Comet giacobini-zinner: plasma description

A strong interaction between the solar wind and comet Giacobini-Zinner was observed oh 11 September 1985 with the Los Alamos plasma electron experiment on the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft. As ICE approached an intercept point 7800 kilometers behind the nucleus from the south and receded to the north, upstream phenomena due to the comet were observed. Periods of enhanced electron heat flux from the comet as well as almost continuous electron density fluctuations were measured. These effects are related to the strong electron heating observed in the cometary interaction region and to cometary ion pickup by the solar wind, respectively. No evidence for a conventional bow shock was found as ICE entered and exited the regions of strongest interaction of the solar wind with the cometary environment. The outer extent of this strong interaction zone was a transition region in which the solar wind plasma was heated, compressed, and slowed. Inside the inner boundary of the transition region was a sheath that enclosed a cold intermediate coma. In the transition region and sheath, small-scale enhancements in density were observed. These density spikes may be due to an instability associated with cometary ion pickup or to the passage of ICE through cometary ray structures. In the center of the cold intermediate coma a narrow, high-density core of plasma, presumably the developing plasma tail was found. In some ways this tail can be compared to the plasma sheet in Earth's magnetotail and to the current sheet in the tail at Venus. This type of configuration is expected in the double-lobe magnetic topology detected at the comet, possibly caused by the theoretically expected draping of the interplanetary magnetic field around its ionosphere.     

Voyager 1 planetary radio astronomy observations near jupiter

We report results from the first low-frequency radio receiver to be transported into the Jupiter magnetosphere. We obtained dramatic new information, both because Voyager was near or in Jupiter's radio emission sources and also because it was outside the relatively dense solar wind plasma of the inner solar system. Extensive radio spectral arcs, from above 30 to about 1 megahertz, occurred in patterns correlated with planetary longitude. A newly discovered kilometric wavelength radio source may relate to the plasma torus near Io's orbit. In situ wave resonances near closest approach define an electron density profile along the Voyager trajectory and form the basis for a map of the torus. Detailed studies are in progress and are out-lined briefly.     

Very-low-density lipoprotein in intestinal lymph: evidence for presence of the A protein

Rat mesenteric lymph very-low-density lipoproteins of intestinal origin contain components which are antigenically identical to plasma high-density lipoprotein. Because the antigenicity of the latter most likely resides in its apoprotein (the A protein), it is concluded that intestinal very-low-density lipoproteins contain the A protein. This and other evidence supports the concept that the intestine is a source of plasma very-low-density lipoprotein.     

养殖密度对墨吉明对虾肠道和生物絮团菌群的影响

运用Miseq高通量测序技术,分析高、中、低3种养殖密度(700、300、100尾/m3)下墨吉明对虾肠道和其养殖系统中生物絮团的菌群结构。结果显示：对虾肠道菌群中,高密度组的丰富度和多样性均最高,丰富度随放养密度的增大而增加,而在生物絮团菌群中,高密度组的丰富度最低;在门水平上,肠道和絮团样本菌群均以变形菌门(相对丰度49.25%~80.33%)、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门为主,但丰度差异较大;在属水平上,优势菌属的组成和所占比例明显不同,梭菌属、Spongiibacter、Faecalibacterium、Rhodovulum、Blautia仅在肠道样本中存在,Coccinimonas仅在絮团样本中存在;肠道样本中,中密度组弧菌属的相对丰度最小,为5.23%,高密度组弧菌属的相对丰度最大,为23.39%,絮团样本中,低密度组弧菌属的相对丰度最大,为16.15%,中、高密度弧菌属的相对丰度均较小,分别为5.51%和4.20%;随养殖密度增大,肠道样本中拟杆菌属的相对丰度减小,分别为1.36%、0.41%、0.02%,而不同密度絮团样本拟杆菌属的相对丰度差异不明显。可见,生物絮团养殖模式下,养殖密度对墨吉明对虾的肠道和絮团菌群的影响较大。     

