with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity

(S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine, a novel nucleoside analog, the sugar moiety of which is replaced by an aliphatic chain, inhibits the replication in vitro of several DNA and RNA viruses, including vaccinia, herpes simplex (types 1 and 2), measles, and vesicular stomatitis. It is also effective in vivo in reducing the mortality rate of mice inoculated intranasally with vesicular stomatitis virus.     

Cubic AgPb(m)SbTe(2+m): bulk thermoelectric materials with high figure of merit

The conversion of heat to electricity by thermoelectric devices may play a key role in the future for energy production and utilization. However, in order to meet that role, more efficient thermoelectric materials are needed that are suitable for high-temperature applications. We show that the material system AgPb(m)SbTe(2+m) may be suitable for this purpose. With m = 10 and 18 and doped appropriately, n-type semiconductors can be produced that exhibit a high thermoelectric figure of merit material ZTmax of approximately 2.2 at 800 kelvin. In the temperature range 600 to 900 kelvin, the AgPb(m)SbTe(2+m) material is expected to outperform all reported bulk thermoelectrics, thereby earmarking it as a material system for potential use in efficient thermoelectric power generation from heat sources.     

Collagen: relatively invariant (helical) and variable (nonhelical) regions

The structural identity of certain helical regions of collagen from human and rat skin equals or exceeds that of other homologous proteins. In contrast, the short nonhelical sequences in the two proteins, although homologous, differ appreciably in structure. The requirements of the collagen helix and the numerous intermolecular interactions characteristic of collagen may restrict the number of functionally acceptable amino acid replacements occurring during evolution.     

中国厚结猛蚁属记述(膜翅目 蚁科 猛蚁亚科)

首次对中国的厚结猛蚁属 (PachycondylaSmith)种类作全面报道 ,共记载1 7个种 .其中 ,邵氏厚结猛蚁 [P sauteri (Forel) ]为中国大陆新分布种 .编制了工蚁分种检索表 ,提供了各个种的简要描述和测量数据 .     

Pyrrhotites: Stoichiometric Compounds with Composition Fen--1Sn (nge8)

A new type of natural pyrrhotite, orthorhombic 11C type (a = 6.892, b = 11.952, c = 5.744 x 11 angstroms), and the hexagonal 6C type (a = 6.89, c = 5.76 x 6 angstroms) are described. Their compositions are Fe(10)S(11) and Fe(11)S(12), respectively. Pyrrhotites stable in nature have essentially stoichiometric composition, Fe(n)-(l)S(n) (n>/=8), with the structures of n/2C type for n even and of nC type for n odd. The solid solutions between Fe(11)S(12) and Fe(10)S(11), and between Fe(10)S(11) and Fe(9)S(10) are considered metastable in nature.     

宝鸡至汉中(陕川界)高速公路边坡植被防护技术的研究（英文）

随着我国高速公路建设快速发展以及人类环境保护意识的不断增强,边坡植被护坡技术越来越受到重视,在高速公路建设中被广泛应用。宝汉高速(宝鸡至汉中)从生态的角度出发,最大限度地采用了边坡植被护坡技术,并在生态防护的基础上,兼顾良好景观的形成。根据目前国内外边坡植被护坡技术的现状和发展趋势,综合运用植物学、水土保持工程、风景园林等诸多学科的知识,介绍了宝汉高速公路边坡植被护坡技术,探索了一条成本低、效果好、适合宝汉高速公路边坡实际情况的生物复合护坡十大理想模式,使生态防护既能满足护坡固坡、防止冲刷的工程要求,又能因地制宜。该技术与周围生态景观有机地相结合,促进我国高速公路边坡生态防护事业的发展。     

越冬对腰带长体茧蜂及亚洲玉米螟的影响

以寄生率、体重、化蛹率为指标，从协同进化的角度研究分析了越冬对腰带长体茧蜂Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke及其寄主亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee)的影响。结果表明：越冬使腰带长体茧蜂的寄生率大幅度下降；该蜂能够调节玉米螟的生长发育、促使玉米螟体重增加。分析认为：越冬淘汰了对玉米螟调节能力弱的腰带长体茧蜂个体和防御能力差的亚洲玉米螟个体，选择保留了适应性强的茧蜂和玉米螟个体。越冬是腰带长体茧蜂与玉米螟协同进化的推动力量之一。     

High-Tc Molecular-Based Magnets: Ferrimagnetic Mixed-Valence Chromium(III)-Chromium(II) Cyanides with Tc at 240 and 190 Kelvin

Molecular-based magnets with high magnetic-ordering temperatures, T(c), can be obtained by mild chemistry methods by focusing on the bimetallic and mixed-valence transition metal micro-cyanide of the Prussian blue family. A simple orbital model was used to predict the electronic structure of the metal ions required to achieve a high ordering temperature. The synthesis and magnetic properties of two compounds, [Cr(5)(CN)(12)].10H(2)O and Cs(0.75) [Cr(2.125)(CN)(6)].5H(2)O, which exhibited magnetic-ordering temperatures of 240 and 190 kelvin, respectively, are reported, together with the strategy for further work.