Cosmogenic and primordial radionuclides in lunar samples by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry

The (7)Be, (22)Na, (26)Al, (44)Ti, (46)SC, (48)V (51)Cr, (54)Mn, (56)Co, (57)Co, (57)CO, (40)K, (238)U, and (232)Th were measured in lunar fines and portions of three rocks. Major production of cosmogenic radionuclides is due to solar protons, thus their concentrations are far different than those in meteorites. Surface exposures of the rocks and fines are long compared with the 0.74 million year half-life of (26)Al. Lunar fines show substantially higher concentrations of low energy reaction products. The ratios of thorium to uranium are extremely constant at 3.8, which indicates very little geochemical differentiation and are in good agreement with a common nucleosynthesis for lunar and earth materials.     

Uranium-thorium-lead isotope relations in lunar materials

The lead isotopic compositions and uranium, thorium, and lead concentrations have been measured on six samples of material from the Sea of Tranquillity. The leads are moderately to very radiogenic; the initial lead concentrations are very low; the uranium and thorium levels are 0.26 to 0.88 and 0.87 to 3.35 parts per million, respectively. The Th/U ratios cluster about a 3.6 value. Apparent ages calculated for four rocks are 4.1 to 4.2 x 10(9) years. Dust and breccia yield apparent ages of 4.60 to 4.63 x 10(9) years. The uranium-lead ages are concordant, or nearly so, in all cases. The lunar surface is an ancient region with an extended record of events in the early history of the solar system. discrepancy between the rock ages and dust ages poses a fundamental qusestion about rock genesis on the moon.     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定茶叶中八种金属元素含量

建立了利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定3种立顿茶包茶(Camellia sinensis L.)叶中的钙、钾、钠、镁、铁、铜、锌、锰等8种金属元素的含量的方法。利用湿法消化(浓硝酸∶高氯酸=4∶1,V/V)处理样品,通过标准曲线法得到各元素含量,并对样品的回收率进行了测定。在选定的试验条件下,各元素在相应的浓度区间内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.995 9~0.999 6,检测限为0.002~0.008μg/m L,回收率为92.0%~114.8%,相对标准偏差为0.52%~3.33%。结果表明,8种元素在3种茶叶中的含量各不相同,3种茶叶中钠元素和镁元素的含量较接近,绿茶中钾元素及锰元素含量较高,红茶中钙元素、铜元素、铁元素及锌元素的含量较高。该方法测定茶叶中的各种元素操作简便,干扰较少,灵敏度高。     

小麦产地矿物元素指纹溯源技术研究

【目的】探讨矿物元素指纹分析技术对小麦产地溯源的可行性,筛选出判别小麦产地溯源的有效指标。【方法】利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定来自河北省、河南省、山东省和陕西省4个地域120份小麦样品中24种矿物元素(Be、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Se、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sb、Ba、Tl、Pb、Th和U)的含量,对数据进行方差分析、主成分分析和判别分析。【结果】不同地域小麦样品的元素含量有其各自的特征。河北样品的V含量最高,Ca含量最低;河南样品的Cr含量最高;山东样品的Ba和Ni含量最高;陕西样品的Na、Al、Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Ag、Sb和Pb含量都显著高于其它地区,V含量最低。主成分分析结果表明,不同地域来源的大多数样品能被正确区分。通过逐步判别分析筛选出11项可用于小麦产地判别的矿物元素指标,依次为Ba、Mn、Sb、Ca、Mo、U、Ni、V、Cr、Pb和Mg,所建立的判别模型对样品整体检验判别率为90.8%,交叉检验判别率为89.2%。【结论】矿物元素指纹分析技术结合多元统计学方法是用于小麦产地判别的一种有效方法。     

Age of the moon: an isotopic study of uranium-thorium-lead systematics of lunar samples

Concentrations of U, Th, and Pb in Apollo 11 samples studied are low (U. 0.16 to 0.87; Th, 0.53 to 3.4; Pb, 0.29 to 1.7, in ppm) but the extremely radiogenic lead in samples allows radiometric dating. The fine dust and the breccia have a concordant age of 4.66 billion years on the basis of (207)Pb/(206)Pb, (206)Pb/(238)U, (207)Pb/(235U), and(208)Pb/(232)Th ratios. This age is comparable with the age of meteorites and with the age generally accepted for the earth. Six crystalline and vesicular samples are distinctly younger than the dust and breccia. The (238)U/(235)U ratio is the same as that in earth rocks, and (234)U is in radioactive equilibrium with parent (238)U.     

