Major element variation and possible source materials of apollo 12 crystalline rocks

Nine different crystalline rocks of the Apollo 12 samples have been analyzed with conventional chemical rock analysis methods. Five of the rocks have normative quartz, whereas the others have normative olivine and hypersthene. The rocks show a wide range in the ratio of iron to magnesium, and their compositions fall on relatively smooth curves in the oxide variation diagram. It is suggested that these rocks, with one exception, represent different parts of a differentiated magmatic body, in which magmatic differentiation by crystallization and settling of olivine was most effective. The source material of the original magma may be peridotite with or without minor amounts of plagioclase or spinel or garnet, with the presence or absence of these minerals dependent on the depth of magma generation.     

立方尖晶石C3N4硬度的理论研究

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,在广义梯度近似和局域密度近似下,计算了立方尖晶石C3N4的体变模量,切变模量和维氏硬度。结果表明：维氏硬度相对于体变模量和切变模量能更好地描述立方尖晶石C3N4的硬度,C3N4的维氏硬度约为72GPa,且有较高的电子密度,较短的键长和较大的共价性。     

Chemical Composition of the Lunar Surface in a Terra Region near the Crater Tycho

More precise and comprehensive analytical results for lunar surface material in a terra region have been derived from the data of the alpha-scattering experiment on Surveyor 7. The silicon content and the low sodium abundance are close to that of mare material. The abundances of titanium and iron are at least a factor of 2 lower, whereas the abundances of aluminum and calcium are significantly higher. The analytical results provide direct evidence for chemical differentiation in the moon and indicate a lunar crust of appreciably lower density than the whole moon and with lower density and higher albedo than lunar mare material.     

Ammonia synthesis from first-principles calculations

The rate of ammonia synthesis over a nanoparticle ruthenium catalyst can be calculated directly on the basis of a quantum chemical treatment of the problem using density functional theory. We compared the results to measured rates over a ruthenium catalyst supported on magnesium aluminum spinel. When the size distribution of ruthenium particles measured by transmission electron microscopy was used as the link between the catalyst material and the theoretical treatment, the calculated rate was within a factor of 3 to 20 of the experimental rate. This offers hope for computer-based methods in the search for catalysts.     

Mariner 10 pictures of mercury: first results

Mercury has a heavily cratered surface cotntaining basins up to at least 1300 kilometers diameter flooded with mare-like material. Many features are closely similar to those on the moon, but significant structural differences exist. Major chemical differentiation before termination of accretion is implied.     

Cordierite-spinel troctolite, a new magnesium-rich lithology from the lunar highlands

A clast of spinel troctolite containing 8 percent cordierite (Mg(2)Al(4)Si(5)O(18)) has been identified among the constituents of Apollo 15 regolith breccia 15295. The cordierite and associated anorthite, forsteritic olivine, and pleonaste spinel represent a new, Mg-rich lunar highlands lithology that formed by metamorphism of an igneous spinel cumulate. The cordierite-forsterite pair in the assemblage is stable at a maximum pressure of 2.5 kilobars, equivalent to a depth of 50 kilometers, or 10 kilometers above the lunar crust-mantle boundary. The occurrence of the clast indicates that spinel cumulates are a more important constituent of the lower lunar crust than has been recognized. The rarity of cordierite-spinel troctolite among lunar rock samples suggests that it is excavated only by large impact events, such as the one that formed the adjacent Imbrium Basin.     

竹材表面超疏水改性的初步研究田根

基于超疏水表面的制备原理,以低表面能的三氯甲基硅烷为原料,利用常温、常压化学气相沉积法在竹材表面自组装形成直径30～80 nm的纳米棒阵列或纳米线网状结构,使竹材横切面对液态水接触角最大达到157°,滚动角接近0,具备了超疏水表面特性。本研究证实了赋予竹、木等亲水性木质纤维素材料以超强疏水性能的技术是可行性的。      

Chemical analysis of the moon at the surveyor v landing site

The chemical composition of the lunar surface material at a maria landing site has been determined by the alpha-scattering technique. Oxygen, silicon, and aluminum have been identified in the preliminary evaluation of the data. The general chemical composition is similar to that of a silicate of a basaltic type.     

