美国自中国、日本和韩国引入土蜂防治日本金龟子效果的分析

美国自中国、日本和韩国引入土蜂防治日本金龟子效果的分析陈红印（中国农业科学院生物防治研究所,北京１０００８１）ＲＥＳＵＬＴＳＯＦＩＭＰＯＲＴＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＩＰＨＩＡＳＰ．ＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ,ＪＡＰＡＮＡＮＤＫＯＲＥＡＴＯＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＪＡＰＡＮＥＳ...     

弧丽钩土蜂的生物学习性及其对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫寄生效果的评价

弧丽钩土蜂是山东半岛地下害虫暗黑鳃金龟的优势寄生性天敌,通过连续7年对弧丽钩土蜂生物学习性观察及其对暗黑鳃金龟田间寄生效果的调查,总结了弧丽钩土蜂的生物学习性,证实了其对寄主的跟随效应,评价了田间控制效果。弧丽钩土蜂属外寄生性天敌,单寄生,对寄主有一定的专化性,雌蜂产卵于寄主体外,自然寄生率为36.4%~48.3%,其子代亦在寄主体外完成发育。越冬代羽化出土时间为每年7月中下旬至8月下旬,出土高峰期为7月下旬至8月上旬,恰与暗黑鳃金龟幼虫孵化高峰期吻合,体现了显著的跟随效应。通过连年种植红麻、助迁土蜂、保护土蜂的措施,弧丽钩土蜂已成为当地土蜂类天敌的优势种。山东省日照地区花生田内,暗黑鳃金龟的虫口密度已显著降低,从最高年份的14.37头/m2下降到目前的0.21头/m2,显示了保护助迁天敌昆虫的良好治虫效果。     

两种蛴螬钩土蜂的生物学及其保护利用研究

福鳃钩土蜂和弧丽钩土蜂是蛴螬的重要天敌。两个种在形态上极为相似。本文研究了它们的生物学及其相互区别特征。福鳃钩土蜂的田间寄主为大黑鳃金龟，一年发生１代或两年１代，成蜂主要产卵于寄主后胸及第１腹节之间的腹面，主要寄生３龄幼虫；弧丽钩土蜂田间寄主为暗黑鳃金龟，尚系首次记录。一年发生１代，成蜂产卵于寄主腹部第４～５节之间的侧面。在山东丘陵花生、甘薯栽培区，种植红麻、菜豆等蜜源植物和合理施用化学农药，可以提高钩土蜂的寄生率，控制蛴螬的危害     

寄主龄期和温度对管侧沟茧蜂寄生的影响

就管侧沟茧蜂对寄主龄期的选择、生殖能力、成蜂寿命及后代性比进行了研究。结果表明，管侧沟茧蜂偏爱寄生粘虫的1～2龄幼虫，3龄以上幼虫很少被寄生。对1、2、3龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．42、0．54、0．05。管侧沟茧蜂羽化当天就能交配寄生，在19～25℃条件下单雌平均寄生30头幼虫，最多89头；雌蜂平均寿命6d，最长13d；后代雌雄性比为1：1．02～1：1．27。     

Relative resistance or susceptibility of maple (Acer) species,hybrids and cultivars to six arthropod pests of production nurseries

BACKGROUND: Maples (Acer spp.) in production nurseries are vulnerable to numerous arthropod pests that can stunt or even kill the young trees. Seventeen cultivars representing various Acer species and hybrids were evaluated for extent of infestation or injury by shoot and trunk borers (Proteoteras aesculana, Chrysobothris femorata), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), maple spider mite (Oligonychus aceris) and calico scale (Eulecanium cerasorum). Evaluations were done in replicated field plots in central and western Kentucky. RESULTS: All of the maples were susceptible, to varying degrees, to one or more key pest(s). Red maples (A. rubrum) were relatively vulnerable to potato leafhopper injury and borers but nearly free of Japanese beetle feeding and spider mites. Sugar maples sustained conspicuous Japanese beetle damage but had very low mite populations, whereas the opposite was true for Freeman maples (A. × freemanii). A. campestre was heavily infested by calico scale. Within each species or hybrid there were cultivar differences in degree of infestation or damage by particular pests. CONCLUSION: The results should help growers to focus pest management efforts on those plantings at greatest risk from particular pests, and to choose cultivars requiring fewer insecticide inputs to produce a quality tree. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Variation in the laboratory susceptibility of turf‐infesting white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) to biological,biorational and chemical control products

