河南省鳙养殖群体的遗传多样性与选择压力分析

为了解人工养殖和选育活动对鳙(Hypophthalmichthys nobilis)遗传多样性的影响,利用线粒体COI基因对河南省鳙养殖群体的遗传多样性进行研究。165个样品共检测出14个单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.862 37,平均核苷酸多样性为0.002 23。AMOVA分析显示,大多数遗传变异存在于鳙群体内(97.65%),群体间的遗传变异为4.60%。系统发育树结果表明,养殖鳙群体交叉在一起,没有形成明显的地理格局分布。选择压力分析推测鳙养殖群体主要受到纯化选择作用,说明当前的人工选择对鳙线粒体基因的影响有限。河南省鳙养殖群体的遗传多样性差异较大,可能与其地理距离、异地引种有关。     

鳙鱼微卫星分子标记的筛选

采用常规方法从鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)血液中提取基因组DNA,经限制性内切酶Sau3AI酶切后,选取250～750bp大小的片段构建鳙鱼基因组文库。采用人工合成的重复序列(CA)15、(AG)12、(AAG)8用同位素标记作为探针,通过原位杂交筛选基因组文库,获得鳙鱼的微卫星序列。进一步用引物设计软件Primer Premier 5．0设计引物。通过杂交获得99个阳性克隆,经测序筛选出82个微卫星序列,设计引物65对。     

海藻糖对冻藏过程中鳙肌原纤维蛋白冷冻变性的影响

从鳙（Aristicktkys nobilis）肌肉中提取肌原纤维蛋白，在蛋白溶液中加入10％（W／V）蔗糖、山梨醇混合物（质量比1：1）或10％（W／V）海藻糖。蛋白溶液在-18℃下冻藏30d，测定冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca^2＋-ATPase活性、活性巯基含量、总巯基含量、表面疏水性变化和冻藏结束时的SDS-PAGE。测定结果表明，蔗糖、山梨醇混合物和海藻糖都抑制了冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性、Ca^2＋-ATPase活性、巯基含量的降低和表面疏水性的升高，延缓了鳙肌原纤维蛋白的冷冻变性。海藻糖比蔗糖、山梨醇混合物有更好的抗冷冻变性效果。[中国水产科学，2006，13（4）：637—641]     

桃林口水库网箱养殖鳙鱼试验

试验分4组进行,放养密度分别为50、60、70、80尾/箱。试验结果表明获得最佳经济效益的放养密度为70尾/箱。     

鲢微卫星标记研制及其在鲢和鳙遗传多样性研究中的应用

鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichys nobilis)是中国特有的四大家鱼中2个重要成员,主要分布于黑龙江、长江和珠江水系.传统人工养殖依靠天然鱼苗.但是,人口增长和人类经济活动加剧使其天然产卵和孵化场消失或遭到破坏.人工育苗技术虽然解决了鱼苗供应问题,但由于遗传资源管理和使用方法的不完善,使两种鱼的生长表现、抗病抗逆性和遗传多样性等都有明显的降低.另外,因洪水导致的养殖个体逃逸也使天然群体的遗传多样性受到干扰.近年来,比较大规模的人工鱼苗放流实践也加剧了对天然群体遗传多样性的扰动.对这些问题的深入研究迫切需要一套适用的分子标记.为评价鲢和鳙的遗传多样性、确定它们的遗传分化和地理分化、科学合理地管理和开发利用遗传资源,本研究构建了富集GT微卫星序列的基因组短片段文库.随机选择并测序的97个克隆中有87个含有微卫星序列.根据其中的21条序列,设计了22对微卫星标记引物并用来分析了在长江荆州段捕获的32尾野生鲢和7尾野生鳙的遗传多样性.所有标记引物在两种鱼中通用.在全部样品中共发现129个等位基因.每位点等位基因数在3～10个,平均5.9个.不同标记揭示的遗传多样性指数在0.33～2.00,平均1.22.由于使用的鱼个体数少,如鳙,只有7个个体,样品也只来源于长江荆州江段.本研究无法基于两种鱼的天然分布,对两种鱼的遗传分化、地理种群多样性比较、养殖群体和天然群体差异等问题进行深入分析.但是,这组标记的研制将有助于这2个中国特有经济鱼种的遗传多样性分析、遗传资源的管理及开发利用等相关研究.本研究中,微卫星DNA标记的研制使用了固定有微卫星核心序列的磁珠.这样的磁珠与两端接有已知序列的DNA片段杂交能富集出含有微卫星核心序列的片段.通过扩增和连接转化,可方便地获得大量含微卫星核心序列的片段.与已有的方法不同的是,本研究用AFLP方法的某些步骤使片段两端加上已知引物序列,方便易行.迄今,这两种鱼还没有微卫星标记连锁图谱.构建这样的图谱是本项目研究的长远目标.     

