The Inheritance of Aliphatic Glucosinolates in Brassica napus

The inheritance of aliphatic glucosinolates was studied in crosses between synthetic B. napus lines and oilseed rape cultivars. Six unlinked loci are described which determine the aliphatic glucosinolate profile of B. napus. One locus regulates the presence or absence of propyl glucosinolates, while another regulates the expression of pentyl glucosinolates. Two loci regulate the removal of the terminal H₃CS-group from the amino acid derivative to produce alkenyl glucosinolates as opposed to methylthioalkyl and methylsulphinylalkyl glucosinolates, regardless of the length of the alkyl chain. Likewise, another two loci regulate the hydroxylation of both butenyl and pentenyl glucosinolates. The functional alleles at one of the hydroxylation loci results in significantly more hydroxylation than those at the other locus. The large number of aliphatic glucosinolates which have been described in Brassica thus results from an interaction between genes which regulate side chain elongation and genes which modify the structure of the side chain, regardless of its length. The implications of this study for the biosynthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates, the origin of B. napus and the potential to manipulate the leaf and seed glucosinolate profile of oilseed rape are discussed.     

Inheritance and Agronomic Performance of the Waxless Character in Brassica napus L.

A mutant of oilseed rape (B. napus L.) with waxless leaves was discovered in 1988. Three pairs of reciprocal crosses were made between the mutant (Wl) and 3 normal wax layered lines (Nwl). By the summer planting in Kunming and Wenjiang and the autumn planting in Wenjiang, it was confirmed that the Wl character is completely dominant to the normal opposite Nwl. Chi-square tests revealed that the segregation ratios of Wl to Nwl among B₁ and F₂ plants fit to 1:1 and 3:1, respectively, i.e. the assumption of one gene pair. The yield of 12 hybrids, which were derived fom Wl and some Nwl lines, exceeded the check control ‘Zhong You 821’, a best cultivar in Chinese production by 19.31 % on the average. When the seedling had 3–4 leaves, both phenotypes can be accurately determined visually on the field. This material possesses potential value for studies of the genetics and breeding, as a prominent genetic marker in B. napus.     

The Inheritance of Polima Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Brassica napus L.

The restores tested in this study have only one pair of fertility-restoring genes (Rf) but many temperature-sensitive genes (Ts). The Rf genes are alleles at the same locus. The cytoplasm of the restorers RC₁, RC₂, RC₃ and ‘Huaie’ is male sterile, but that of RC₄, is normal.     

甘蓝型油菜种皮颜色的遗传分析

应用主基因 多基因混合遗传模型并结合经典遗传学方法对甘蓝型黄籽油菜No.2127-17与黑籽油菜99Yu42和恢5148-2杂交组合的6个世代(P1,F1,P2,B1,B2和F2)群体的种子种皮颜色进行联合分析。经典遗传学表明,种皮颜色受部分显性核基因控制,并具有母体遗传特点。混合遗传分析表明,受一对加性-显性主基因 加性-显性多基因(D-1)控制,主基因对种皮颜色的表现起主要作用。其中,组合No.2127-17/99Yu42中主基因的加性和显性效应分别为7.58和2.48,而多基因则分别为1.91和1.33。在B1,B2和F2群体中种皮颜色主基因遗传率分别为35.34%,63.27%和60.76%,多基因遗传率分别为2.80%,7.12%和13.29%。环境对其遗传表现影响较大,方差占总方差的29.95%,~61.86%。     

Independent Inheritance of Flower Colour and Male-Fertility Restorer Characters in Brassica napus L.

Available material of oilseed (Brassica napus L., AACC) comprises two yellow-flowered breeding lines and a white/pale-flowered line of resynthesized rape. The flower colour white/pale is dominant over yellow, and is controlled by a gene located in the C-genome. The yellow-flowered genotypes acted as restorer lines and the white/pale-flowered genotype as a maintainer line in a cytoplasmic male sterility system. The segregation pattern of flower colour and male fertility restorer characters were studied in F₂ generations of crosses between these lines, also in a three-way cross additionally including a yellow flowered B. campestris (AA) line. Evidense was obtained in support of the conclusion that the flower colour and male fertility restorer characters are monogenically controlled and independently inherited. Whether the male fertility restorer gene is located in the A or C genome remains to be determined.     

