溢油污染事故后渔业生产恢复辅助决策系统研究

为解决溢油应急处置后海水中多环芳烃等石油污染残留物对水生生物产生影响等一系列问题,研究了溢油污染事故发生后渔业生产恢复辅助决策的相关因素,提出了基于模型库的溢油污染事故后续生产恢复辅助决策方案,给出了溢油渔业生产恢复辅助决策算法,建立了溢油生产恢复辅助决策系统。结果表明:该系统可在溢油污染应急处置后,按照渔业生产水质标准的要求,确定合适的修复方案,从而辅助渔业生产恢复工作;用仿真数据对系统进行的测试结果表明,该系统能够满足海洋渔业管理部门在溢油事故发生后进行渔业生产恢复辅助决策的需要。     

溢油污染事故后渔业生产恢复辅助决策系统研究

为解决溢油应急处置后海水中多环芳烃等石油污染残留物对水生生物产生影响等一系列问题,研究了溢油污染事故发生后渔业生产恢复辅助决策的相关因素,提出了基于模型库的溢油污染事故后续生产恢复辅助决策方案,给出了溢油渔业生产恢复辅助决策算法,建立了溢油生产恢复辅助决策系统。结果表明:该系统可在溢油污染应急处置后,按照渔业生产水质标准的要求,确定合适的修复方案,从而辅助渔业生产恢复工作;用仿真数据对系统进行的测试结果表明,该系统能够满足海洋渔业管理部门在溢油事故发生后进行渔业生产恢复辅助决策的需要。     

Earthquake-caused coastal uplift and its effects on rocky intertidal kelp communities

The coastal uplift(approximately 40 to 60 centimeters) associated with the Chilean earthquake of 3 March 1985 caused extensive mortality of intertidal organisms at the Estación Costera de Investigaciones Marinas, Las Cruces. The kelp belt of the laminarian Lessonia nigrescens was particularly affected. Most of the primary space liberated at the upper border of this belt was invaded by species of barnacles, which showed an opportunistic colonization strategy. Drastic modifications in the environment such as coastal uplift, subsidence, or the effects of the El Ni?o phenomenon are characteristic of the southern Pacific. Modifications in the marine ecosystem that generate catastrophic and widespread mortalities of intertidal organisms can affect species composition, diversity, or local biogeography.     

平湖原油对海洋生物的急性毒性效应

为探究平湖原油及其水溶性组分(WAF)对海洋生物的毒性效应,分别进行了平湖原油及原油的水溶性组分(WAF)对鲻鱼、脊尾白虾、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏的急性毒性实验。实验结果表明,平湖原油及其WAF与鲻鱼、脊尾白虾、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏均存在显著的剂量-效应关系。平湖原油对鲻鱼、脊尾白虾、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏的96 h LC50为865 mg/L、343 mg/L、5 221 mg/L、2 441 mg/L,原油WAF对鲻鱼、脊尾白虾、菲律宾蛤仔、缢蛏的96 h LC50为1.697 mg/L、0.645 mg/L、4.535 mg/L、5.783 mg/L。     

海洋文化因素对滨海旅游的影响力(综述)

滨海旅游中文化要素的价值越来越受到学术界的广泛关注,国内外学者的研究在文化要素的量化方法上存在显著的差异。这些研究方法可归纳为两类,一类是从需求的角度研究消费者对文化的感知来对其价值做出评价,另一类是从古典经济学理论供给方面把文化要素作为一种等同于劳动力和资本的生产要素建立计量经济学模型来量化其作用。文章对已有文献进行梳理,为滨海旅游中文化要素的合理开发和应用方面的进一步研究提供思路。     

Evolution of paleozoic marine invertebrate communities

Communities of Paleozoic shelf invertebrates underwent varied rates of change in faunal composition. Notable changes took place during Late Devonian-Early Mississippian time and were most noticeable in ofishore brachiopod-dominated communities. Near-shore molluscan communities remained relatively stable throughout the Paleozoic.     

Metagenomic analysis of coastal RNA virus communities

RNA viruses infect marine organisms from bacteria to whales, but RNA virus communities in the sea remain essentially unknown. Reverse-transcribed whole-genome shotgun sequencing was used to characterize the diversity of uncultivated marine RNA virus assemblages. A diverse assemblage of RNA viruses, including a broad group of marine picorna-like viruses, and distant relatives of viruses infecting arthropods and higher plants were found. Communities were dominated by distinct genotypes with small genome sizes, and we completely assembled the genomes of several hitherto undiscovered viruses. Our results show that the oceans are a reservoir of previously unknown RNA viruses.     

The onshore transport of an oil spill by internal waves

Internal waves generated by tidal currents concentrated and transported an oil spill (liquid asphalt) onshore. Plankton net samples were collected in front of and behind a set of internal waves as well as in the convergence and divergence zones over the waves. Tar "balls" were most abundant (greater than 30-fold) in the samples from the convergence zone. Comparison of the abundance of tar balls in front of and behind the set of waves suggests that the internal waves "caught" about 68% of the asphalt encountered and concentrated and swept shoreward tar balls from almost 8 kilometers of ocean.     