A comparison of gastrically and surgically implanted telemetry transmitters in shovelnose sturgeon

Abstract  Transmitter retention and the effects gastrically and surgically implanted telemetry transmitters had on condition and mortality of shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus (Rafinesque), >450-mm fork length were examined. Four, 35-day trials were conducted with approximately equal numbers of control fish, fish receiving dummy transmitters gastrically and fish receiving dummy transmitters surgically. Four sturgeon expelled gastrically implanted transmitters during the observation period. Two mortalities occurred among fish receiving gastrically implanted transmitters during the study period and one mortality was recorded for control fish. No mortalities were recorded for fish receiving surgically implanted transmitters. Condition change (Δ K _n ) was significantly different between fish receiving surgical implantation (mean Δ K _n  ± SE; −5.17 ± 0.94), fish receiving gastric implantation (−2.98 ± 0.72) and control fish (−0.65 ± 1.09). Surgical transmitter implantation is recommended for telemetry studies on shovelnose sturgeon because of increased transmitter expulsion and occurrence of mortality in fish receiving gastric implantation.     

金鳙和黑鳙的肌肉营养成分分析及评价

采用国标(GB)检测方法,依据FAO/WHO的评价规定,对2010年发现于常德珊珀湖后经人工选育的金鳙和2015~2016年采样于常德珊泊湖的黑鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)进行肌肉营养成分分析和评价。结果表明,金鳙肌肉鲜样的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分水平分别为76.1%、20.6%、0.52%、1.1%,黑鳙的相应指标为76%、19.8%、0.48%、1.2%,其中两者间粗脂肪含量有显著性差异。金鳙和黑鳙的肌肉干样中17种氨基酸总含量分别为88.69 g/100 g和87.68 g/100 g、鱼类必需氨基酸含量为43.2 g/100 g和42.63 g/100 g、呈味氨基酸含量为32.52 g/100 g和32.32 g/100 g,没有显著性差异。两者肌肉氨基酸含量高低的排序也一致,含量最高的均为Glu,其次为Asp、Lys、Leu,含量最低的为Pro;必需氨基酸中含量最高的是Lys、Leu,最低的是Met。两种鳙鱼间除2种含硫氨基酸(Met、Cys)和组氨酸(His)含量有显著性差异外,其他氨基酸含量基本一致。从AAS和CS评分值可见,两者的限制性氨基酸均为Val、Ile或Thr。两者的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为80.47和80.13。研究说明,人工选育的金鳙具有与天然水域鳙鱼相当的营养品质。     

Effect of stunting of juvenile bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson) on compensatory growth and reproduction

The study was conducted to determine if stunting of young bighead carp Aristichtys nobilis (Richardson) would affect subsequent growth and reproduction. Juveniles (3 g each) were stocked directly in cages (control) in a lake or stunted in tanks for 6, 12, 18 or 24 months before being stocked in cages. Initially, body weights and lengths of stunted carp in cages were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of the control fish. The carp stunted for 6, 12 and 18 months showed growth compensation, although their weights and lengths were slightly lower than those of the control fish. The body weight and length of fish stunted for 24 months were the lowest throughout the rearing period. Sexual maturation occurred only in the control fish and those stunted for 6 and 12 months. However, the onset of gonad maturity was delayed significantly (P<0.05) in males stunted for 12 months and in both groups of stunted female fish. The relative fecundity (44 000–56 000 eggs per kg body weight) and number of 3‐day‐old larvae produced per female (78 000–89 000) did not differ significantly among the three treatments (P>0.05), but production was somewhat lower in fish stunted for 12 months.     