甘蓝型油菜花叶性状的遗传及基因定位

为明确甘蓝型油菜花叶性状的遗传特点,开发与花叶性状连锁的分子标记。以甘蓝型油菜品系2205(圆叶)、1423(花叶)为亲本,构建了3个世代群体:F1、BC1和F2,探讨花叶性状的遗传规律;利用分子标记技术对花叶基因进行定位。结果表明,F1植株叶形表现为花叶,BC1(F1×2205)和F2中花叶与圆叶的植株分离比分别符合1∶1和3∶1,说明甘蓝型油菜的花叶性状受1对不完全显性基因控制。利用集团分离法(BSA)筛选637对SSR引物,共筛选到了3个与花叶基因紧密连锁的SSR标记:CB10079、BNGMS114和BNGMS385。连锁分析发现,这3个连锁标记均位于花叶基因的一侧,其中BNGMS114与花叶基因的遗传距离最近,其遗传距离为2.5 c M。将这3个连锁标记的序列与白菜基因组的序列进行比对,结果发现它们与白菜A10染色体的序列共线性较好,花叶基因位于A10染色体的15.70 Mb下游区段。上述标记的获得为油菜花叶性状的分子标记辅助选择育种以及花叶基因的克隆奠定理论基础。     

Independent Inheritance of Erucic Acid Content and Flower Colour in the C-Genome of Brassica napus L.

The synthetic Brassica napus L. line No7076 was obtained from a cross between yellow-flowered and zero-erucic turnip rape (B. campestris) Sv85-38301 and white-flowered and high-erucic (41.4%) B. oleracea ssp. alboglabra No6510. This synthetic B. napus is pale-flowered and has an average erucic acid content of 25.8 %. It was crossed with the yellow-flowered and zero-erucic B. napus line SvS4-2S053 and segregation of the erucic acid content and flower colour was studied in F₁ and F₂ generations. The high erucic acid content was controlled by a single gene in the C-genome and was additively inherited. Strong evidence was obtained in support of independent segregation of the erucic-arid content and the flower colour characters controlled by the C-genome of B. napus.     

甘蓝型油菜角果数突变体基因的定位及候选基因分析

角果数是油菜单株产量重要的构成因子之一,其优异等位基因的发掘和利用对产量的提高至关重要。油菜中已定位到上百个角果数QTL,但大多数效应不大且不稳定,难以进行精细定位或克隆。本研究前期发掘到一个油菜突变体(No.7931),其花序顶端在分化出约十朵花后即停止生长,因而成熟期角果极少。利用该少角果突变体和多角果品系No.73290构建F2分离群体,从中挑选角果数极端单株各30株进行BSA-seq,在C02染色体检测到3个关联区间:0～1.1 Mb、4.7～6.2 Mb、11.5～12.4 Mb。该候选区间在油菜参考基因组DarmorV8.1中有522个注释基因,存在SNP或Indel差异且有同源注释的基因235个。在花芽分化初期,选取两亲本(No.73290和No.7931)的茎尖分生组织进行RNA-seq,总共鉴定到8958个差异表达基因(DEGs)。这些DEGs显著富集于20个生物学通路,包括碳代谢、翻译、氨基酸代谢(和花芽分化高度相关)等,其中99个位于关联区间。结合基因功能注释以及序列和表达差异分析确定了9个候选基因(BnaC02g00490.1D2、BnaC02g01030.1D...     

Parameter estimates from generation means in swedes (Brassica napus ssp. rapifera L.)

From an experiment involving swede (Brassica napus ssp. rapifera L.) material resulting from a 4 × 4 diallel cross and a 4 × 9 factorial mating design better parent heterosis for dry matter and marketable yield was found in the majority of the hybrids. For breeders preference the better parent heterosis was not that pronounced and the majority of the hybrids were inferior when compared to their better parent. The generation means showed that models containing the mean, m, and the dominance parameter, h, generally resulted in the best fit. In some cases the additive parameter, d, improved the fit. In those cases, however, the additive parameter was substantially smaller than the dominance parameter. The probability of occurrence of recombinant inbred lines that outperform the source F₁-hybrid was, with very few exceptions, found to be low. Implications for swede breeding are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养胚发生能力的遗传分析

用 4× 4完全双列杂交研究了甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养胚状体发生能力的遗传规律。结果表明 :多数F1的胚产量与具高胚发生能力的亲本相近 ,部分F1的胚产量与双亲中亲值接近。胚状体发生能力主要由基因的加性效应控制。高胚发生能力由显性核基因控制。广义和狭义遗传力分别为 97 2 %和 81 1%。由Lisandra(高胚发生能 )×Kamikita(低胚发生能 )的F2 群体胚发生数的分离结果得出小孢子胚状体发生能力由具加性效应特点的两个基因位点控制     

