不同龄期柠条茎秆的拉剪强度试验与分析

[目的]为优化柠条联合收获机切割过程中的平茬参数,本文研究了不同平茬位置与不同生长年限柠条茎秆的生物力学性质。[方法]采用完全随机区组设计方法,分别对柠条茎秆样本进行拉伸与剪切试验。[结果]试验测得柠条茎秆的抗拉强度均值为138N·mm~(-2),柠条茎秆的抗剪强度均值为35N·mm~(-2);柠条茎秆的拉伸断裂强度与平茬位置和生长年龄都密切相关,且生长年龄对其试验指标的影响比平茬位置对其的影响要大,随生长年龄的增加,柠条茎秆抗拉强度升高;柠条茎秆的抗剪强度与生长年龄相关,而与柠条的平茬位置关系不大。[结论]在柠条联合收获机平茬作业时,应当首先考虑柠条的生长年龄,其次考虑平茬位置。本研究为柠条联合收获机的设计与作业条件的选择提供理论依据。     

Demineralization of porous solids

When a porous ionic solid is placed in acid, the acid will dissolve surface material. When this dissolved material and the acid diffuse into the solid's pores, they can precipitate more solid. If the acid is buffered, the diffusing species can bring about precipitation in some regions and dissolution in others. When the porous solid contains several chemical species, the diffusion can precipitate one species and dissolve another. The results have implications for the demineralization of teeth.     

Melting of two-dimensional solids

Recent theoretical predictions indicate that melting of a two-dimensional solid may be caused by spontaneous creation of dislocations. The theory predicts that melting occurs by a two-step process involving an intermediate phase, called the hexatic phase, in which there is order in the local crystalline axes but not in the positions of atoms. These ideas are being tested by numerical simulations and by experiments on electrons on liquid helium, liquid crystal films, and rare gas layers adsorbed on graphite. Experiments on liquid crystal films indicate that the three-dimensional analog of the hexatic phase exists, and xenon on graphite exhibits a melting transition close to the form predicted.     

Two-dimensional rare gas solids

Monolayers of rare gas atoms adsorbed onto the basal planes of graphite play the same prototype role in two dimensions that rare gas liquids and solids do in three dimensions. In recent experiments such novel phenomena as continuous melting, the lack of true crystallinity in two dimensions, orientationally ordered fluid phases, and melting from a solid to a reentrant fluid with decreasing temperature have been observed. Because the forces in these rare gas monolayers are simple and well understood, by studying them the investigator can examine a direct interface between experiment and first principles. In order to understand the phases and phase transitions that occur in such materials, it is necessary to consider the geometrical matching of the rare gas overlayer to the graphite substrate. It turns out that in two dimensions both the local and the long-distance behavior are important. These two-dimensional rare gas solids may be effectively probed with synchrotron x-ray techniques, and the results of a series of synchrotron x-ray scattering studies of these solids are presented.     

Predicting new solids and superconductors

It is now possible to start with a simple model of a solid composed of atomic cores and itinerant valence electrons and compute the total energy for a given structural arrangement of atoms with enough precision to predict the existence of new solids and their properties. The application of the model based on the pseudopotential method is described with silicon chosen as a prototype material. With only information about the constituent atoms, the electronic, structural, vibrational, and even superconducting properties of solids can be calculated from first principles. The successful predictions of superconductivity in highly condensed hexagonal silicon and the existence of new high-pressure semiconductor phases are highlighted. A discussion is presented of the use of the method to discover new stable or metastable solids at high pressures.     

n-Type conducting CdSe nanocrystal solids

A bottleneck limiting the widespread application of semiconductor nanocrystal solids is their poor conductivity. We report that the conductivity of thin films of n-type CdSe nanocrystals increases by many orders of magnitude as the occupation of the first two electronic shells, 1Se and 1Pe, increases, either by potassium or electrochemical doping. Around half-filling of the 1Se shell, a peak in the conductivity is observed, indicating shell-to-shell transport. Introducing conjugated ligands between nanocrystals increases the conductivities of these states to approximately 10(-2) siemens per centimeter.     