鳙在冷藏和微冻贮藏下品质变化规律的研究

文章研究了鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）在不同贮藏温度下的品质变化规律。将经过前处理的鳙分别贮藏在4℃和-3℃中,通过测定其感官和理化指标,即总挥发性盐基氮（TVB—N）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）、鲜度K值、pH、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率,评价不同温度对鳙品质的影响。结果显示,鳙分别在4℃贮藏至第10天和-3℃贮藏至第30天时失去感官食用品质。但K值在4℃贮藏至第6天和-3℃贮藏至第20天超过临界值。4℃下鳙的TVB—N显著高于-3℃。在整个贮藏过程中TBA均未超过2．00mg·kg-1。的限量值,说明TBA不适合单独用于评价鳙的品质变化。pH分别在4℃贮藏至第4天和-3℃贮藏至第10天达到最低值,分别为6．81和6．76。与4℃相比,-3℃下鳙的汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率较高,这可能与-3℃微冻条件下鳙肉组织冰晶生成导致持水力下降有关。综合K值和感官指标的变化,4℃和-3℃下鳙的货架期分别为6d和20d,且-3℃贮藏能明显延长鳙的货架期。     

鳙中国土著群体与移居群体遗传变异的AFLP分析

为全面了解鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)在世界范围的群体遗传状况,本研究采用AFLP技术分析了鳙中国土著群体(长江、珠江)与国内、外移居群体(中国黑龙江、欧洲多瑙河、北美密西西比河)的遗传变异特征,结果表明,鳙长江、珠江土著群体的Nei's基因多样性(H)分别为0.039 4±0.122 1和0.052 9±0.123 6,黑龙江、多瑙河、密西西比河移居群体分别为0.023 3±0.088 3,0.012 2±0.0619和0.0134±0.0614,说明国内、外移居群体的遗传多样性显著低于国内土著群体,这与移居群体的来源以及在异地适应、定居、建群过程中发生了明显的遗传瓶颈效应有关.AMOVA分析表明,群体间差异对群体总遗传变异的贡献率为31.48%,而群体内的贡献率为68.52%0鳙长江、珠江群体间的遗传分化指数Fst值为0.350 1(P<0.01),土著群体与国内、外移居群体间的总Fst值为0.155 0(P<0.01),鳙土著群体与国内、外移居群体间表现为显著分化,反映了移居新形成的自然群体在遗传背景、遗传漂变、经历的生态环境压力与自然选择等方面与土著群体间存在明显差异.本研究通过了解鳙自然群体的遗传现状,海内、外移居群体与中国土著群体的遗传差异,旨为进一步监测该物种海内、外移居群体的遗传变化趋势积累资料,为鳙遗传资源保护、引种移植管理提供依据.     

沿黄低洼盐碱地池塘主养鳙鱼试验

鳙鱼,又称为花鲢鱼,地方名胖头鱼,是我国传统的四大家鱼之一,鳙鱼头可以补脑,入药治风湿头痛,鳙鱼肉性味甘、温,有暖胃益筋骨之功效.近几年市场上鳙鱼的价格倍增,用鳙鱼头熬汤、炖砂锅鱼头、做鱼头泡饼已风行全国.     

食盐浓度对腌制鳙鱼片冷藏过程中品质变化的影响

为了详细了解不同食盐浓度腌制处理对冷藏在(4±1)℃条件下鳙鱼(Aristichthys nobilis)品质的影响,测定了感官分值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数(TAC)、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)关联物等指标。结果显示,感官分值随贮藏时间的延长逐渐降低,且对照组、T1组(1.5%盐腌)和T2组(4.0%盐腌)的感官品质分别在4 d、4 d后和8 d后不可接受。此外,TVB-N、TAC、次黄嘌呤(Hx)和K值在贮藏期间呈增长趋势,T2组在这些指标中显著低于对照组和T1组(P0.05)。TBA值也呈增长趋势,但T2组的TBA值显著高于其他两组(P0.05);这表明T2组脂肪氧化程度更严重。研究表明,1.5%的盐腌处理对冷藏过程中鳙鱼片的品质劣变有一定的延迟作用,但效果并不明显;4.0%的盐腌处理能显著减缓冷藏过程中的品质变化,延长货架期,但会促进脂肪的氧化。     

Larval rearing of bighead carp,Aristichthys nobilis Richardson,using different types of feed and their combinations*