A cytogenetic study of the progenies of hybrids between Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea, Brassica bourgeaui, Brassica cretica and Brassica montana

In this cytogenetic study the progeny of all crosses were investigated in F₁, F₂ and backcross (BC₁) hybrids. Brassica napus and F₁ hybrids between B. napus and B. oleracea, and between B. napus and three wild relatives of B. oleracea (B. bourgeaui, B. cretica and B. montana). Each of the wild relatives has 18 somatic chromosomes. Interspecific F₁ hybrids were obtained through ovary culture mean. These had 28 and 37 chromosomes and their mean pollen fertility was 10.7% and 93.0%, respectively. Many F₂ and BC₁ seeds were harvested from the F₁ hybrids with 37 chromosomes after self‐pollination and open pollination of the F₁ hybrids, and backcrossing with B. napus. Many aneuploids were obtained in the F₂ and BC₁ plants. It is evident from these investigations that the F₁ hybrids may serve as bridge plants to improve B. napus and other Brassica crops.     

Inheritance of the resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans of Brassica nigra and B. juncea in near-isogenic lines of B. napus

The inheritance of resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans was studied in near-isogenic lines derived from asymmetric somatic hybrids between Brassica napus+Brassica nigra and Brassica napus+Brassica juncea, respectively. The hybrids had been backcrossed to B. napus for seven generations before the genetic segregation of the blackleg resistance was determined. The results of the inheritance studies suggested that one single dominant allele controls the resistance in the Brassica napojuncea line, whereas two independent dominant loci were found in the Brassica naponigra line. Total leaf DNA from the near-isogenic lines was isolated and 89 loci were detected by hybridization to 66 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers previously mapped in the B. nigra genome. Out of the 89 loci, eight loci were detected in the B. naponigra line and six were found in the B. napojuncea line. RFLP markers co-segregating with blackleg resistance in adult leaves were also found. Two markers associated with linkage group 5 and 8, respectively, of the B genome were found in the B. naponigra line and one marker was associated with linkage group 2 in the B. napojuncea line.     

甘蓝型油菜亚基因组间杂种（ArAnCcCn）的细胞学和育性研究

以新型甘蓝型油菜（A^rA^rC^cC^c）与自然甘蓝型油菜品种湘油15（AⁿAⁿCⁿCⁿ）杂交，人工配制了A^rAⁿC^cCⁿ油菜亚基因组间杂种。亚基因组间杂种花粉母细胞减数分裂基本正常，中期I大多以19个二价体的构型存在，但偶尔也有单价体、三价体和四价体等异常情况出现。在减数分裂后期Ⅰ和后期Ⅱ，绝大多数细胞中的同源染色体和姊妹染色单体正常分离，仅在很小比例的花粉母细胞中观察到落后染色体。不同亚基因组间杂种的减数分裂正常程度存在一定的差别，其中Ar和An基因组之间的遗传分化可能是主要原因。产量分析表明亚基因组间杂种具有较强的杂种优势潜势，并且亚基因组间杂种的种子产量和正常花粉母细胞所占比例呈显著正相关。     

Alkenyl Glucosinolate Levels in Androgenic Populations of Brassica napus

The levels of individual and total alkenyl glucosinolates in seeds of microspore-derived spontaneous diploid plants from low by high and low by low glucosinolate parent crosses were examined to assess the utility of haploidy in canola breeding. The distributions of lines in the populations supported previous proposals that alkenyl glucosinolate levels are under multigenic control. Levels of all of the individual glucosinolates were positively correlated and were significantly reduced in canola-quality material in comparison to rapeseed-quality material. The populations of microspore-derived lines from low × high crosses were skewed to high glucosinolate levels but the population from a low × low glucosinolate cross had a greater proportion of low glucosinolate lines. The former observations can be explained in terms of the dominance of genes for high glucosinolate levels in Brassica napus. The present findings contradict previous reports that androgenic lines have higher glucosinolate content than the parents and in fact, haploidy may select for low glucosinolate lines when crosses between low glucosinolate parents are used.     

