不同生态浮床对景观水质的净化效果

【目的】明确不同生态浮床改善亚热带地区景观水质的效果,为我国南方地区应用生态浮床技术修复生态水环境提供参考依据。【方法】对比分析不同生态浮床对景观水体化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)去除能力及浮床植物生长状况的影响。【结果】美人蕉、鸢尾、花叶芦竹均能适应较高有机物及氮、磷浓度的水体,具有良好的适应性,对水体COD、TP、TN及NH4+-N也表现出良好的去除能力,但以美人蕉的净化效果最佳。美人蕉+组合填料生态浮床、美人蕉生态浮床、组合填料浮床对水体COD、TP、TN及NH4+-N的去除能力分别为33.75~48.98、0.23~0.93、3.71~10.26和4.12~8.44 mg/m2,3种不同生态浮床对水体COD、TP、TN和NH4+-N的去除能力存在极显著差异(P<0.01),去除能力排序为美人蕉+组合填料生态浮床>美人蕉生态浮床>组合填料浮床。【结论】美人蕉+组合填料生态浮床对水体COD、TP、TN及NH4+-N的去除效果最佳,较单一使用美人蕉生态浮床和组合填料浮床的净化效果更具优势,可作为我国南方地区修复生态水环境的首选生态浮床。     

水面浮植水蕹菜养殖泥鳅的综合效果研究

[目的]探讨泥鳅养殖池塘水面浮植水蕹菜的最佳浮植面积比例。[方法]通过模拟高密度泥鳅养殖池塘中水面浮植不同面积比例的水蕹菜,研究了不同水面浮植面积(0、15%、20%和25%)对养殖水体中总氮、总磷的调控效果以及对泥鳅单位产量的影响。[结果]池塘水面浮植水蕹菜养殖泥鳅的最佳浮植面积比例为20%,面积比例过高或过低都会导致养殖效果逐渐降低。[结论]通过建立合理的水面浮植面积比例来调控泥鳅高密度池塘养殖模式所引起的水质恶化,可达到很好的水质调控效果和可观的经济效益。     

优质小麦品种子粒产量改良目标的研究

以7个优势小麦品种（系）和3个普通型（非优质）小麦品种为材料，分析了优质小麦和普通型小麦农艺性状的差异以及优质小麦子粒产量低的原因。结果表明，与普通型小麦相比，优质小麦表现植株高大，生物学产量低，收获指数低，穗粒数少，公顷穗数少。相关分析表明，株高与子粒产量呈极显著负相关，生物学产量、收获指数、穗粒数、公顷穗数与子粒产量呈显著或极显著正相关。据此，提出改良优质小麦品种子粒产量的目标是降低株高，提高生产总量，改善光合产物分配，提高结实率。     

The dependence of electron transfer efficiency on the conformational order in organic monolayers

The electron transfer through an organized organic monolayer of alkyl chains adsorbed on a silicon wafer has been studied. The silicon was used as an electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical cell, and the current versus voltage response was measured. The results show that when the chains in the monolayer are in the "all trans" configuration, the charge transfer efficiency is higher than when the chains have a "gauche" configuration. A mechanism rationalizing all the observations is suggested.     

Atomic resolution imaging of adsorbates on metal surfaces in air: iodine adsorption on pt(111)

The adsorption of iodine on platinum single crystals was studied with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to define the limits of resolution that can be obtained while imaging in air and to set a target resolution for STM imaging of metal surfaces immersed in an electrochemical cell. Two iodine adlattice unit cells of slightly different iodine packing density were clearly imaged: ( radical7 x radical7) R19.1 degrees -I, surface coverage ?(I) = 3/7; and (3 x 3)-I, ?(I) = 4/9. The three iodine atoms in the ( radical7 x radical7) unit cell form a regular hexagonal lattice interatomic distance d(I) = 0.424 nanometer, with two atoms adsorbed in threefold hollow sites and one atom adsorbed at an atop site. The (3 x 3) unit cell showed two different packing arrangements of the four iodine atoms exit. In one of the (3 x 3) structures, the iodine atoms pack to form a hexagonal lattice, d(I) = 0.417 nanometer, with three of the iodine atoms at twofold adsorption sites and one atom at an atop site. Another packing arrangement of iodine into the (3 x 3) unit cell was imaged in which the iodine atoms are not arranged symmetrically.     