锰胁迫对锰超富集植物西南木荷矿质元素吸收的影响

为评估西南木荷(Schima wallichii)的Mn富集能力,以沙培的一年生苗为材料,分别经0(CK),50和100mmol/L Mn处理30d,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定了西南木荷根、茎、叶中Mn、Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、K、Zn元素的含量,分析了其对Mn的富集和转运能力,以及Mn胁迫对西南木荷吸收其他矿质元素的影响。结果表明,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,西南木荷根、茎、叶中Mn含量均显著增加,100mmol/L处理的叶片中Mn含量可高达10 946.3mg/kg,并且对Mn的转移系数和根系耐性指数均大于1,达到了Mn超富集植物的标准。Mn处理对西南木荷叶片和茎中的Mg、Ca、Fe、Cu、K、Zn元素的含量没有显著影响;但是显著增加了西南木荷根部Fe、Cu和Zn的含量。     

蹄甲角蛋白酶高产菌株的紫外诱变及酶学性质研究

为了得到蹄甲角蛋白酶高产菌株,本试验对1株产角蛋白酶的黄杆菌(Chryseobacteriumsp.)N5菌株进行紫外诱变,筛选得到高产突变株U3-22,利用考马斯亮蓝法测定U3-22菌株的角蛋白酶发酵活力达69.9U/mL,比出发菌株的25.4U/mL提高了2.75倍。该角蛋白酶最适反应温度是70℃,最适pH是7.5;K+、Mg2+、Na2SO3对该角蛋白酶有较明显的促进作用,而Mn2+、Zn2+的抑制作用较为明显;突变株U3-22产生的角蛋白酶对蹄甲粉具有很强的分解能力,且具有较好的热稳定性和pH稳定性。结果表明,U3-22产生的角蛋白酶是一种新型的耐高温、耐酸碱角蛋白酶,在动物蹄甲、羽毛等废弃资源的利用中有巨大的应用前景。     

低酸度酒精阳性乳患牛颈、乳静脉中矿物质含量变化的研究

通过对酒精阳性乳患牛及正常牛颈、乳静脉中8种离子含量的测定与对比分析,发现酒精阳性乳患牛的乳腺分泌上皮细胞选择性吸收钠、钾、钙、镁的功能异常,进而引起乳中的相应含量发生变化;以及患牛乳腺组织利用锌、铜、锰、铁的量发生了变化。这对深入探讨酒精阳性乳症的发生机理以及对患牛乳腺代谢的影响都提供了有力的证据。     

Gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in lunar samples

Neutron activation analyses of gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in eight lunar samples and in meteorites and rocks (including four calciulnrich achondrites and five terrestrial basalts) with similar bulk compositions are reported. Lunar gallium concentrations are remarkably constant at about 5 parts per million, three times higher and four times lower than those in eucritic (calcium-rich) achondrites and terrestrial basalts, respectively. Lunar germanium concentrations range from 相似文献   

Radioactive elements on Mercury's surface from MESSENGER: implications for the planet's formation and evolution

The MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer measured the average surface abundances of the radioactive elements potassium (K, 1150 ± 220 parts per million), thorium (Th, 220 ± 60 parts per billion), and uranium (U, 90 ± 20 parts per billion) in Mercury's northern hemisphere. The abundance of the moderately volatile element K, relative to Th and U, is inconsistent with physical models for the formation of Mercury requiring extreme heating of the planet or its precursor materials, and supports formation from volatile-containing material comparable to chondritic meteorites. Abundances of K, Th, and U indicate that internal heat production has declined substantially since Mercury's formation, consistent with widespread volcanism shortly after the end of late heavy bombardment 3.8 billion years ago and limited, isolated volcanic activity since.     

水果型椰水8种矿质元素含量及与可溶性固形物含量间的关系分析

以海南4个主栽椰子品种为试材,通过确定不同椰果年龄的着生部位,采摘海南不同椰子品种8个月左右的水果型椰水进行可溶性固形物含量及矿物质营养元素测定,并进行营养组分间相关性分析。结果表明,大量元素中K、Na、Mg含量较高,分别为356.80、32.72、28.85 mg/L,微量元素中Mn含量较高,为2.77 mg/L;各营养元素含量变异系数值中,Ca含量最大,达69.03%,其次是Mn,为32.45%,Mg最小,只有6.25%,可溶性固形物含量也较小,为13.67%。相关性分析表明,椰水可溶性固形物含量与Na(r=-0.81211)、K(r=-0.80852)含量呈极显著负相关关系,而与Ca(r=0.66500)呈极显著正相关关系;各矿质营养的相关性分析表明,水果型椰水中的K和Na(r=0.78455)、K和Mg(r=0.68116)、Na和Zn(r=-0.56758)、K和Cu(r=0.41010)等含量间相关系数均达显著或极显著水平。     