绿洲灌区免耕一膜两年用玉米密植的水分承载潜力

【目的】针对绿洲灌区资源性缺水严重,传统玉米生产模式地膜用量和耗水量大等问题,探讨通过免耕一膜两年用集成密植技术提高水分利用效率的可行性,以期为构建试区地膜减量玉米高效生产技术提供理论支撑。【方法】2017—2019年,在河西绿洲灌区设置耕作措施（传统覆膜CT,一膜两年用NT）和密度（78 000株/hm²,低;103 500株/hm²,中;129 000株/hm²,高）两因素田间试验,研究不同处理的水分利用特征和产量表现,以耗水量的多少、产量的高低和水分利用效率的大小为依据,探索在2种耕作措施下可以承载作物最大密度的土壤水分,即水分承载潜力,明确免耕一膜两年用对玉米密植的水分承载潜力。【结果】NT较CT土壤播前含水量和贮水量分别提高11.6%—14.0%和19.4%—26.0%,利于玉米密植。NT与CT相比,中、低密度玉米全生育期总耗水量无显著差异,而高密度玉米全生育期总耗水量增加了4.7%;随玉米密度增加,玉米全生育期总耗水量随之增大,但总棵间蒸发量和蒸散比随之下降;NT和CT条件下,高、中密度较低密度玉米全生育期总耗水量分别增加了10.7%、5.2%和7.4%、4.6%,即从耗水量角度讲,NT支撑玉米高密度的水分承载潜力较CT下降。密度相同时,NT和CT玉米籽粒产量差异不显著;NT条件下高、中密度较低密度产量提高了6.1%—19.0%、10.9—25.0%,CT条件下高、中密度产量较低密度提高了4.8%—5.8%、8.8%—8.9%,中密度利于玉米高产,从产量角度讲,NT较CT支撑高密度的水分承载力未下降。相同密度下,NT和CT玉米水分利用效率无差异;密度对玉米水分利用效率影响显著,NT与CT条件下,中密度较高、低密度水分利用效率分别提高9.8%—10.8%、6.3%—17.8%与5.9%—7.1%、4.3%—4.7%,中密度下水分利用效率最大,从水分利用效率角度讲2种模式都不足以承载高密度。【结论】在绿洲灌区,免耕一膜两年用与传统覆膜具有相同的通过增密获得同等籽粒产量和水分利用效率的潜力,但免耕一膜两年用玉米全生育期总耗水量较大;免耕一膜两年用结合103 500株/hm²的密度可作为绿洲灌区地膜减量和玉米高产、水分高效利用技术推广应用。     

密度与叶面追施氮肥对春小麦品质和产量的影响

不同密度与叶面追施氮肥对春小麦品种龙麦-26品质和产量的影响试验结果表明:不同密度对春小麦品质的影响表现为籽粒的蛋白质含量和面粉湿面筋含量随着密度的增加而降低;密度显著影响小麦的产量,在本试验条件下以600万株/hm2基本苗产量较高,密度过高和过低都不利于产量的形成;叶面追施氮肥可以增加籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉的湿面筋含量;低密度条件下叶面追施氮肥的增产幅度较大,而在中高密度条件下对产量的作用不大。     

Research with high-power short-wavelength lasers

Three high-temperature, high-density experments were conducted recently with the 10-terawatt, short-wavelength Novette laser system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The experiments demonstrated successful solutions to problems that arose during previous laser-plasma interaction experiments with long-wavelength (greater than 1 micrometer) lasers: (i) large-scale plasmas, with dimensions approaching those needed for high-gain inertial fusion targets, were produced in which potentially deleterious laser-plasma instabilities were collisionally damped; (ii) deuterium-tritium fuel was imploded to a density of 20 grams per cubic centimeter and a pressure of 10(10) atmospheres under the improved laser conditions, and compression conditions (preheating and pressure) were consistent with code calculations that predict efficient (high-gain) burn of a large thermonuclear fuel mass when driven with a large, short-wavelength laser; and (iii) soft x-rays were amplified by a factor of 700 by stimulated emission at 206 and 209 angstroms (62 electron volts) from selenium ions in a laser-generated plasma. These small, short-pulse x-ray sources are 10(10) to 10(11) times brighter than the most powerful x-ray generators and synchrotron sources available today. The plasma conditions for these experiments were made possible by advances in Nd:glass laser technology, in techniques to generate efficiently its short-wavelength harmonics at 0.53, 0.35, and 0.26 micrometers, and in diagnostic and computational modeling.     