Abstract. The effects of different types of feed, given singly or in combination, on the growth and survival of bighead carp, Arislichlhys nobilis Richardson, larvae reared for a period of 12 weeks were determined. Growth was highest for fish fed with the combination of Moina and artificial feed followed by fish fed with artificial feed alone. Significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth was found in fish fed with green water +Moina+ artificial feed; green water + artificial feed; green water +Moina and Moina alone, in a descending order. Carp larvae reared in green water alone did not survive after the fifth day of feeding. Specific growth rales ranging from 0.59% day^?1 to 2.75% day^?1 were exhibited by fish in all the remaining six treatments. Although green water alone did not support the growth of the larvae, enhanced survival rates were observed when green water was given in combination with other feeds. Survival rate was highest in fish fed with the combination of green water, Moina and artificial feed, but was not significantly different (P > 0.01) from those given Moina+ artificial feed. Consequently, normalized biomass index was significantly high (P < 0.05) in fish fed with the combination of green water, Moina and artificial feed.     

Structural characterization and antitumor and mitogenic activity of a lectin from the gill of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

In this study, we investigated the gross structure, secondary structure, and antitumor and mitogenic activity of GANL, a lectin from the gill of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). We used infrared spectroscopy, β-elimination, and circular dichroism spectroscopy to determine the structure of GANL. We measured antiproliferation activity against six human tumor cell lines and mitogenic activity against murine splenocytes using the MTT assay. Based on infrared spectroscopy and β-elimination, we conclude that GANL is a glycoprotein. The protein and carbohydrate moieties are joined by O-glycosidic linkage. A circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis revealed that the secondary structure of GANL consists of α-helices (34.8 %), β-sheets (12.1 %), β-turns (24.5 %), and unordered structures (33.0 %). GANL exerted potent antitumor activity against the HeLa cell line (IC₅₀ = 11.86 μg/mL) and a mitogenic effect on murine splenocytes in the MTT assay. GANL, a lectin that is isolated from the gills of bighead carp, is a glycoprotein with potent antitumor and mitogenic activity.     

鳙鱼头气调保鲜工艺的研究

研究了鳙鱼头的气调保鲜工艺,对冷藏期间(4±1℃)鳙鱼头的感官指标、菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮数值的变化进行了观察和检测,评价了不同组分的气体对鳙鱼头货架期的影响。试验结果表明:采用60%CO2/40%N2气体配比的气调包装能使鳙鱼头的货架期达到10 d以上。     

鲢鳙放养对水体微生物碳源利用影响的围隔试验

利用Biolog技术就滆湖原位围隔内鲢鳙放养密度和比例对水体微生物碳源利用的影响进行了研究。结果显示,在试验阶段后期不同围隔内水体微生物对碳源总量的利用相对于试验中期有较明显的变化。未放养鲢鳙的对照组(A0)在试验后期对于碳源总量的利用低于各实验组(A_1:鱼密度40 g/m~3、鲢鳙比7∶3;A_2∶40 g/m~3、3∶7、A_3∶80 g/m~3、7∶3和A_4∶80 g/m~3、3∶7)。试验中期和后期,利用比例较高的碳源类型均为聚合物。主成分分析表明,试验后期不同围隔水体微生物群落碳代谢方式具有显著差异。其中,与主成分1显著相关的碳源主要有16种,分别属于聚合物、糖类、羧酸、氨基酸。实验中期和后期围隔水体微生物碳代谢多样性指数Shannon物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均存在显著差异,代谢多样性指数最高的是实验组A1,实验组A4碳代谢多样性指数相对较低。根据鳙的绝对生物量、多样性指标以及对碳源的总量利用,可以得出以鲢鳙主导的微型生态系统中,鳙的绝对生物量对于水体微生物影响更加显著。     

Increasing the genetic uniformity of bighead carp [Aristichthys nobilis (Richardson)] by means of spontaneous diploidization of gynogenetically activated eggs