Trace elements and radioactivity in lunar rocks: implications for meteorite infall, solar-wind flux, and formation conditions of moon

Lunar soil and type C breccias are enriched 3-to 100-fold in Ir, Au, Zn, Cd, Ag, Br, Bi, and Tl, relative to type A, B rocks. Smaller enrichments were found for Co, Cu, Ga, Pd, Rb, and Cs. The solar wind at present intensity can account for only 3 percent of this enrichment; an upper limit to the average proton flux during the last 4.5 x 109 years thus is 8 x 10(9) cm(-2) yr(-1). The remaining enrichment seems to be due to a 1.5 to 2 percent admixture of carbonaceous-chondritelike material, corresponding to an average influx rate of meteoritic and cometary matter of 2.9 x 10(-9) g cm(-2) yr(-1) at Tranquility Base. This is about one-quarter the terrestrial rate. Type A, B rocks are depleted 10-to 100-fold in Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, In, Tl, and Bi, relative to terrestrial basalts. This suggests loss by high-temperature volatilization, before or after accretion of the moon. Positron activities due mainly to (22)Na and (26)Al range from 90 to 220 beta(+) min(-1) kg(-1) in five small rocks or fragments (9 to 29 g). The higher activities presumably indicate surface locations. Th and U contents generally agree with those found by the preliminary examination team.     

珠三角土壤~（238）U·~（226）Ra·~（232）Th和~（40）K含量水平研究

[目的]为了调查土壤中天然放射性核素的水平和分布。[方法]利用高纯锗γ谱仪,调查珠三角区域内采集的796个土壤样品的天然放射性水平。[结果]土壤放射性核素238U、226Ra、232Th和40K的平均含量分别为142.4、135.9、196.9、670.2 Bq/kg。[结论]珠三角土壤中主要天然放射性核素含量高于全国背景含量,主要表现为土壤铀、钍含量较高。     

常德市郊波杂山羊矿物质元素含量的测定

用原子吸收光谱法测定了常德市郊波杂山羊肺、心、肝、肠、肾和肌肉6大组织中的Ca、K、Na、Mg、Fe,Zn、Cu、Mn等8种矿物质元素的含量.测定结果表明,肌肉中K、Mg、Zn含量最高,Fe次之,Na、Ca、Cu、Mn最低:肠中Ca含量最高,Mg,Cu次之,而Zn、Mn、K、Na相对较低,Fe最低;肝中的Fe、Cu、Mn、Na含量最高,Zn Ca次之,Mg、K相对较低;肾中的Na、K、Mn含量次之,其他相对较低;心肌中各元素含量均相时较低;肺中Fe、Mn含量次之,K、Mg、Zn含量最低,其他相对较低.     

独角雪冰鱼和伯氏肩孔南极鱼骨骼中的元素分析

为探究缺失血红蛋白的南极独角雪冰鱼Chionodraco hamatus(CH)和具有血红蛋白的伯氏肩孔南极鱼Trematomus bernacchii(TB)骨骼中元素含量的差异,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对两种南极鱼的脊椎骨与头盖骨中Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、56Fe、Zn等常量元素,以及V、Cr、Mn、As、Se、206Pb等微量元素含量进行了测定与分析。结果表明:两种南极鱼脊椎骨中Al、K、56Fe、Mn、Se含量有显著性差异(P0.05),头盖骨中Mg、K、Ca、56Fe、V、Mn等元素含量有显著性差异(P0.05),推测此差异可能与南极冰鱼缺失功能性血红细胞有关;将两种南极鱼脊椎骨骨骼中的元素含量与7种非南极海水鱼和3种淡水鱼相比,发现两种南极鱼骨骼中K、Na、Mg、56Fe、Zn、Ca等常量元素含量较少,且Mn、V、Cr、206Pb等微量元素含量明显低于非南极鱼,这可能与南极海域存在较低污染相关。本研究中首次测定了两种南极鱼骨骼中的元素含量,为后续拟通过体内组织元素分析探索南极鱼类的生理差异提供了科学依据。     