长江河口内溢油轨迹的数值模拟研究

构建了海洋与溢油模型相耦合的长江河口的溢油轨迹预报系统,海洋模型能较好模拟该海域的表层流场;溢油模型采用拉格朗日和随机游走的油粒子追踪法,可快速预测油粒子的漂移扩散轨迹和扫海面积。研究表明,大潮时溢油的油粒子的分布范围和扫海面积均比小潮时刻大,在南支溢出的油粒子会漂移到南、北港和南、北槽,对生态环境危害最大,会影响陈行和青草沙两大水库取水口,并对中华鲟和九段沙湿地保护区产生潜在的生态危害;在北支溢出的油粒子主要分布在北支水道和两岸,如果溢油点位于上段会倒灌进南支水道,将会产生较大的生态危害;在南港溢出的油粒子会漂移到南北槽,不会对两大水库和中华鲟保护区产生危害,但会对九段沙保护区造成潜在的危害;在北港溢出的油粒子则会漂移到崇明岛外海,且扩散范围很大,只对中华鲟保护区造成危害。     

Bacterioplankton: a sink for carbon in a coastal marine plankton community

Recent determinations of high production rates (up to 30 percent of primary production in surface waters) implicate free-living marine bacterioplankton as a link in a "microbial loop" that supplements phytoplankton as food for herbivores. An enclosed water column of 300 cubic meters was used to test the microbial loop hypothesis by following the fate of carbon-14-labeled bacterioplankton for over 50 days. Only 2 percent of the label initially fixed from carbon-14-labeled glucose by bacteria was present in larger organisms after 13 days, at which time about 20 percent of the total label added remained in the particulate fraction. Most of the label appeared to pass directly from particles smaller than 1 micrometer (heterotrophic bacterioplankton and some bacteriovores) to respired labeled carbon dioxide or to regenerated dissolved organic carbon-14. Secondary (and, by implication, primary) production by organisms smaller than 1 micrometer may not be an important food source in marine food chains. Bacterioplankton can be a sink for carbon in planktonic food webs and may serve principally as agents of nutrient regeneration rather than as food.     

福建海岛亚热带灌丛的极点排序

应用极点排序法对福建海岛灌丛群落样地进行排序 ,排序结果与聚类的结果基本一致 ,表明了极点排序法可以揭示灌丛群落之间的相互联系以及群落分布与环境之间的关系 ,有助于灌丛群落的分类研究     

Middle and late eocene mammal communities: a major discrepancy

The multituberculate Parectypodus lovei has been found in late Eocene rocks in Montana, together with 11 other mammal species similar to those found in the late Eocene Tepee Trail Formation in Wyoming.The multituberculate and six other species are unknown in rocks of equivalent age or of middle Eocene age elsewhere.It is suggested that the known middle Eocene faunas are all taken from a similar ecological situation and do not reflect the true diversity of middle Eocene life. Middle Eocene faunas of different ecological aspect may be recovered from sediments along, and in, the mountain fronts of northwestern Wyoming.     

基于GNOME的长江口锚地溢油模拟

基于GNOME溢油模型模拟长江口外锚地发生溢油时的漂移轨迹与扩散情况,先利用FVCOM建立潮流场,并选用主导风作为常风场,一起输入GNOME溢油模型,以中质原油为油种,模拟了100 t溢油量下、一个潮周期内涨急、涨憩、落急、落憩4个时段发生溢油后4 d中的溢油轨迹和最终分布,通过计算1 d的溢油扩散面积及距离来讨论风向与流场共同作用下对油膜漂移扩散的影响。结果表明:无风情形下溢油向西南方向扩散;西北风情形下的溢油均呈螺旋状向南扩散;东南风情形下的溢油除涨急时向北漂移外,其余均在杭州湾近上海海域振荡,部分吸附于上海岸线;1 d中西北风情形下的油膜质心漂移距离大于东南风下,溢油扩散面积上则相反。     

基于多源遥感数据的大连新港海域溢油诊断

利用MODIS和Radarsat-2遥感数据对大连新港2010年7月16日的海上溢油信息进行提取分析,经过预处理的MODIS遥感数据,采用波段运算提取出溢油信息。较高分辨率的Radarsat-2数据经过几何校正、滤波等预处理,根据溢油的特点采用纹理分析法提取出边界明显的溢油信息,并与MODIS的溢油结果进行比较分析,排除MODIS图像上的非溢油信息,实现两种数据的优势互补。利用ArcGIS 9.3软件分别对2010年7月18日的MODIS数据和2010年7月19日的Radarsat-2数据提取出的溢油区域进行面积计算,其结果分别为174km2和198 km2与中国海监船的报道相符合,说明了此方法的可行性。     

硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%,但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年）,美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年）,而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变,生境丧失和破碎化,以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁,但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏,有待进一步研究。