Three groups of gynogenetic diploid bighead carp were successfully obtained by means of artificial gynogenesis. The activation rates of gynogenesis varied from 75.9% to 98.8%, and the frequency of spontaneous diploidization was around 0.4%. Over 2000 normally gynogenetic diploid fry were obtained in three gynogenetic groups. The haploid karyotype consisted of nine metacentric, 12 submetacentric, three subtelocentric chromosomes and 45 arms. The chromosome number was 48 from gynogenetic diploid. The results showed that the genetic material of offspring was maternal. The aneuploid hybrid embryos of bighead carp and Xingguo red common carp with chromosome numbers ranging from 28 to 73 did not survive post hatch, likely the result of incompatibility between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of two parents. Sixty RAPD primers from three groups were used for total DNA amplification of gynogenetic offspring, maternal and ‘paternal’ fish. A total of 451 bands were amplified from three kinds of samples above. From maternal bighead carp, 256 bands were amplified; however, there were 251 shared bands between maternal and gynogenetic bighead carp. From artificial gynogenetic offspring, two ‘paternal’ DNA segments without an expression function were found. An UPGMA tree showed that gynogenetic offspring were closely clustered and the genetic identity among them was very high (0.956).     

二氧化碳麻醉对鲢生理生化指标及神经调控相关基因表达的影响

为研究CO₂麻醉对鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的生理效应及其作用机制,设置充CO₂、充O₂实验组,并以持续充空气作为对照组,分别测定鲢的生理生化指标、神经递质含量和神经调控相关基因表达变化。结果显示:与对照组比较,CO₂麻醉处理后,鲢呼吸频率降低37%,血清K⁺浓度显著升高4倍,肝糖原含量降低86.96%,血清中乳酸、尿素氮浓度分别升高1.08和1.57倍。以上指标在充O₂处理下变化趋势与充CO₂处理下相似,但是测定值高于充CO₂处理组。CO₂处理组血清皮质醇水平无显著变化,但充O₂处理组皮质醇显著升高2.41倍;CO₂处理组的脑组织多巴胺和5-羟色胺水平下降。qPCR结果显示,CO₂麻醉后脑组织双孔K⁺通道蛋白kcnk3a、kcnk9和缺氧相关hif-1α和epo基因表达...     

鱼排酶解物对鳙鱼鱼糜冻藏过程中蛋白质变性的影响

利用木瓜蛋白酶、低温碱性酶、风味蛋白酶酶解红鱼（Sciaerlops ocellatus）鱼排，分别获得木瓜蛋白酶酶解物（PPH）、低温碱性酶酶解物（LPH）和风味蛋白酶酶解物（FPH）。对3种酶解物化学成分及氨基酸组成进行分析，结果显示，3种酶解物中总氨基酸含量都在70％以上，总氮含量为82．12％～84．61％。酶解物分别以5％（质量比）量加入鳙鱼（Aristichthys nobilis）鱼糜中，冻藏于-20℃。测定冻藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白质盐溶性和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性的变化，同时测量鱼糜凝胶弹性的变化，并对冻藏样品进行扫描电镜观察，抗冻效果同商业抗冻剂（4％蔗糖、4％山梨醇、0．3％多聚磷酸盐混合剂）进行比较。结果表明，各酶解物能够在一定程度上抑制鱼糜蛋白质的冷冻变性，延缓肌原纤维蛋白质盐溶性和Ca^2＋-ATPase活性的下降，鱼糜凝胶质量下降减少，其中木瓜蛋白酶酶解物具有最好的效果。     

云龙湖水库鲢鳙生长分析

2004年10~12月对云龙湖水库中鲢、鳙养殖群体的年龄组成和生长进行了初步分析。结果表明:鲢、鳙渔获物年龄组成较为复杂,生长缓慢。鲢由0 ~4 龄个体组成,2 龄以上个体占渔获物总数的78.2%,0 ~5 龄实测体长、体重分别为22.7 cm、0.27 kg,28.3 cm、0.54 kg,33.5 cm、0.87 kg,39.0 cm、1.30kg,41.6 cm、1.65 kg,达到750 g的一般商品规格需要3年;鳙渔获物由1 ~5 龄个体组成,各龄实测体长、体重分别为29.7 cm、0.74 kg,34.5 cm、1.09 kg,40.8 cm、1.79 kg,52.8 cm、3.78 kg,59.0 cm、4.77 kg,养成一般商品规格(1 500 g)需要4年。对造成云龙湖水库鲢鳙生长较慢的原因进行了初步分析,探讨了水库由传统的养殖型模式向鱼-水和谐的环境协调型模式转化的措施。