Ion beam spectroscopy of solids and surfaces

Ion beams are important new probes for characterizing the chemistry and structure of a wide variety of materials. When beams of particles with energies of approximately 1000 electron volts are used, as in secondary ion mass spectrometry, it is possible to detect ions ejected from the top layer of the material with sensitivities we below the picogram level. A number of theoretical developments now permit analysis of the geometry of adsorbed atoms and molecules on surfaces from the angular distributions of the ejected particles. Much surface chemical information can also be deduced from ejected molecular cluster ions. In addition, the observation of clusters with weights up to nearly 20,000 atomic mass units promises to expand applications of mass spectrometry to the analysis of biomolecules and the sequencing of proteins.     

High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance of inorganic solids

Recent improvements in instrumentation and technique now permit the observation of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of many nuclei in inorganic solids. The application of nuclear magnetic resonance to the study of the structures of materials of interest in chemistry, earth science, and materials science are discussed together with a prognosis for future work.     

Watching the growth of bulk grains during recrystallization of deformed metals

We observed the in situ growth of a grain during recrystallization in the bulk of a deformed sample. We used the three-dimensional x-ray diffraction microscope located at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France. The results showed a very heterogeneous growth pattern, contradicting the classical assumption of smooth and spherical growth of new grains during recrystallization. This type of in situ bulk measurement opens up the possibility of obtaining experimental data on scientific topics that before could only be analyzed theoretically on the basis of the statistical characterization of microstructures. For recrystallization, the in situ method includes direct measurements of nucleation and boundary migration through a deformed matrix.     

Disordered materials: a survey of amorphous solids

A brief historical perspective and a review of the current research on amorphous or glassy materials are presented. Glass formation by natural processes and by laboratory synthesis techniques is described. Recent efforts to characterize and model the atomic scale structure of amorphous phases are surveyed. The relation between amorphous and liquid states is emphasized in a discussion of thermodynamics and kinetics. The topic of crystal-to-glass transformation in the solid state and the related issue of crystal stability and melting are discussed.     

Electronic structure of solids with competing periodic potentials

When electrons are subject to a potential with two incommensurate periods, translational invariance is lost, and no periodic band structure is expected. However, model calculations based on nearly free one-dimensional electrons and experimental results from high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy on a quasi-one-dimensional material do show dispersing band states with signatures of both periodicities. Apparent band structures are generated by the nonuniform distribution of electronic spectral weight over the complex eigenvalue spectrum.     

Shear degradation of fibrinogen in the circulation

Plasma fibrinogen in vitro suffers a loss in clottability due to shearing. From calculation of the mass average shear to which plasma is subjected in the circulation, it is estimated that the half-life of fibrinogen is 4 days. This is in excellent agreement with reports that the half-life of fibrinogen in the circulatory system is 4 to 5 days. Hence shearing may be the mechanism for fibrinogen degradation in the circulatory system.     

Mechanical stress and reactivity in organic solids

Organic single crystals provide an ideal model for studying the factors that influence chemical processes in structured media. Reaction trajectories are well defined and reveal the influence of spontaneous mechanical stresses equivalent to tens of thousands of atmospheres. Analysis of molecular and crystal structures helps to explain both local mechanical properties, which influence reactions, and bulk properties such as melting point, compressibility, and surface energy.     

山西两次切变暴雨的对比分析——2009年7月7-8日与2011年7月1-3日区域性暴雨对比分析

利用micas系统提供的资料和山西省气象信息中心审核过的雨量资料,对2009年7月7-8日和2011年7月1-3日发生在山西省中北部地区和山西中南部地区的区域暴雨过程进行流型配置、物理量诊断、卫星资料分析。中低层相对湿度大于70%的湿区持续时间长短的不同,造成2次暴雨过程持续时间长短的不同。