Field-Induced Nanometer- to Atomic-Scale Manipulation of Silicon Surfaces with the STM

The controlled manipulation of silicon at the nanometer scale will facilitate the fabrication of new types of electronic devices. The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can be used to manipulate strongly bound silicon atoms or clusters at room temperature. Specifically, by using a combination of electrostatic and chemical forces, surface atoms can be removed and deposited on the STM tip. The tip can then move to a predetermined surface site, and the atom or cluster can be redeposited. The magnitude of such forces and the amount of material removed can be controlled by applying voltage pulses at different tip-surface separations.     

In situ interfacial mass detection with piezoelectric transducers

The converse piezoelectric effect, in which an electric field applied across a piezoelectric material induces a stress in that material, has spurred many recent developments in mass measurement techniques. These methods commonly rely on the changes in the vibrational resonant frequency of piezoelectric quartz oscillators that result from changes in mass on the surface of the oscillator. The dependence of frequency on mass has been exploited extensively for mass measurements in vacuum or gas phase, for example, thickness monitors for thin-film preparation and sensors for chemical agents. Advances in piezoelectric methodology in the last decade now allow dynamic measurements of minute mass changes (< 10(-9) grams per square centimeter) at surfaces, thin films, and electrode interfaces in liquid media as well. Mass measurements associated with a diverse collection of interfacial processes can be readily performed, including chemical and biological sensors, reactions catalyzed by enzymes immobilized on surfaces, electron transfer at and ion exchange in thin polymer films, and doping reactions of conducting polymers.     

SO4防结蜡防腐涂料的研制与应用

介绍了以可形成高光滑度表面覆盖层的聚氨酯树脂为基料，添加有憎蜡作用的助剂等颜填料研制出的ＳＯ４防结蜡防腐涂料。从这种防腐涂料的基料选择，颜填料及溶剂分析，性能试验及现场应用等几个方面进行了研究。研究和应用试验结果表明：ＳＯ４涂料不仅具有优良的物理机械性能和耐化学介质稳定性等防腐性能，而且防结蜡效果较为明显，能阻止蜡晶在油管及抽油杆表面的吸附。     

Electrical conductivity and the red shift of absorption in olivine and spinel at high pressure

Above 100 kilobars the apparent absorption edges (approximately 3 electron volts) of single-crystal and polycrystalline samples of the metastable olivine and stable spinel forms of Fe(2)SiO(4) shift rapidly with pressure from the near-ultraviolet into the lower-energy infrared region. Simultaneously, an exponential increase in electrical conductivity occurs. These effects are reversible as pressure is reduced or reapplied and are not accompanied by a first-order phase change in olivine or spinel. These observations relate to fundamental concepts of electrical conductivity and photon absorption in complex transition-metal silicates in that they cannot be readily interpreted in terms of an intrinsic band-gap model. The intensity and energy changes are too great and the effect occurs at too low a pressure to be explained by processes such as spin-pairing and other crystal-field effects. The results suggest that a new mechanism of conduction, perhaps symbiotic and employing an efficient charge-transfer process, is induced at high pressure.     

Seep oil and gas in gulf of Mexico slope sediment

Concentrations in Gulf of Mexico slope sediment of material soluble in methanol and benzene as high as 4.5 percent are shown to be attributable to biodegraded petroleum. Associated carbonate deposits and organic sulfur are the products of the microbial oxidation of petroleum and sulfate reduction. The results of chemical and carbon isotope analyses indicate that high concentrations of hydrocarbon gases, from methane to pentane, are petroleum rather than microbiologically derived. These hydrocarbons, believed to have been produced thermally at depth, probably reached the surface through faults and fractures associated with salt diapirs.     