冀南麦套条件下种植密度对棉花农艺性状和产量的影响

[目的]探索冀南地区麦套条件下杂交棉的适宜种植密度。[方法]以中早熟抗虫杂交棉邯杂9号为材料,在冀南地区曲周示范点研究了种植密度(3.75万、4.50万、5.25万、6.00万和6.75万株/hm~2)对棉花农艺性状和产量的影响。[结果]种植密度对棉花农艺性状有明显影响,在5.25万株/hm~2处理时,籽棉产量达到最高(4 693.4 kg/hm~2),显著高于低密度处理(3.75万株/hm~2)和高密度处理(6.75万株/hm~2),与其他2个处理差异不显著。在4.50万株/hm~2时,皮棉产量最高(1 942.6 kg/hm~2),显著高于低密度(3.75万株/hm~2)和高密度处理(6.75万株/hm~2),与其他2个处理相当。在3.75万~5.25万株/hm~2处理时,铃重变化不大,但显著高于6.00万、6.75万株/hm~2处理。[结论]在维持较高铃重的基础上适当增加种植密度,可提高群体铃数,从而实现麦套棉高产。     

马尾松人工林密度控制图及密度预警研究

目的密度控制图是一个集设计、展示、评价不同经营措施的有效工具,为同龄林经营提供决策依据。本研究首先是构建热林中心马尾松人工林密度控制图,并在此基础上对马尾松林分密度进行评估,进而构建密度预警图,并根据预警图提出相应的森林经营建议。方法以广西壮族自治区热林中心的马尾松人工林为研究对象,基于2011年建立的238块固定样地调查数据以及2013年和2015年的复测数据,采用Reineke自然稀疏方程,构建马尾松密度控制图,基于最优密度的上下限以及二类调查数据,构建马尾松人工林的密度预警图。结果基于最优密度上下限、优势高模型、材积模型以及地位指数模型构建了热林中心马尾松人工林的密度控制图;根据密度控制图和现有林分的密度情况,构建了热林中心密度预警图,基于此提出了相应的经营建议。结论本研究将热林中心马尾松分为高密度林分,低密度林分以及合理密度的林分,并根据林分所处的状态提出不同的经营建议。高密度的林分,采用疏伐的措施,将林分引向最优密度区间;低密度的林分,采取补植珍贵树种的方式,促使林分朝着合理密度方向发展,落入合理区间的林分,不采取任何与密度调控相关的经营措施,使林分按照原来的经营模式发展,为热林中心马尾松人工林的可持续经营提供决策支持。      

黑河源流区旱柳根系分布特征研究

在位于黑河源流区的肃南裕固族自治县境内选择旱柳利用根钻1/4样圆法取样,采用根系密度分析项目区旱柳根系的空间分布。结果表明,0～200 cm垂直剖面上,旱柳细根系(d≤2 mm)根系密度随土层深度的增加总体呈衰减趋势。0～60 cm土层细根根密度较大,在60～80 cm土层细根根系密度分布较为稳定。旱柳粗根根系密度在剖面随土层深度的增加呈"增-减-增-减"的趋势变化,40～80和120～180 cm土层为旱柳粗根根系密度分布的高密度区。距树干50、100、150、200 cm处,旱柳细根生物量占总根系生物量的比例分别为32.97%、27.01%、21.98%、18.05%,粗根生物量占总根系生物量的比例分别为51.35%、33.16%、6.96%、8.53%。垂直方向上,旱柳细根生物量均随土层深度的增加呈显著的负指数衰减。粗根生物量垂直分布基本相似,随着水平距离的增加,高密度区所占比重依次减小。水平方向上,旱柳根系生物量随距树干距离的增加而减小。     