处理下彩叶草体内元素含量分布及相关性分析

以彩叶草为试材,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度Se(0、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mg·L^-1)处理下彩叶草各器官中矿质元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn)和重金属元素(Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Se)含量分布及其相关性。结果表明:Se处理明显改变了根茎叶中矿质元素和重金属的含量及其在植物体内的分布,K和Ca总量在各器官中的顺序是茎>叶>根,Fe和Mn为根>叶>茎,Zn为叶>茎>根;低浓度Se(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg总量在各器官中的顺序分别是根>茎>叶和叶>根>茎;高浓度Se(≥1.0 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg元素的顺序则分别为茎>根>叶和叶>茎>根。重金属元素Cr和Cd总量在各器官中的顺序是根>茎>叶;Pb总量在各器官中的顺序是根>叶>茎。相关性分析表明:(1)彩叶草根中Se含量与As、Pb含量呈显著正相关(P <0.05或0.01),与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中呈正相关与负相关元素个数相当且基本呈一个复杂的网状结构;(2)茎中Se含量与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Pb含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单网状结构;(3)叶中Se含量与Ca含量呈显著负相关(P <0.05),与K、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单直线结构。     

Mass-Spectrometric 230Th-234U-238U Dating of the Devils Hole Calcite Vein

The Devils Hole calcite vein contains a long-term climatic record, but requires accurate chronologic control for its interpretation. Mass-spectrometric U-series ages for samples from core DH-11 yielded (230)Th ages with precisions ranging from less than 1,000 years (2sigma) for samples younger than approximately 140 ka (thousands of years ago) to less than 50,000 years for the oldest samples ( approximately 566 ka). The (234)U/(238)U ages could be determined to a precision of approximately 20,000 years for all ages. Calcite accumulated continuously from 566 ka until approximately 60 ka at an average rate of 0.7 millimeter per 10(3) years. The precise agreement between replicte analyses and the concordance of the (230)Th/(238)U (234)U/(238)U ages for the oldest samples indicate that the DH-11 samples were closed systems and validate the dating technique in general.     

饲粮锰水平对雏鸭生长及组织矿物元素的影响

 采用实用饲粮,选用1日龄北京雏鸭120只,随机分为4组,每组30只,锰添加水平依次为0,110,1000,3500ppm(试剂级MnSO₄·H₂O),试验3周,研究饲粮锰水平对雏鸭生长及其组织矿物元素代谢的影响.结果为,饲粮锰缺乏(含Mn19ppm)不影响雏鸭体重和饲料转化率(P>0.05).锰过量(含Mn3519ppm)则影响雏鸭体重和饲料转化率(P<0.01).饲粮锰缺乏或过量均导致胫骨、肝、肾、胰和心肌组织锰含量改变(P<0.05或P<0.01),饲粮锰过量(3519ppm)降低骨Ca,Mg,Fe和肝与肾Fe(P<0.01),并提高肝Cu和Zn,肾Ca,胰Ca和Fe与心Mg含量(P<0.05或P<0.01),为进一步研究雏鸭锰营养作用提供了生物学试验依据.     

干旱胁迫对大豆叶片矿质元素含量和累积量影响

采用沙培和淋浇PEG6000不同含量的营养液进行干旱胁迫处理方法,研究干旱胁迫对大豆叶片矿质元素含量和累积量的影响。设对照(CK)、轻度胁迫(MIS)、中度胁迫(MOS)和重度胁迫(SES)四个处理,营养液中PEG6000浓度分别为0、5%、10%和15%。结果表明,干旱胁迫对大豆叶片矿质元素含量和累积量有显著影响,干旱使叶片N、P含量降低,K、Cu、Zn含量无明显变化,Ca含量略有提高,Mg、Mn含量显著升高,Fe无明显规律性;干旱条件下大量元素和Fe、Cu累积量均降低,而Zn和Mn累积量保持稳定。     

土壤累积酸化对鼎湖山马尾松林物质元素迁移规律的影响

自然酸沉降环境下,土壤酸化是一个逐步累积的过程.在土壤被累积酸化影响下,鼎湖山马尾松林土壤物质元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、P、Fe、Mn、Cu和Al的迁移变化规律与对照相比发生改变.土壤中,交换性K+、有效Fe、有效Cu含量持续上升;总P、活性Al含量下降;交换性Ca2+、Mg2+含量开始时明显下降,后又稍有上升;有效Mn变化不大.土壤淋洗液中,K+、Na+含量持续下降;Ca2+、Mg2+含量开始时下降,后趋于缓和;总P、Fe、Cu、Mn和Al含量持续上升.酸沉降对土壤有效Fe、Mn和活性Al以及土壤淋洗液中Mg2+、Mn和Al含量有显著影响.在雨季,马尾松叶片中Ca、Mg元素随处理的酸雨酸度的增加,含量下降,马尾松生长应该注意是否缺Mg和出现Al毒.在酸沉降累积影响下,鼎湖山马尾松林最终将容易出现因土壤养分Mg、P、Cu缺乏和微量元素Fe及有毒元素Al的活化而导致的养分失衡状况的发生.