Survival of Fusarium circinatum in soil and Pinus radiata needle and branch segments

Survival of Fusarium circinatum in colonized pine needles and wood pieces was measured. Naturally colonized branches and their needles were cut into small pieces and placed in mesh bags on the soil surface at two locations in northern Spain. Pieces were recovered periodically, cultured on a selective medium, and microscopically examined to identify the species. After 507 days, F. circinatum was recovered from 0 to 27% of the wood pieces and from none of the needles. After 858 days, F. circinatum was not recovered from any wood pieces but was found to be present on 1 out of 220 needle pieces analysed. Artificially infested pieces of wood and needles were placed on 5‐mm sieved soil either in plastic boxes at controlled temperature or in mesh bags under field conditions. No survival was recorded after 794 days under field conditions and the decline over time occurred more rapidly in inoculated pieces under field conditions. Soil was also infested with conidia of F. circinatum and survival was estimated. No conidia were recovered after 224 days at 30 °C, although at 20 and 5 °C the respective populations were 20 and 3700 cfu/g soil. Fusarium circinatum was not recovered from 2‐mm‐sieved soil collected under pitch canker‐infected pines. Results indicate that branch segments and needles naturally colonized by F. circinatum will not be a potential source of inoculum, and the fungus in soil is not likely to contribute to reinfection of new plantations after 2 years.     

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78(±0.85) and 1.06(±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height(DBH) were 3.21(±1.38) and 2.91(±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00(±1.14) and 2.24(±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.     

有害生物风险评估方法在北京市农业植物检疫工作中的应用

本文结合北京市农业植物检疫工作实际,融合定性、定量有害生物风险评估方法,系统地开展了有害生物风险分析。在定性评估中,进行适生性、经济重要性等定性分析,明确我市具有较高传入风险的潜在检疫性有害生物52种(属);在定量评估中,首次提出以乡镇为基本单元,研究建立了基于乡(镇)、区(县)、全市的层级递进式有害生物风险评估方法,确定了风险值为3.0以上的高风险重点防控检疫性有害生物16种(属)及重点监测区域。并在此基础上提出了相应的风险管理对策。     

黑龙江大豆生产时空分析与风险评估

基于黑龙江省大豆产量锐减和自然灾害加重的背景,依据1993—2012年13个地市和农垦总局(ARB)20 a的产量数据,运用数理统计和单产分布模拟推导法,分析了黑龙江大豆产量时空变化,并评估了相应的生产风险。结果表明:2005年黑龙江大豆产量达到峰值748万t,2012年产量直线下降至463.4万t;2012年,齐齐哈尔、农垦总局和黑河为黑龙江三大主产区,产量占全省的55.73%,发生灾害的概率分别为41.61%、18.78%和41.11%,全省灾害发生概率最高的是大兴安岭46.42%,最低的是农垦总局18.78%;齐齐哈尔和黑河作为黑龙江大豆主产区,灾害风险相对较高,在灾害防御投入、政策补贴等方面应优先考虑。     

松阳县古松树的松材线虫病现状调查与分析

古松树是历史的见证,是文化的承载,其保护工作具有重要意义,但因松材线虫的传播侵染,其生存状况不容乐观。本研究以松阳古松树为对象,基于分子检测技术,对其松材线虫病现状进行了调查与分析。结果表明,有12个乡镇近60%的古松树均已感病,疫情较为严重,需及时开展抗病保护工作。     

马铃薯甲虫入侵宁夏的风险分析

参照国际上有害生物风险分析方法,从定性分析和定量分析相结合对马铃薯甲虫在宁夏的风险性进行了综合评价。通过分析,马铃薯甲虫在宁夏具有大面积的适宜寄主、极强的适应性,且能造成巨大经济损失,其风险值R为2.22,因此确定马铃薯甲虫在宁夏属于高度危险性的有害生物,应采取多种措施,加强对其风险管理。     

Temporal variation in contamination of pine engraver beetles with Fusarium circinatum in native Monterey pine forests in California