BACKGROUND: White grubs are the most widespread and damaging pests in turfgrass habitats of the northeast USA, and their management is highly dependent on chemical pesticides. Because this complex includes at least eight species, opportunities for pest management would be enhanced by understanding how susceptibility to control products varies across taxa. The objective of this laboratory study was to measure variation in the susceptibility of four species to 18 biological, biorational and chemical insecticides used as curative controls. RESULTS: Across species, the most efficacious biological and chemical insecticide alternatives were Steinernema scarabaei and chlorpyrifos respectively. For biorational and chemical insecticides, the European chafer [Amphimallon majale (Razoumowsky)] was the least susceptible species. For biologicals, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) was the least susceptible. Considering all control products, the oriental beetle [Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse)] was the most susceptible. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of variation in susceptibility supports the idea that a single product will not reliably suppress populations of all taxa, and highlights the need for pest management practitioners to identify white grub species before intervention. This differential susceptibility could have broader consequences for grub management if a numerically dominant target species is more completely suppressed than a co‐occurring species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Early timing and new combinations to increase the efficacy of neonicotinoid-entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) combinations against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

BACKGROUND: An investigation was carried out to determine whether new neonicotinoid-nematode combinations and earlier applications against younger larval stages could increase the efficacy of synergistic neonicotinoid-entomopathogenic nematode combinations against white grubs. RESULTS: In the laboratory, combinations of the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and clothianidin and the nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and H. zealandica Poinar against third instars were compared. In Anomala orientalis (Waterhouse) and Popillia japonica Newman, H. bacteriophora-imidacloprid combinations showed the most consistent synergism but did not cause significantly higher mortality than H. zealandica-imidacloprid combinations. In Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, there was no clear trend as to which combinations caused the most consistent synergism, but H. zealandica-imidacloprid combinations tended to cause the highest mortalities. In the laboratory, imidacloprid-H. bacteriophora combinations provided more consistent synergism against third-instar than against second-instar A. orientalis, but mortality was higher in second instars. In field experiments, imidacloprid-H. bacteriophora combinations against A. orientalis and P. japonica provided more consistent synergism when applied in mid-September but more consistent control when applied in late August. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid is a better synergist for entomopathogenic nematodes than clothianidin. Imidacloprid-nematode combinations are more effective against second instars than against third instars, allowing rate reductions of both agents to make this approach more competitive with full-rate applications of neonicotinoid alone.     

半闭弯尾姬蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

在24℃下研究了半闭弯尾姬蜂寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明，该蜂能寄生小菜蛾2-4龄的幼虫，但当2-4龄幼虫同时存在时，偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫，对2、3、4龄幼虫的选择系数分别为0．37、0．44、0．19。该蜂对4龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而下降。2-4龄小菜蛾幼虫被寄生后，总发育历期与预蛹期都比未被寄生的显著延长。当小菜蛾幼虫在2龄初被寄生后，总取食量比未被寄生的显著减少；但当幼虫在3、4龄初被寄生后，各龄的取食量与未被寄生的差异不显著。     

一种镰刀菌对空心莲子草的致病力与寄主专一性测定

从罹病的空心莲子草上分离到一种镰刀菌,人工接种条件下,3叶期的空心莲子草幼苗最易发病,叶部次之.在供试的4个菌株中,以YZ-03菌株的致病力最强,该菌株接种空心莲子草幼苗5d后,接种的植株病情指数已达100,8d后幼苗全部枯死;人工接种叶片和茎秆9d后,叶片的病情指数达90.95,接种茎秆的病情指数达85.19.采用27科61种植物对该镰刀菌进行寄主专一性测定,结果表明,该镰刀菌能使莲子草严重发病,也能侵染藜的幼苗,对包括主要农作物在内的其他59种植物均无致病性.     