Preservation of membranes in anhydrobiotic organisms: the role of trehalose

Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide of glucose commonly found at high concentrations in anhydrobiotic organisms. In the presence of trehalose, dry dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) had a transition temperature similar to that of the fully hydrated lipid, whereas DPPC dried without trehalose had a transition temperature about 30 degrees Kelvin higher. Results obtained with infrared spectroscopy indicate that trehalose and DPPC interact by hydrogen bonding between the OH groups in the carbohydrate and the polar head groups of DPPC. These and previous results show that this hydrogen bonding alters the spacing of the polar head groups and may thereby decrease van der Waals interactions in the hydrocarbon chains of the DPPC. This interaction between trehalose and DPPC is specific to trehalose. Hence this specificity may be an important factor in the ability of this molecule to stabilize dry membranes in anhydrobiotic organisms.     

鱼塘浮头预报方法研究

利用2001、2007—2009年监测的溶氧量资料和有关气象资料,对银川市鱼塘溶氧量与气象要素的关系进行了相关分析。结果表明,溶氧量随温度升高而增加,到一定程度后,又会减少,在16℃时溶氧量最大;溶氧量随相对湿度升高而减少;溶氧量随02时气压、风速、光照时数升高而增加。采用逐步回归方法建立了溶氧预报方程,划分了鱼塘浮头级别,经天气形势补充订正后,可较好地预报鱼塘浮头,从而达到科学饲养、趋利避害的目的。     

Changes in the cell membranes of the bullfrog gastric mucosa with Acid secretion

The effective area, resistance, and configuration of the apical and basolateral cell membranes of the bullfrog gastric mucosa were studied as a function of acid secretion rate, by alternating-current impedance methods. The drop in transepithelial resistance with acid secretion is attributed to the great increase in apical membrane area (hence conductance) associated with tubulovesicles. There is no evidence of a change in basolateral membrane resistance or of apical membrane premeability per unit area.     

烟草苗床上的甲基溴替代技术研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了在烟草苗床上的甲基溴替代技术。结果表明,与甲基溴相比,浮盘育苗法可生产整齐、高质量的烟苗;浮盘育苗法无须抗旱、除草、假植,可直接移栽到大田,节省大量劳力;浮盘法不施用杀虫剂、除草剂,减少了农药的污染和对环境的破坏,有利于提高烟草的品质和对生态环境的保护;浮盘法单位面积能生产更多的烟苗。因此,浮盘育苗法具有显著的经济效益和环境生态效益,在烟草苗床上是一项可持续发展的甲基溴替代技术。     

烤烟不同成熟度鲜烟叶组织结构研究

对烤烟品种G80上、中、下3个部位不同成熟度鲜烟叶进行石蜡切片研究,结果表明,随着成熟度提高,单位面积细胞数、单位长度栅栏细胞数、单位长度海绵细胞均呈减少趋势,而细胞间空隙率呈逐渐增大趋势.其中单位长度栅栏细胞数和细胞间空隙率可作为度量烟叶成熟度档次和确定适熟采收标准的最佳指标.     

鄂杂棉10号F_1不同育苗方式栽培试验

选用当前市场上推广应用面积较大的鄂杂棉10号F_1,进行塑料软盘基质育苗、泡沫盘基质水培育苗与肥土营养钵育苗的栽培效果比较研究.结果表明,在武汉地区冲积潮土上,与油菜连作种植棉花,单位面积纯收入以泡沫盘基质水培育苗最高,塑料软盘基质育苗次之.因此,棉花品种与因地制宜地选用轻简化栽培技术配套推广可以提高植棉效益.     