蚯蚓生态类型和密度对水浇地土壤综合质量的影响

【目的】通过室内培养试验探究不同生态类型蚯蚓及其接种密度对土壤物理指标、pH、养分指标和阳离子交换性能的影响，为改善华南地区水浇地土壤质量提供参考依据。【方法】分别设无蚯蚓对照土壤（CK）、低密度赤子爱胜蚓处理（E1: 20条，约10 g）、高密度赤子爱胜蚓处理（E2: 40条，约20 g）、低密度参状远盲蚓处理（A1: 2条，约10 g）和高密度参状远盲蚓处理（A2: 4条，约20 g），测定并对比分析不同处理的土壤机械组成、pH、养分含量和阳离子交换性能。【结果】与CK相比，各蚯蚓处理均显著降低土壤砂粒含量（P<0.05，下同），并显著提升土壤的粉粒和黏粒含量，然而相同密度下不同生态类型及相同生态类型下不同密度处理之间的机械组成均无显著差异（P>0.05）。低密度接种条件下，与CK相比，接种赤子爱胜蚓显著降低土壤pH，提高土壤交换性镁含量；接种参状远盲蚓显著降低土壤电导率和有效磷含量；相比接种赤子爱胜蚓处理，接种参状远盲蚓处理的土壤pH更高，电导率、有效磷和交换性镁含量更低。高密度接种条件下，与CK相比，接种2种生态类型蚯蚓均显著降低土壤电导率，而接种参状远盲蚓也显著降低有效磷含量及显著提高土壤pH、有机碳含量和碳氮比；相比接种赤子爱胜蚓处理，接种参状远盲蚓处理的土壤pH、有机碳、碳氮比更高，有效磷含量更低。主成分分析结果显示，接种蚯蚓处理的土壤养分含量、阳离子交换性能及黏粒、粉粒含量均有提高；接种高密度蚯蚓有更高的碳氮比、有机碳、粉粒和黏粒含量，接种低密度蚯蚓有更高的砂粒和有效磷含量；赤子爱胜蚓处理的阳离子交换性能、电导率、有效磷、全氮和碱解氮含量较高，参状远盲蚓处理的pH、碳氮比和有机碳含量较高。基于主成分分析结果进行土壤综合质量指数计算，结果显示接种低密度赤子爱胜蚓处理可显著提高土壤综合质量。【结论】在华南地区水浇地的生态管理上，选择接种低密度的表栖型赤子爱胜蚓有利于改变土壤质地并提升土壤综合质量。     

辽宁省玉米高密中晚熟和中晚熟区域试验产量变化趋势分析

对辽宁省2006~2012年高密中晚熟组和中晚熟组参试组合的产量数据进行分析,从中看出两密度组参试品种的产量变化趋势,7年间参试组合的平均产量和最高产组合产量高密中晚熟组比中晚熟组增加幅度大,至2011年参试组合最高产量高密中晚熟组已经超过中晚熟组,平均产量接近中晚熟组。由此可见,辽宁省中晚熟高密品种的产量水平已经有了很大提高,密植增产的作用是明显而有效的。提醒育种家在今后的育种实践中,应侧重对耐密品种的选育。     

高密度和高盐度对缢蛏渗透调节和抗氧化水平的影响

以缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)为实验对象,研究密度(60和120粒/m²)和盐度(20和30)对缢蛏渗透调节和抗氧化水平的影响,实验持续72 h,检测了缢蛏血淋巴Na⁺浓度和K⁺浓度,肝胰腺组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及鳃组织中Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase活性、钠氢逆向转运蛋白(Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter)和膜泡质子泵(V-ATPase)基因表达水平。结果显示：密度和盐度对缢蛏血淋巴Na⁺浓度、K⁺浓度无显著交互影响作用,高盐组Na⁺浓度、K⁺浓度显著高于对照组;在实验12 h和24 h时,密度和盐度对Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase活性的影响具有显著交互作用,并且高盐度组和高密度组Na⁺/K⁺-ATPa...     

密度对汉麻农艺性状及主要大麻素含量的影响

Under field conditions, Hanma 7 was used as experimental material. We studied The effect of density on agronomic characters and main cannabinoids content of hemp. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of branches, mosaic dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant and root dry weight per plant decreased with the increase of planting density. The plant height and branch height increased with the increase of planting density. There was significant difference between low-density population (P2.0) and high-density population (P0.8). The planting density had little effect on the content of CBD, THC and CBG. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between THC content and CBD content.With the decrease of planting density, the yield of hemp increased first and then decreased. When the density was 7693 plants/hm2, the mosaic yield of hemp was the highest.     

种植密度对超高产小麦豫麦49-198籽粒产量及品质的影响

[目的]研究适播期下种植密度对超高产小麦豫麦49-198干物质积累、籽粒产量和品质的影响。[方法]选用豫麦49-198,设置3个种植密度处理,采用大区对比种植,测定其干物质和品质性状。[结果]结果表明,在就试种植密度范围内,花前干物质积累量随种植密度增加而提高,花后干物质积累量以中等种植密度的最大,其顺序为中密度>高密度>低密度;花后干物质积累量对籽粒产量的贡献随种植密度增加而增大;籽粒产量为中等种植密度的产量最高,低密度次之,高密度较低;籽粒品质随种植密度增加,蛋白质、湿面筋、沉降值和纤维含量下降,淀粉含量和籽粒硬度呈增加趋势。[结论]在适播条件下,适宜种植密度有利于实现小麦高产与优质,加强花后麦田管理对大群体下小麦增产尤为重要。     