The relative importance of beetle species associated with Fusarium circinatum‐infected Monterey pines was investigated in three Monterey pine forests along the coast of central California, USA from April to November in 2004 and 2005. Fusarium circinatum was frequently isolated from Ips mexicanus and I. plastographus. The mean percentage isolation based upon numbers of I. mexicanus and I. plastographus carrying propagules of F. circinatum was 17·7 and 10·9% in 2004 and 16·7 and 17·3% in 2005, respectively. The mean percentage isolation was high in the spring and early summer and low in late summer and autumn in all three locations for both species. Isolation was higher from beetles emerging from harvested F. circinatum‐infected pine‐stems than for trapped beetles, 42·4% for I. mexicanus and 45·9% for I. plastographus. The mean (± SE) propagule load of trapped I. mexicanus was 269·5 (± 14·1) in 2004 and 281·7 (± 35·7) in 2005 and was 216·1 (± 28·9) in 2004 and 251·9 (± 28·4) in 2005 for I. plastographus. Mean propagule loads decreased from May to November in all locations for both species. Propagule loads of beetles emerged from infected stems were lower than that of trapped beetles, with means of 89·4 (± 23·2) and 93·0 (± 23·2) for I. mexicanus and I. plastographus, respectively. Thus beetles must acquire fungal propagules from more than one infected host. These results also suggest that higher contamination rates and propagule loads in spring and early summer may indicate a higher risk of pitch canker transmission, relative to late summer or autumn.     

基于灰色关联度分析气候因素对江西省松材线虫病的影响

为分析不同气候因素对松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus引起的松材线虫病的影响程度,本文以江西省全南县(代表赣南,松墨天牛一年2代)和德兴市(代表赣北,松墨天牛一年1代)遭受松材线虫病危害的马尾松林生态系统为研究对象,获取2018年-2021年松材线虫病普查数据和1990年-2021年的主要气象因子数据,结合滑动平均法和灰色关联度分析法比较分析两地的气候差异和疫情年间气候变化对松材线虫病发病面积的影响。结果显示:除德兴市的年均相对湿度和年降水量与历年平均值相比有所降低外,两地其他气象因子均呈上升趋势;灰色关联度分析表明,年均最高气温和年均风速是影响赣南松材线虫疫情的重要气象因子,年均最高气温和年降水量是影响赣北松材线虫疫情的重要气象因子;气温升高促进松材线虫和其媒介昆虫的生长繁殖与活动,风速升高可使媒介昆虫远距离传播松材线虫,降水量减少可降低松材线虫和媒介昆虫染病死亡几率。赣南赣北气候的整体变化趋势都有利于松材线虫病的扩散蔓延。     

马铃薯甲虫入侵云南省的风险性分析及管理对策

马铃薯甲虫（Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)）是马铃薯的一种毁灭性害虫,扩散迅速,防控困难,已被许多国家列为检疫对象。云南是我国马铃薯的主要产区,目前云南省马铃薯种植区尚未发现该虫的发生与危害。为探明马铃薯甲虫在云南省的风险性,本文依据国际有害生物风险分析原则,以云南省的气候、马铃薯种植情况及马铃薯甲虫的生物学特性为基础,利用外来入侵有害生物多指标综合评价体系,对马铃薯甲虫入侵云南的风险性进行了分析。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫入侵云南的风险值为2.24,属于高度风险类型。同时,根据马铃薯甲虫较高的入侵云南的潜在风险,本文还提出了对马铃薯甲虫入侵风险管理的对策。     

辽宁省危险性林业有害生物风险分析指标体系的评价

本文采用专家依据《辽宁省林业危险性有害生物风险分析指标体系》对8种林业有害生物进行综合分析的数据作为研究对象,比较了各项因子对指标体系的影响度。针对其中有害生物风险分析指标体系的评价结果表明,指标层中设计的指标是相关的,但是仍有进一步完善的空间,并且"定殖和扩散的可能性"与"受害寄主经济重要性"两项指标的影响度最大;针对其中有害植物风险分析指标体系的评价结果表明,专家对影响有害植物风险程度因素的看法基本一致,并且"潜在经济危害性"与"辽宁地区分布情况"这两项指标对有害植物风险程度影响尤为明显。     

黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒在我国定殖和扩散的风险性分析

参照国际上有害生物风险性分析（pest risk analysis, PRA）方法,从定性分析和定量评估两个层面对黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒（Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, CGMMV）的危险性进行了综合评价。从CGMMV的地理分布、侵入后定殖、扩散的可能性等对其进行研究分析,认为CGMMV具有广泛的适宜寄主、极强的适生性及多种传播方式,风险值R为2.39,已给我国葫芦科作物如西瓜造成巨大经济损失,因此断定其定殖、扩散的可能性极高,属于高度危险性的有害生物,应加强对其的风险管理。     

广西大石山区农业干旱灾害综合风险管理战略

伴随着我国干旱灾害管理从危机模式到综合风险模式的转变,以广西大石山岩溶区为研究对象,在对该区近20年农业干旱灾害调查分析的基础上,采用模糊信息扩散方法对该区26个县农业干旱风险进行了评估。研究结果表明:广西大石山区近20年来平均每2年至少会发生农业干旱1次,且强度呈逐渐增加的变化趋势;该区平均发生轻度、中度、重度和特大农业干旱灾害的频次分别为1.3年/次、2.2年/次、6.3年/次、15.3年/次。根据区域干旱灾害风险模型:区域干旱灾害风险=(危险性H×暴露性E×脆弱性V)/抗旱减灾能力C,加强该区抗旱减灾能力建设是有效应对日益复杂的干旱灾害和减轻灾害风险最有效的途径和手段。广西大石山区应开展具有可操作性的干旱防备与应对系统以实现该区干旱灾害综合风险管理战略的实施。     

城市绿地有害生物风险分析体系构建及应用

为探索建立统一的城市绿地有害生物风险评价尺度,引入有害生物风险分析(PRA)理论.基于国际PRA规定程序,结合城市绿地生态系统特点及模糊数学理论,利用德尔菲法及层次分析法,探讨城市绿地有害生物风险分析体系工作程序、评价指标和评价值的计算方法.利用此方法评价了上海城市绿地中新发现的16种害虫和7种病害的风险性.结果表明:咖啡豹蠹蛾等3种害虫、柳杉赤枯等4种病害风险指数在0.6～0.8,风险级别为高;棉褐带卷叶蛾等9种害虫、杨树锈病等3种病害风险指数在0.4～0.6,风险级别为中;木樨瘿螨等4种害虫风险指数在0.2～0.4,风险级别为低.根据不同风险等级,提出相关风险管理策略.     

松材线虫对江西林业和生态环境影响的评估及风险管理

以有害生物风险分析(Pest Risk Analysis,简称PRA)原理为依据,对松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)对江西林业生态环境的影响进行风险评估,认为松材线虫在江西符合检疫性有害生物的地理分布管理标准.江西具备松材线虫生存及蔓延扩散的寄主植物、传播媒介和环境条件.松材线虫随松类植物及产品的调运从境外传入江西后具有蔓延扩散并暴发成灾的潜在风险,对江西林业生产和生态环境及风景名胜区构成了严重威胁.为此,提出了降低松材线虫病风险的管理措施,供江西有关林业部门参考.     