印楝素乳油不同施用方式对烟粉虱寄主选择和产卵的影响

研究了3%印楝素乳油叶面喷雾和灌根对烟粉虱成虫寄主选择和产卵的影响。10mg/L印楝素乳油叶面喷雾和灌根48h后,寄主选择忌避率分别为82.7%和48.5%,72h后分别为91.0%和61.9%。叶面喷雾48和72h后寄主选择忌避中浓度RC50分别为0.317和0.237mg/L,灌根处理分别为10.301和4.191mg/L。叶面喷雾和灌根后72h的产卵忌避中浓度分别为1.241和5.833mg/L。在不同浓度的多选择试验中,成虫对叶面喷雾或灌根处理植株的选择性与浓度负相关。随印楝素施药浓度的增大和施药后时间的延长其忌避作用增强。     

丽蚜小蜂的粉虱寄主选择性及后代蜂发育适合度

温室白粉虱和烟粉虱常混合发生,危害严重。丽蚜小蜂是粉虱类害虫的重要寄生性天敌,被广泛应用于温室作物上粉虱的防控。本文分别以温室白粉虱和烟粉虱作为扩繁寄主,经多代连续扩繁,各自建立起稳定的丽蚜小蜂种群（分别以W1和W2表示）,以这两种小蜂种群为天敌试虫,研究了其对不同寄主植物上混合发生的两种寄主粉虱若虫的寄生选择性及其后代蜂生长发育适应度表现。结果表明,番茄、茄子、菜豆上温室白粉虱和烟粉虱的同龄若虫同时存在时,小蜂W1和W2均偏好寄生于温室白粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生烟粉虱若虫内的发育历期;黄瓜上两种粉虱混合存在时W1偏好寄生于烟粉虱,且寄生其若虫内后代蜂的发育历期显著短于寄生温室白粉虱若虫内的发育历期,但寄主植物及粉虱对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率均无显著影响。综合来看,无论饲养寄主为温室白粉虱或是烟粉虱,丽蚜小蜂均偏好寄生温室白粉虱,且寄生温室白粉虱内的后代蜂发育适合度较高,这对指导寄生蜂的人工饲养及有效利用具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。     

斑痣悬茧蜂对受药寄主幼虫的选择性及其后代表现

为探究受到杀虫剂亚致死影响的寄主幼虫对寄生蜂的寄主选择及其子代蜂的影响,以容性寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis为研究对象,以氯氰菊酯亚致死浓度处理的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua4龄幼虫为寄主幼虫,进行非选择性和选择性试验。非选择性试验表明,斑痣悬茧蜂成功寄生（完成化蛹）的概率随受药寄主的体重增大而提高,而且受药寄主有效存活的概率亦随其体重增大而提高;与对照寄主相比,寄生蜂对受药寄主的寄生率降低60.2%、子代蜂发育历期显著延长、子代蜂体型（用后足胫节长度表示）显著增大。与来自对照寄主的子代蜂相比,来自受药寄主的子代蜂的寄生能力（用寄生率表示）未受影响,但其后代的结茧率降低10%、发育历期显著缩短、体型显著增大,说明羽化蜂的发育适合度得到了提高。选择性试验结果得出不一致的结论,根据对寄生蜂攻击次数的分析,未发现其在对照与受药寄主之间存在显著偏好;但根据第2次攻击的寄主识别期变量进行的风险分析,受药寄主被寄生风险显著低于对照寄主（低59.7%）,说明寄生蜂偏好攻击对照寄主幼虫。研究结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂通过偏好体型较大的寄主幼虫,而减轻了受到杀虫剂亚致死效应的间接不良影响。结果表明该寄生蜂具有鉴别出接受亚致死杀虫剂不久的寄主幼虫的能力。