任豆树阻燃刨花板研制

分析说明了南方速生阔叶树种任豆树的显微构造、化学组分和物理特性,经试验压制阻燃刨花板,其物理力学性能与阻燃性能及饰面后表面理化特性等各项指标符合相关标准的要求。实验表明：速生任豆树是刨花板生产和优良材料。     

化学灌浆在混凝土细裂缝治理中的应用

详细介绍了化学灌浆的施工技术、设备及化学灌浆材料,结合工程实例加以论述,并证实与缝表面嵌填封涂的处理方式比较,化学灌浆治理混凝土细裂缝更为行之有效.     

Chemical modification of the photoluminescence quenching of porous silicon

The photoluminescence of porous silicon can be quenched by adsorbates, and the degree of quenching can be tuned by chemical derivatization of the porous silicon surface. Thus, as-prepared porous silicon has a hydrophobic, hydrogen-terminated surface, and the photoluminescence is strongly quenched by ethanol and weakly quenched by water. Mild chemical oxidation (iodine followed by hydrolysis) produces a hydrophilic porous silicon surface. Photoluminescence from this hydrophilic material is quenched to a lesser extent by ethanol and to a greater extent by water, relative to the original surface. This demonstrates that the visible luminescence from porous silicon is highly surface-sensitive, and the surface interactions can be tuned by specific chemical transformations.     

能源电池季膦化聚砜电解质成膜及其性质研究

选取新型季膦化试剂三（2,4,6-三甲氧基苯基）磷（TPQPOH）代替传统的季铵化试剂以引入阴离子基团,以聚砜为基材制备了季膦化阴离子导电膜材料,离子交换量最高达0．97mmol／g。对该材料的成膜条件研究表明选取1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮为合成季膦化聚砜的溶剂,30℃N：氛围烘膜,选用聚四氟乙烯材质表面皿能得到完整、状态良好的季膦化聚砜膜。     

Mixing in starts

Analysis of the chemical and isotopic composition of stellar surfaces reveals the types of nuclear reactions that have occurred in the stellar interiors as well as the timing and depths from which material once deep in the star has reached the surface. Mass loss from the stellar surface and, in some cases, mass transfer from a companion enhance the opportunity to observe material that is the product of internal nuclear reactions. Detailed studies show substantial deficiencies in current models with the timing and depth of convective and other forms of mixing.     

Cupulae in shark neuromasts: composition, origin, generation

Cupulae on the surface of the sensory epithelium of canal neuromasts of the shark lateralis system have been demonstrated. They are mounds of mucoid material secreted primarily by the supporting cells of the neuromast epithelium. Individual columns of mucus in fixed, stained sections produce striations perpendicular to the neuromast surface. The hair of the sensory cell is embedded in mucus at the bases of coalescing columns produced by a group of surrounding supporting cells. There is evidence that mucus production is continuous and is accompanied by regeneration of secretory cells and elimination of necrotic cells at the distal surface. It follows that cupular material is being discarded either intermittantly or continually, along with trapped cell debris and other detritus.     

Phase changes in the upper mantle

The C-region of the upper mantle has two transition regions 75 to 90 kilometers thick. In western North America these start at depths of 365 kilometers and 620 kilometers and involve velocity increases of about 9 to 10 percent. The locations of these transition regions, their general shape, and their thicknesses are consistent with, first, the transformation of magnesium-rich olivine to a spinel structure and, then, a further collapse of a material having approximately the properties of the component oxides. The velocity increases associated with each transition region are slightly less than predicted for the appropriate phase change. This can be interpreted in terms of an increasing fayalite content with depth. The location of the transition regions and the seismic velocities in their vicinity supply new information regarding the composition and temperature of the upper mantle. The depths of the transition regions are consistent with temperatures near 1500 degrees C at 365 kilometers and 1900 degrees C at 620 kilometers.