Spatial patterns of spear rot in oil palm plantations in Surinam

As the aetiology of spear rot of oil palm is unknown, indirect methods were applied to study its putative infectiousness by analysing data from commercial oil palm plantations in Surinam. Geostatistics and gradient analysis were used to examine the spatial variation of spear rot disease in 13 blocks at two plantations. In two blocks, which had low spear rot incidence initially, the variogram indicated that affected trees were not spatially related, suggesting that infection came from various distant sources. Later, the semivariances in one of these two blocks and in seven others, calculated for successive dates, showed a linear increase with distance. The variograms for four blocks showed a nonlinear increase in variance. Over the years, the variograms suggested that the variation in spear rot was anisotropic, with more spatial dependence in a westerly direction. Classical analysis of disease gradients over time confirmed that there was a preferential direction of disease spread. The data are compatible with the following hypotheses: (1) spear rot is an infectious disease; (2) the causal agent of spear rot is vector-borne, the vector being displaceable by wind; and (3) spear rot appears in two distinct phases, phase 1 being characterized by few randomly scattered trees, phase 2 by focal spread of disease starting from such scattered trees. The trigger of the change from phase 1 to phase 2 remains unknown.     

Distribution and persistence of emamectin benzoate at efficacious concentrations in pine tissues after injection of a liquid formulation

In an earlier paper the authors reported the creation of a novel emamectin benzoate 40 g litre(-1) liquid formulation (Shot Wan Liquid Formulation). The injection of this formulation exerted a preventative effect against the pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, and this effect lasted for at least 3 years. The present study was carried out to show experimentally that the marked effect of this formulation was due to the presence and persistence in pine tissues of sufficient amounts of emamectin benzoate to inhibit nematode propagation. A cleanup procedure prior to quantitative analysis of emamectin benzoate by fluorescence HPLC was devised. The presence of the compound in concentrations sufficient to inhibit nematode propagation in the shoots of current growth and its persistence for 3 years explained the marked preventative effect. Non-distribution of emamectin benzoate in some parts of the lower trunk suggested that the formulation should be injected at several points for large trees in order to distribute the compound uniformly to lower branches.     

中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种及其中杀虫剂对蜜蜂的初级风险评估

对目前中国主要蜜源作物上登记的农药品种进行了梳理,并采用现有的风险评估标准方法,对其中毒死蜱、吡虫啉等共61种杀虫剂对蜜蜂的风险进行了初级评估。结果表明:在58种喷雾施用的杀虫剂中,35种对蜜蜂的风险商值均大于1,风险为不可接受;其余23种的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受;所评估的6种土壤或种子处理内吸性杀虫剂中,5种对蜜蜂的风险商值大于1,风险为不可接受,仅氯虫苯甲酰胺的风险商值小于1,风险为可接受。但由于文中是以药剂在所登记作物上的单次最高施药剂量为暴露量进行的初级评估,并未考虑农药在花粉、花蜜中的降解及降雨引起的淋洗损耗,以及施药时间与作物花期之间的关系等影响因素,因而使得评估结果具有较大的保守性。研究结果一方面可为这些农药的合理使用和管理提供参考,另一方面提示了目前中国关于农药对蜜蜂的初级风险评估程序需进一步优化。     

光照对松材线虫病潜育期的影响

应用相关回归方法，分析了黑松接种松材线虫后，病害的潜育期与环境中的日平均温度、日平均日照时数的关系。结果显示，病害潜育期与日平均温度呈显著负相关，与日平均日照时数呈显著负相关。     

黄土高原子午岭油松林管理方式对黑碳和颗粒有机碳积累的影响

对黄土高原子午岭油松林不同管理方式下土壤的黑碳(BC)、有机碳(POC)和活性有机碳(LOC)的空间分布和积累进行了研究.结果表明,各种管理方式的油松林其POC、LOC和BC由表层至下层均呈显著的降低规律性.各种管理方式油松林0～10cm土层以BC>POC>LOC,10～20 cm土层中,天然油松林和粗放管理型油松林B...     

麦长管蚜在北京地区发生危害风险模拟研究

本文对北京市温度、降水量、麦长管蚜发生量风险因子进行等级划分之后,采用相关分析方法、分级随机模拟方法、马尔柯夫链(MarkovChain)方法等,在麦长管蚜风险函数模型的基础上,对麦长管蚜进行了风险模拟。计算出北京市麦长管蚜的风险概率、风险后果和风险值。结果表明,北京市麦长管蚜发生危害的风险高,1～2级的发生风险很低,4～5级的风险较大,5级的发生风险最高。