绿潮漂浮浒苔繁殖特性的研究

我国黄海海域连续3年爆发大规模的绿潮,漂浮的绿藻在短短几个月之内生物量迅速增长,海域覆盖面积呈倍数扩增。选取漂浮绿藻中的优势种浒苔（Ulva prolifera）作为研究材料,对其繁殖特性进行研究。结果表明,每平方厘米藻体能够产生大约5.35×10⁶个游孢子或1.07×10⁷个配子;在繁殖高峰的5-8月间,一株成熟藻体25%左右的部分能够放散生殖细胞,产生约1.15×10⁷个游孢子或2.31×10⁷个配子。漂浮浒苔在此期间主要以单性生殖和无性生殖为主要繁殖方式,其中以单性生殖最为常见。其配子具有明显的正趋光性,合子具有负趋光性。漂浮浒苔的游孢子、配子或配子结合形成的合子均能发育成一株新的藻体。漂浮浒苔强大的繁殖能力是导致其生物量快速增长而引起绿潮爆发的主要原因之一。     

Pulmonary surfactant protein B (SP-B): structure-function relationships

SP-B is a protein in pulmonary surfactant that is, in greatest part, responsible for resistance to surface tension and prevention of collapse of pulmonary alveoli. Peptides of 21 residues, synthesized following the sequence of SP-B or resembling the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains of SP-B (such as RLLLLRLLLLRLLLLRLLLLR, R, Arg, and L, Leu), enhanced the abilities of phospholipids to reduce surface tension both in vitro and in vivo. Intermittent positively charged residues were essential for this activity. The SP-B-like peptides were found by tryptophan fluorescence to partition within the phospholipid layer in contact with both polar head groups and acyl side chains. These data, together with findings that the SP-B-related peptides increase inter- and intramolecular order of the phospholipid layer, suggest that SP-B resists surface tension by increasing lateral stability of the phospholipid layer.     

内浮顶油罐静压式程控计量系统

介绍了由直接引压装置，高精度电容型差压变送器，电流型集成温度传感器，关联电路、多通道高分辨率ＰＣ总线接口卡和主机ＩＢＭ－ＰＣ３８６微机组成，以ＵＣＤＯＳ３．１为中文平台，用Ｃ语言编程的内浮顶油罐静压式程控计量系统。     

Discovery of a Frank-Kasper sigma phase in sphere-forming block copolymer melts

Sphere-forming block copolymers are known to self-assemble into body-centered cubic crystals near the order-disorder transition temperature. Small-angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy experiments on diblock and tetrablock copolymer melts have revealed an equilibrium phase characterized by a large tetragonal unit cell containing 30 microphase-separated spheres. This structure, referred to as the sigma (σ) phase by Frank and Kasper more than 50 years ago, nucleates and grows from the body-centered cubic phase similar to its occurrence in metal alloys and is a crystal approximant to dodecagonal quasicrystals. Formation of the σ phase in undiluted linear block copolymers (and certain branched dendrimers) appears to be mediated by macromolecular packing frustration, an entropic contribution to the interparticle interactions that control the sphere-packing geometry.     

波流作用下双体组合式网箱水动力特性研究

运用刚体运动学原理及集中质量方法,建立了双体组合式网箱浮架、网衣、锚绳及浮子的受力运动方程数学模型,利用物理模型试验对数学模型进行了验证.结果表明,所建立的数学模型具有较好的可靠性及准确性.在此基础上运用数学模型,计算了在不同波流工况下,双体组合式网箱的锚绳受力、浮架运动及网衣变形.计算结果表明:在相同工况下,三类锚绳相比,连接锚绳受力最大,锚碇锚绳受力次之,网格锚绳受力最小;各种工况下,三类锚绳的受力随流速、波高的增加有不同程度的增加,随周期的增加有一定程度的减小;浮架中心点水平方向运动幅度总体表现为随流速的增加有一定程度的增加,竖直方向运动幅度总体表现为随流速的增加略有减小,浮架中心点水平、竖直方向运动幅度随波高、周期的增加均有一定程度的增加;浮架倾角随流速的变化不明显,随波高的增加有一定程度的增加,随周期的增加有一定程度的减小;网衣体积损失率总体上表现为随流速的增加有一定程度的增加,波高、周期变化对网衣变形影响较小.     

