Radioactivity induced in apollo 11 lunar surface material by solar flare protons

Comparison of values of the specific radioactivities reported for lunar surface material from the Apollo 11 mission with analogous data for stone meteorites suggests that energetic particles from the solar flare of 12 April 1969 may have produced most of the cobalt-56 observed.     

Potassium-uranium systematics of apollo 11 and apollo 12 samples: implications for lunar material history

Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 lunar rock suites differ in their potassium-uranium abundance systematics. This difference indicates that relatively little exchange of regolith material has occurred between Mare Tranquillitatis and Oceanus Procellarum. The two suites appear to have been derived from materials of identical potassium and uranium content. It appears unlikely that bulk lunar material has the ratio of potassium to uranium found in chondrites. However, systematic differences in the potassium-uranium ratio between Apollo samples and crustal rocks of the earth do not preclude a common potassium-uranium ratio for bulk earth and lunar material.     

Evidence for compounds hydrolyzable to amino acids in aqueous extracts of apollo 11 and apollo 12 lunar fines

Hydrolyzates of aqueous extracts of Apollo 11 fines, an Apollo 12 trench sample, and an Apollo 12 surface sample have been analyzed on an ultrasensitive amino acid analyzer. The total content of amino acids recovered ranged from 20 to 70 parts per billion of lunar soil. Amino acids are not recovered by the direct hydrolysis of lunar fines, presumably because of decomposition in the presence of the large excess of lunar mineral. As judged by retention time, glycine is the dominant amino acid found; alanine is secondarily present in each case in the profile. Only a few amino acids have been recorded in each analysis. The pattern is relatively consistent in the samples from the three locations; the pattern from either hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed extracts differs markedly from that of hydrolyzed or unhydrolyzed handprints. The evidence is not consistent with contamination of the kind expected by many investigators.     

Concentration and isotopic composition of carbon and sulfur in apollo 11 lunar samples

The concentration of carbon and sulfur in six samples ranged between 20 to 200 and 650 to 2300 parts per million, respectively. Carbon was present in gaseous, volatilizable, and nonvolatile forms, and terrestrial contaminants were recognized. Sulfur appeared to exist only as acid-volatile sulfide. The bulk fines contain a high concentration of carbon and a low concentration of sulfur. They are always enriched in the heavier isotope carbon-13 or sulfur-34. The fine-grained basaltic rocks show the reverse relation; lowest carbon, highest sulfide concentrations, and no apparent enrichment in heavy isotopes. The breccias are of intermediate composition.     

Rare gases, hydrogen, and nitrogen: concentrations and isotopic composition in lunar material

The concentrations and isotopic abundances of the rare gases have been investigated in fines and three types of rocks. The results obtained from different grain-size fractions and from samples etched to different degrees with nitric and hydrofluoric acids demonstrate the strong concentrations of the solar-wind component in the surface layers of the grains. Exposure ages as well as gas retention ages have been determined in different types of Apollo 11 material. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and other gases have been analyzed by a high-resolution mass spectrometer. As compared with that in terrestrial water, deuterium is depleted by at least a factor of 3 in the investigated type C rocks.     

Abundance of alkali metals, alkaline and rare earths, and strontium-87/ strontium-86 ratios in lunar samples

The variation in trace element abundance patterns indicates that lunar igneous rocks are the product of extensive igneous fractionation. Variations in the Sr(87)/ Sr(86) ratio indicate that these rocks crystallized 3.5+/-0.3 x 10(9) years ago.     

不同林龄榧树林地土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

  目的  了解不同林龄榧树Torreya grandis林地土壤碳、氮、磷质量分数及生态化学计量特征的变化,为榧树的经营管理和保护提供基础数据。  方法  以浙江省诸暨市香榧T. grandis‘Merrilli’ 国家森林公园4个不同林龄(0~100、100~300、300~500和＞500 a)的榧树为研究对象,通过野外采集榧树林地不同土层(0~20、20~40和40~60 cm)的土壤样品,分析不同林龄榧树林地土壤碳、氮、磷质量分数及化学计量特征的变化。  结果  ①不同林龄榧树林地土壤碳、氮质量分数分别为10.90~24.22、1.22~2.22 g·kg?1,各土层碳、氮质量分数随林龄变化呈先增加后降低的趋势;不同林龄榧树林地土壤磷质量分数为0.24~0.80 g·kg?1,各土层土壤磷质量分数随林龄变化呈先降低后增加的趋势,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05)。②不同林龄榧树林地土壤碳氮比、氮磷比均值分别为8.59~10.89、3.06~6.16,各土层土壤碳氮比、氮磷比随林龄变化呈先增加后降低的趋势,但差异均不显著(P＞0.05);不同林龄榧树林地土壤碳磷比为31.54~63.72,各土层土壤碳磷比随年龄变化也呈先增加后降低的趋势,部分林龄碳磷比差异显著(P＜0.05)。③榧树各林龄林地土壤碳、氮、磷之间有较强的正相关,碳和氮均达到极显著正相关(P＜0.01),各林龄土壤磷与碳磷比和氮磷比均存在负相关,碳磷比和氮磷比均达到极显著正相关(P＜0.01)。  结论  榧树生长主要受到土壤磷的限制,因此对榧树林经营时,可考虑合理添加磷肥来改善土壤肥力,促进土壤与植物之间养分的良性循环。表4参34     