甘蓝型油菜"凸耳"性状的遗传鉴定及利用途径探讨

甘蓝型油菜“凸耳”性状是在油菜幼苗期(3～8叶)表现出来的一个在叶片面上长1～5片小叶的易于识别的形态标记性状，在油菜遗传育种研究与利用中有着较高的利用研究价值。通过对甘蓝型油菜“凸耳”性状遗传机制和遗传鉴定研究，在摸清其遗传控制基础和遗传规律基础上，对该性状在油菜遗传育种研究与利用中的利用途径和应用前景进行分析评价，有着很大的利用价值。     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)千粒重性状遗传体系分析

通过遗传差异较大的2个甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）纯系亲本组合（HSTC14×宁油7号）衍生后代的世代家系群体分析，应用主基因+多基因家系世代联合分离分析方法研究油菜千粒重的遗传体系。结果表明，甘蓝型油菜HSTC14×宁油7号组合千粒重遗传体系系由一对主基因+多基因构成，主基因中只有加性效应(d = 0.1062),不存在显     

Overcoming Self-Incompatibility of Brassica napus by Salt (NaC1) Spray

The results of studies from 1982 to 1989 confirm that self-incompatibility (SI) of B. napus can be effectively overcome by spraying solutions of 2 — 10 % table salt (NaCl) during the flowering period. The optimum salt concentration was found to be 5 %. Spraying onto both stigma and stamen is better than onto only one of them, in particular better than spraying only onto the stamen. When self-pollination occurred at intervals of 1 to 32 hours after spraying 5 % NaCl solution upon stigma and stamen, the compatibility indexes fall slightly; they decrease considerably after 72 and 120 hours, but still then they stay higher than without spraying. After spraying 5 % NaCl solution at intervals of 4, 5, 8 and 24 hours, respectively, the compatibility indexes after self-pollination are almost equal to that of bud-pollination; this treatment is effective even at intervals of 48 or 72 hours after selfing. In practice, spraying 5 % NaCl solution every 3 to 5 days during the flowering period is enough for satisfying seed set of SI lines under field conditions.     

油菜温敏雄性不育系373S的选育

发现和选育新型光温敏雄性不育材料,有利于深入揭示植物雄性不育的发生机制,丰富油菜杂种优势利用的方法。笔者报道一种新发现的环境敏感雄性不育系373S的选育过程及其育性随温度、日长的变化基本规律。2002年在一个天然雄性不育群体后代中发现1株嵌合不育株,经过连续自交,育成环境敏感不育系373S。2004—2006年在陕西杨凌进行分期播种试验,并进行了温度、光照脉冲处理试验。结果表明：373S是主要对温度敏感的雄性不育系,低温可育而高温不育,开花前2~9d的平均温度对育性影响显著,而日长对育性影响不明显,花蕾长度约2~3mm是育性转换的敏感时期。用一系列品种与373S测交,F1均为100%可育,在F2代温敏不育株出现几率很高,可以达到7.1%~14.6%。进一步精确分析373S光温反应特征、改良其农艺及品质性状、寻找适宜制种生态区的工作正在进行当中。     

Inheritance and agronomic performance of an apetalous flower mutant in Brassica napus L

A spontaneous mutant with apetalous flowers was obtained from a hybrid progeny in Brassica napus. The result of genetic analysis showed that the apetalous character was controlled by only one gene locus, petalous flower exhibited incomplete dominance over apetalous flower and that its expression was not affected by cytoplasmic factors. Sixteen agronomically important characteristics of the apetalous line Apet33-10 were compared with those of its petalled near-isogenic line Pet33-10. Results from 4 years of tests indicated that there was no difference between Apet33-10 and Pet33-10 in all tested agronomic characteristics, except for the pod number of main inflorescence and second-order branches at low sclerotinia disease incidence. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum disease severity index of Apet33-10 was significantly lower than that of Pet33-10, and correspondingly, the plot yield of Apet33-10 was increased obviously in comparison to that of Pet33-10 if sclerotinia disease was serious. The pod number of main inflorescence of Apet33-10 was significantly lower than that of Pet33-10. On the other hand, the pod number of second-order branches of Apet33-10 was significantly higher than that of Pet33-10, hence no overage difference of the pod number per plant was observed between the two lines.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜的遗传研究

从1975—1990年作者及其研究集体系统坚持了甘蓝型黄籽油菜的遗传育种研究。15年来取得了以下主要研究结果: 1.甘蓝型黄籽油菜的种皮色泽不同于白菜型、芥菜型和埃塞俄比亚油菜,为土黄或姜黄,而没有纯黄,只有杂黄,即在黄色种皮上有黑色斑点、斑块或褐色环带。 2.长期自交后仍得不到遗传上稳定的纯黄后代;在大群体中,不论是自