Plasma diagnosis from thermal noise and limits on dust flux or mass in comet giacobini-zinner

Thermal noise spectroscopy was used to measure the density and temperature of the main (cold) electron plasma population during 2 hours (1.5x10(5) kilometers perpendicular to the tail axis) around the point of closest approach of the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) to Comet Giacobini-Zinner. The time resolution was 18 seconds (370 kilometers) in the plasma tail and 54 seconds (1100 kilometers) elsewhere. Near the tail axis, the maximum plasma density was 670 per cubic centimeter and the temperature slightly above 1 electron volt. Away from the axis, the plasma density dropped to 100 per cubic centimeter (temperature, 2x 10(4) K) over 2000 kilometers, then decreased to 10 (1.5x 10(5)K) over 15,000 kilometers; outside that region (plasma tail), the density fluctuated between 10 and 30 per cubic centimeter and the temperature between 1x 10(5) and 4 x10(5) K. The relative density of the hot population rarely exceeded a few percent. The tail was highly asymmetrical and showed much structure. On the other antenna, shot noise was recorded from the plasma particle impacts on the spacecraft body. No evidence was found of grain impacts on the antennas or spacecraft in the plasma tail. This yields an upper limit for the dust flux or particle mass, indicating either fluxes or masses in the tail smaller than implied by the models or an anomalous grain structure. This seems to support earlier suggestions that these grains are featherlike. Outside the tail, and particularly near 10(5) kilometers from its axis, impulsive noises indicating plasma turbulence were observed.     

夏玉米主栽品种合理密植技术研究

通过田间试验,研究了夏玉米主栽品种京单28和京玉11的合理密植技术。结果表明:与传统的等行距(60 cm)种植方式相比,采用大小行距(40、80㎝)种植方式在高种植密度(7.5万株/hm2)条件下可以显著地增加玉米的产量。在相同种植方式下,随着种植密度的增加,两个品种的株高及穗位高均呈增高的趋势,但单株叶面积、单株干物重、穗粒数和千粒重均呈下降的趋势。     

玉米自交系籽粒产量密度效应分析

本试验选择20个玉米自交系,设置低密度6.75万株/hm2和高密度11.25万株/hm2两个处理,对群体籽粒产量和单株平均籽粒产量进行分析。结果表明:所有自交系的单株平均籽粒产量,低密度处理均高于高密度处理;有16个玉米自交系的群体籽粒产量与相应的单株平均籽粒产量呈负相关性;各自交系在对应的两个密度条件下,单株平均籽粒产量间差异显著;11.25万株/hm2密度可作为当前开展耐密种质鉴定、耐密育种和耐密生理研究的适宜密度。     

不同种植方式对秋马铃薯产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同种植方式的马铃薯单位产量、个体重量及经济性状指标。结果表明:一方面同一种植密度条件下,切块播种比整薯播种单产高,说明切块播种有利于马铃薯产量的提高;另一方面无论是整薯播种还是切块播种,随着种植密度的增加,马铃薯单产也在增加。但高密度条件下尽管有利于马铃薯总个数以及总产量的提高,但经济效性状受到影响,所以适当控制种植密度有利于马铃薯大薯和中薯的增加,从而提高经济效益。     

水稻叶片形态、群体结构和产量对种植密度的响应

为了分析水稻叶片形态、群体结构和产量对种植密度的响应,以中籼稻高产选系JW10、JW103、JW113和JW34为材料,研究了不同种植密度[低密度(1 hm21.8×105穴)、中等密度(1 hm23.0×105穴)、高密度(1 hm24.2×105穴)]条件下水稻叶片形态、叶面积指数、叶面积垂直分布、光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、干物质生产和产量形成的特点。结果表明,不同密度处理下,水稻叶片宽度及披垂度均发生了变化。中等密度处理下,齐穗期水稻上层叶面积比例高于低密度和高密度处理;中等密度处理下齐穗期水稻的光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm)居于低密度处理与高密度处理之间,但随齐穗后天数的增加,中等密度处理下水稻光合能力的优势逐渐增大。因此,在现有的生产条件和技术水平下,维持1 hm23.0×105穴的种植密度是水稻取得高产的基础。