不同林龄杨梅叶片与土壤的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征

为了解不同林龄杨梅（Myrica rubra）叶片和土壤的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）生态化学计量特征,以浙江省仙居县3、9、14和21年生的杨梅人工林为对象,研究了杨梅叶片和土壤的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量及化学计量比。结果表明,杨梅叶片碳、氮含量在不同林龄间无差异,3年生叶片磷含量显著高于14年和21年生（P<0.05）,21年生叶片C∶P显著高于3年和9年生（P<0.05）。土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均随着林龄的增大表现为先降低而后升高。3年生杨梅林土壤有机碳含量显著高于其他年龄（P<0.05）,土壤全氮、全磷含量显著高于9年生（P<0.05）。土壤C∶N、C∶P及N∶P在不同林龄间没有差异。同一林龄杨梅土壤碳氮磷含量及其化学计量比总体表现为随土层深度增加而降低。叶片氮含量与土壤全氮具有显著正相关（P<0.05）。杨梅生长的限制元素是磷,在生产经营过程中,可适当增施磷肥。     

N+ 离子束注入对毛叶山桐子种子萌发、幼苗生长 和碳氮含量的影响

为了解N⁺离子束处理对毛叶山桐子种子萌发和表型的影响，采用4种不同能量N⁺离子束（0、20、25和30 keV，同一剂量4×10¹⁵ N⁺·cm^-2）注入毛叶山桐子（Idesia polycarpa Maxim. var. vestita Diels）种子，比较分析其种子的发芽率、容器苗株高、冠幅、叶片数、地径和叶片全C、N含量，以筛选出最适宜种子萌发和营养生长的N⁺离子束注入能量。结果表明，与CK比较，30 keV处理可显著增加种子发芽率、幼苗株高、冠幅、叶片数、叶片全N含量，显著减少了C/N；25 keV处理对种子发芽率、幼苗株高、冠幅、叶片数和地径无显著影响，但显著增加了叶片全C、N含量；20 keV处理对种子发芽率、幼苗冠幅、叶片数和地径增加无显著影响，对株高增加有一定促进作用，并显著增加了叶片全C、N含量。因此，在进行毛叶山桐子容器育苗时，30 keV是最有利其种子萌发和幼苗营养生长的N⁺离子束注入能量。     

粘虫核糖体蛋白S11基因cDNA的克隆和序列分析

【目的】克隆和鉴定粘虫核糖体蛋白S11(Ribosomal Protein S11,RPS11)基因,为昆虫核糖体蛋白功能的研究提供基础资料。【方法】运用RT-PCR和RACE技术,以粘虫cDNA为模板,对RPS11基因进行克隆,获得其全长cDNA序列,并利用生物信息学方法,对RPS11基因全长cDNA序列及推测得到的RPS11蛋白氨基酸序列进行分析,构建其系统进化树。【结果】获得的粘虫核糖体蛋白S11基因(RPS11)cDNA序列长度为521 bp,其中包括26 bp的5′非编码区、36 bp的3′非编码区和459 bp的开放阅读框,编码一个由152个氨基酸组成的蛋白,其具有核糖蛋白S17蛋白家族典型特征。推测得到的粘虫RPS11蛋白的理论分子质量为17.737 9 ku,等电点为10.63,富含6种类型的特定功能位点,与同属夜蛾科的烟芽夜蛾(Heliothis virescens)的RPS11蛋白相似性高达97%。用Neigh-bor-joining(NJ)法构建基于RPS11氨基酸序列的系统发育树,结果显示,粘虫RPS11与烟芽夜蛾(H.virescens)、草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)和家蚕(Bombyx mori)等3种鳞翅目昆虫的亲缘关系较近。【结论】成功获得了粘虫RPS11基因全长序列(GenBank登录号为GQ222274),由其编码的核糖体蛋白RPS11属于核糖蛋白S17蛋白家族。     

CYP11A1、CYP17A1、CYP19A1基因在小尾寒羊下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴的表达

为揭示类固醇生成相关基因CYP11A1、CYP17A1、CYP19A1在绵羊多羔繁殖中的作用,以不同繁殖力小尾寒羊为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测CYP11A1、CYP17A1、CYP19A1基因在小尾寒羊大脑、小脑、下丘脑、垂体、子宫、卵巢、输卵管中的表达。结果表明:CYP11A1基因主要在小尾寒羊卵巢、输卵管、子宫内表达;CYP11A1基因在单羔小尾寒羊卵巢的表达极显著低于多羔群体(P0.01),在子宫的表达量极显著高于多羔群体(P0.01);CYP17A1基因主要在小尾寒羊卵巢、输卵管、下丘脑表达;CYP17A1基因在多羔小尾寒羊群体下丘脑、子宫的表达量显著低于单羔群体(P0.05)。CYP19A1基因主要在小尾寒羊卵巢、下丘脑表达。本究结果提示CYP11A1、CYP17A1基因可能参与小尾寒羊多羔性状的调控。     

Protective efficacy of an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine produced from Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 strains against challenge with different H5 and H7 viruses in chickens

We developed an H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine by using Re-11, Re-12, and H7-Re2 vaccine seed viruses, which were generated by reverse genetics and derived their HA genes from A/duck/Guizhou/S4184/2017(H5 N6)(DK/GZ/S4184/17)(a clade 2.3.4.4 d virus), A/chicken/Liaoning/SD007/2017(H5 N1)(CK/LN/SD007/17)(a clade 2.3.2.1 d virus), and A/chicken/Guangxi/SD098/2017(H7 N9)(CK/GX/SD098/17), respectively. The protective efficacy of this novel vaccine and that of the recently used H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine against different H5 and H7 N9 viruses was evaluated in chickens. We found that the H5/H7 bivalent vaccine provided solid protection against the H7 N9 virus CK/GX/SD098/17, but only 50–60% protection against different H5 viruses. In contrast, the novel H5/H7 trivalent vaccine provided complete protection against the H5 and H7 viruses tested. Our study underscores the importance of timely updating of vaccines for avian influenza control.