Crystal structure of the human two-pore domain potassium channel K2P1

Two-pore domain potassium (K(+)) channels (K2P channels) control the negative resting potential of eukaryotic cells and regulate cell excitability by conducting K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. Here, we present the 3.4 angstrom resolution crystal structure of a human K2P channel, K2P1 (TWIK-1). Unlike other K(+) channel structures, K2P1 is dimeric. An extracellular cap domain located above the selectivity filter forms an ion pathway in which K(+) ions flow through side portals. Openings within the transmembrane region expose the pore to the lipid bilayer and are filled with electron density attributable to alkyl chains. An interfacial helix appears structurally poised to affect gating. The structure lays a foundation to further investigate how K2P channels are regulated by diverse stimuli.     

基于LMDI分解模型的中国粮食主产区增产格局及贡献因素研究

深入分析中国13个粮食主产省份的增产空间格局、作物结构、贡献因素,为维系其增长态势、优化粮食生产布局、调整种植结构,实现主产区粮食稳步增产提供决策依据。运用LMDI分解模型和GIS空间分析法,将主产区粮食总产量分解为播种面积和作物单产2种因素,分析其增产格局及增产贡献因素。从主产区粮食增产量的空间分布来看：北方主产区优于南方主产区,粮食增产重心呈现出较为明显的北移趋势;增产结构上看,玉米为主要贡献品种,其次为小麦,稻谷贡献率最低;主产区粮食增产贡献因素来看,单产的贡献率高于播面的贡献率,且空间差异明显。分作物看稻谷和玉米的播种面积效应为正值,玉米大于稻谷,小麦的播种面积效应产生负向影响;3种作物的单产效应均为正值,小麦的单产效应最为显著,小麦>稻谷>玉米。面积增加和单产提高都对主产区粮食产量增加产生了积极的贡献。对于主要依靠播面增加来提高产量的地区,应调整种植结构,合理轮作,挖掘优势作物,增加农业技术推广,提高土地产出;对于单产贡献显著的地区,要发展特色产业优势区,形成集群化发展,在生产、流通、销售环节提供全方位的服务,防止增产不增收的现象发生。     

新疆棉花生产时空格局演变特征分析

【目的】研究新疆棉花生产时空格局变化,分析棉花生产时空变化特征及其影响因素。【方法】选定新疆棉区为研究对象,基于1991～2020年新疆棉花生产的面板数据,以新疆区域及主要产棉市(县)为研究基本单元,采用时间序列与空间相结合,综合运用统计方法分析棉花种植面积、总产量、单产变化,研究新疆棉花生产的时空和区域特征以及各因素对新疆棉花生产的影响。【结果】(1)1990年以来新疆棉花种植面积和总产量年际变化相似,呈现2个阶段：波动中递增时期(1993～2010年),跳跃式增长时期(2010～2020年),期间北疆和南疆棉区持续增加而东疆棉区有所下降趋势,空间上呈现“东减南增北平稳”趋势。(2)近30年新疆棉花单产显著增加,由0.81×10³ kg/hm²增加到2020年1.85×10³ kg/hm²,较同期增加近1.28倍,平均每年增产34.66 kg/hm²,增长速度较快。(3)全疆棉花总产量变化总体上以面积贡献为主,其次单位面积,互作主导为最低,新疆棉花的生产优势产域为南疆。【结论...     

黑龙江省玉米单产水平现状与发展策略

分析了黑龙江省玉米区划布局及不同玉米主产区生态生产特点,并对玉米单产水平现状与国际进行比较分析,找出影响黑龙江省玉米单产波动增缓主要障碍因素,提出稳定和提高玉米单产的战略性措施。对黑龙江省发展玉米生产,大幅度提高粮食产量,以维护国家粮食安全和促进农民增收,都具有十分重要的意义。